Bamboo is regarded as having high potential for carbon storage (CS) worldwide because of its rapid growth. Taiwan is rich in bamboo resources, and numerous studies have addressed CS in various bamboo forests. To understand the contribution of various bamboo forests to aboveground carbon storage (ACS) and its influencing factors, we integrated the data from relevant bamboo forest ACS research (including aboveground biomass) in Taiwan. The aboveground biomass data were transformed to ACS, and a total of 115 records were obtained. Among which records, 87 records were employed to the present study. We formatted data that contained bamboo species, ACS and other stand characteristics (e.g., basal area per ha (BA), culm number per ha (N) and mean diameter at breast height (MDBH)). Pearson correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationship between ACS and other stand characteristics. Analysis of variance and the least significant difference method were used to examine ACS among some important species, and the results showed that the values of Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) (48.94 ± 41.06 Mg ha−1) were significantly higher than those of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) (33.18 ± 13.21 Mg ha−1) and Makino bamboo (Phyllostachys makinoi) (22.22 ± 24.66 Mg ha−1) in ACS. Since most data were from themonopodial bamboo type, we used this bamboo type as an illustration to build a regression model. We adopted BA, N and MDBH as main factors affecting ACS and these factors were used as independent variables to predict ACS. The optimal fitting equation was ln (ACS) = −2.310–0.014 BA + 1.20 × 10−4N + 2.639 ln (MDBH), R2 = 0.794. These results provide valuable information on the contribution of bamboo forests to ACS and its influencing factors.