Higher Specific Volume Research Articles

Quality attributes and functional properties of whole wheat bread baked from frozen dough with the addition of enzymes and hydrocolloids.

The increased demand for healthy and standardized bread has led to a demand for an efficient and promising dough improver, of natural origin, to reduce the deterioration of whole wheat bread baked from frozen dough caused by the high levels of dietary fiber and by freezing treatment. In this study, the combined effects of xylanase (XYL), lipase (LIP), and xanthan gum (XAN) on the quality attributes and functional properties of whole wheat bread baked from frozen dough were evaluated. The optimal combination, which contained XYL (0.12 g kg-1 ), LIP (0.25 g kg-1 ), and XAN (3.1 g kg-1 ), was obtained using response surface methodology (RSM). The addition of the optimal combination endowed frozen dough bread with a higher specific volume, softer texture, better brown crumb color, and greater overall acceptability. The optimal combination had no adverse impact on the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of frozen dough bread. In terms of the functional properties of bread, the water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), and swelling capacity (SWC) of dietary fiber in frozen dough bread decreased in the presence of the optimal combination, whereas the glucose adsorption capacity (GAC) did not affect them. Correspondingly, the in vitro digestive glucose release was not significantly different between the control group and the optimal combination group after frozen storage. The optimal combination could improve the quality attributes and functional properties of whole wheat bread baked from frozen dough effectively, thereby increasing consumption. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Valorization of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pod powder: Multifactorial optimization of gluten-free cake.

The lifelong gluten-free diet of celiac patients and gluten-intolerant people prevents their balanced diet mainly due to starch-rich products. The aim of this study is to determine optimum gluten-free cake formulation having kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pod powder as fat replacer of up to 50% and rice flour replacer of up to 30% using multifactorial optimization approach. Central composite design was used to determine optimum formulation. The use of kidney beans in gluten-free cake increased moisture, hardness, chewiness, L*, a*, b*, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and sensory evaluation scores (p < .05). The optimum gluten-free cake is rich in protein (5.89%), phenolic compounds (0.51 mg GAE/g), antioxidant activity (1.93 μmol TE/g), and total dietary fiber (4.43%) with improved sensory properties. The optimum gluten-free cake formulation prepared with kidney bean pod powder of 27.88% fat and 13.52% rice flour replacer provides higher specific volume, springiness, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and sensory analysis scores, and lower hardness and chewiness conditions. Gluten-free cake containing kidney bean pod powder as fat and rice flour replacer at optimum ratio is a new healthier alternative with reduced fat content and improved nutritional and sensory properties for celiac patients and gluten-intolerant people.

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of porous carbon materials from sludge sources

Anaerobic digestion sludge technology is a green and efficient method of treating sludge. However, the presence of humic acid (HA) in sludge can inhibit methanogenic efficiency, and it is necessary to reduce its impact on biogas production by removal or pretreatment. HA, a graphene oxide material can be used to produce high-performance energy-storage materials. Thus, this study examined the sludge source of HA as a precursor, and different electrode materials were prepared by varying the reaction conditions. The structure and electrochemical properties of the electrode materials were analyzed. The results showed that the electrode material prepared using KOH as an activator at 700 °C exhibited optimal performance, with a high specific surface area (1480.53 m2·g−1), pore volume (0.943 cm3·g−1), specific capacitance (185.9 F·g−1), and equivalent series resistance (0.73 Ω). The material maintained 97.8% of its specific capacitance after 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 A·g−1 with benign cycle stability. This study confirmed that the production of HA as an electrode material at a low cost with good performance presents significant prospects.

The influence of carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose on physicochemical, texture, and sensory characteristics of gluten-free pancake.

In this study, gluten-free pancakes were prepared using rice flour and potato starch at a ratio of 50:50. Due to a lack of gluten networks in these ingredients, the hydrocolloid gums including carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) at 1%, 2%, and 3% were added to improve the quality of the final products. The effects of these hydrocolloid gums on the physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of the gluten-free pancakes were evaluated. Pancakes prepared with wheat flour were used as a control sample. The results showed that the addition of both gums decreased the hardness and chewiness of the gluten-free pancakes while increasing the springiness and their moisture content. Increasing the concentration of the gums resulted in an L* value (lightness) reduction, which produced a darker crust on the pancakes. Moreover, the gluten-free pancakes containing CMC and HPMC had higher specific volumes than the gluten-free samples made without CMC and HPMC. From a sensory point of view, the samples containing 2%, 3% HPMC and 1% CMC received the highest overall acceptance score. Thus, CMC and HPMC can be used as improvers in gluten-free pancakes.

Development and characterization of hydrogel-in-oleogel (bigel) systems and their application as a butter replacer for bread making.

Butter has been widely used in bakery products and it contains high level of saturated fats. However, excessive consumption of saturated fats would increase the risk of chronic disease. This study was to fabricate water-in-oil (W/O) type bigels as butter replacers to improve the quality attributes of breads. A stable water-in-oil (W/O) type bigel system was fabricated based on mixed oleogelators (rice bran wax and glycerol monostearate) and sodium alginate hydrogel. The ratios of oleogel to hydrogel could significantly affect the stability, microstructure and rheological properties of bigels. All of the bigels exhibited solid-like properties, with increased oleogel fractions, and the network structure of bigel became more compact and orderly with smaller sodium alginate gel particles. Meanwhile, the viscoelastic modulus and firmness of bigel increased, contributing to a higher stability. The bigel dough exhibited lower gel strength and relatively higher extensibility compared to the butter dough. Regardless of oleogel fractions, all the bigel produced bread with a higher specific volume and softer texture than the butter bread. When the oleogel fractions was less than 80%, increasing the oleogel fractions was more beneficial for improving the specific volume, softness and fluffy structure of bread. W/O type bigel as butter replacers showed great potential in improving the appearance, structure and textural properties of bread. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Porous nanosheets of TKX-50 by ice-templating strategy with excellent thermal decomposition and combustion properties

ABSTRACT Nanostructured energetic materials have attracted considerable research interests during the past decades because of their improved performances in thermal decomposition and combustion. In this work, a porous nanosheet structure of dihydroxylammonium 5, 5′-bistetrazole-1, 1′-diolate (TKX-50) has been fabricated by a facile ice templating strategy, which is based on the self-assembly of TKX-50 during rapid recrystallization. Thermal decomposition properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetry (DSC/TG) and TG-FTIR analyses. The laser-ignited and constant-volume combustions and mechanical sensitivity were conducted. As-prepared TKX-50 mainly presents porous nanosheets (NS-TKX-50) assembled by the secondary nanoparticles. NS-TKX-50 is typical of mesoporous materials with high specific surface area and pore volume. Compared with raw material, NS-TKX-50 exhibits lower thermal decomposition peak temperature and higher active energy. In thermal decomposition process, a great deal of gaseous products have been generated in a very narrow temperature range. These thermal decomposition features suggest a quick energy-release rate and high energy output. Contrary to incomplete combustion of raw material, NS-TKX-50 shows high-efficiency and self-sustaining laser-ignited combustion feature with a drastically decreased ignition threshold. And its pressurization rate and peak pressure are remarkably increased. Sensitivity results confirmed the visibly reduced impact and friction sensitivity of NS-TKX-50.

High-efficient removal and adsorption mechanism of organic dyes in wastewater by KOH-activated biochar from phenol-formaldehyde resin modified wood

The treatment of wastewater contaminated with organic dyes has become an intricate challenge in water pollution control. Currently, sophisticated chemical modifications and synthetic methods are frequently needed to enhance the adsorption capacity of biochar for removing dyes during the treatment process. In order to develop a facile, low-cost and efficient biochar absorbent, an activated biochar (KOH/PF-WB) was successfully synthesized from phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin modified wood via pyrolysis and potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation. Based on the joint effect of PF resin and wood, KOH/PF-WB-700–2 exhibited a remarkable porous structure and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, which resulted in a substantially high specific surface area (SBET = 2301.61 m2/g) and total pore volume (Vtotal = 1.205 cm3/g). Additionally, the PF resin modification led to increased disorder and more defect sites of activated wood biochar. As a result, KOH/PF-WB-700–2 demonstrated superior adsorption capacity for congo red (3472.22 mg/g) and methylene blue (1112.35 mg/g) dyes compared to some reported adsorbents. The adsorption process could be better described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, while the overall process was spontaneous and feasible. The primary adsorption mechanism involved pore filling through the modulation of PF resin, along with the cooperative effects of electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction. This finding provides a viable strategy for the waste PF-modified wood cyclic application, and offer technical support for the prospect of KOH/PF-WB for the removal of organic dyes.

Towards electron-transfer-driven peracetic acid oxidation: Catalytic performance adaptation of reduced graphene oxide to explosive thermal exfoliation

Direct electron transfer (DET)-mediated carbon/peracetic acid (PAA) oxidation systems are gaining momentum in water treatment owing to high selectivity and robustness in complex water matrices. However, the development of reaction-oriented and high-performance carbon catalysts for PAA oxidation is hindered by a limited understanding of the fundamental relationship between carbon structure and PAA activation performance. In this work, we focused on exploring the influence cascade of thermal annealing, especially explosive thermal exfoliation, on the catalytic performance adaptation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in PAA oxidation. By performing structure-performance relationship studies and Pearson correlation analyses, the improved catalytic efficacy of rGO is attributed to the induced high specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume of rGO in explosive thermal exfoliation. Large SSA and pore volume of rGO reinforce the DET pathway via the elevated PAA adsorption quantity and subsequent enhanced oxidative potential of the rGO-PAA complex, which are critical premises in initiating DET. Furthermore, increased annealing temperatures can tailor the graphitization level and functional group content of rGO, leading to the improved electrical conductivity of rGO, another crucial factor in DET-mediated rGO/PAA oxidation. This study emphasizes the key role of carbon physicochemical properties in PAA activation, providing insights into the rational design of DET-oriented carbon/PAA oxidation systems for fast water decontamination.

The role of transition metal doping in enhancing hydrogen storage capacity in porous carbon materials

Porous carbon materials with high specific surface area are potential hydrogen storage materials. However, due to the weak van der Waals forces between the material and H2, hydrogen can generally be stored only at a cryogenic temperature under high hydrogen pressure. To solve this problem, in this work, ZIF-8-derived porous carbon material (PCM) modified with transition metals (PCM-TMs, TM: Mn, Fe, Ni) was prepared to investigate the role of TM doping. The developed PCM-TMs have a high specific surface area (up to 1363 m2/g) and pore volume (up to 0.77 cm3/g). Experimental results show that PCM-TMs exhibit higher hydrogen storage capacity, usable capacity, and hydrogen uptake capacity per specific surface area compared to PCM. In addition, PCM-TMs have a higher isosteric heat of adsorption (Qst) than PCM, which suggests that TM doping enhances the interaction between H2 and carbon materials. Theoretical calculations further indicate that this interaction is a nearly weak chemisorption force (∼9.32 kJ/mol). Notably, Mn-doped porous carbon material (PCM-Mn) exhibits a hydrogen storage capacity of ∼3.45 wt% (20.44 g/L) at 77 K under 35 bar-H2. Even at 253 K under 50 bar-H2, the capacity can reach ∼1.41 wt% (8.34 g/L). The hydrogen uptake capacity per specific surface area for PCM-Mn reaches 1.03 × 10-3 wt% / m2·g-1 at 253 K under 50 bar-H2, which is 1.5 times larger than that of PCM. Under proper operating conditions, such as loading at 77 K and 35 bar-H2, and discharging at 253 K and 2 bar-H2, PCM-Mn can achieve a usable capacity of at least 19.30 g/L. The hydrogenation kinetics curves reveal that PCM-Mn can store 1.39 wt%-H2 (8.25 g/L) under 12 MPa H2 at 298 K, while it is only 0.88 wt% (5.53 g/L) for PCM at the same condition. This work provides valuable insight into improving the hydrogen storage performance of hydrogen storage materials of physisorption.

From grape bagasse to graphene-like porous carbon nanosheets for CO2 capture.

Graphene-based materials have increasingly attracted attention in recent years. It is a material is recognized worldwide due to its numerous applications in several sectors. However, graphene production involves several challenges: scalability, high costs, and high-quality production. This study synthesized graphene-like porous carbon nanosheets (GPCNs) through a thermochemical process under a nitrogen atmosphere using grape bagasse as a precursor. Three temperatures (700, 800, and 900 ºC) of the pyrolysis process were studied. Chemical graphitization and activation were used to form high-specific surface area materials: FeCl3.6H2O(aq) and ZnCl2(s) in a simultaneous activation-graphitization (SAG) method. The materials obtained (GPCN700, GPCN800, and GPCN900) were compared to previously produced chars (C700, C800, and C900). A high specific surface area and total pore volume were obtained for GPCN materials, and GPCN900 presented the highest values: 1062.7 m2g-1 and 0.635 cm3g-1, respectively. The GPCN and char materials were classified as mesoporous and applied as adsorbents for CO2(g). The GPCN800 presented the best CO2(g) adsorbent, with a CO2(g) adsorption capacity of 168.71mgg-1.

Novel application of a food ingredient based on soybean extruded‐expelled meal containing probiotics for improving gluten‐free bread quality

SummaryThere is an increasing demand of alternatives to improve the nutritional and quality profiles of gluten‐free bread and to profit nutrients from vegetable by‐products. The effect of food ingredients based on soy by‐products containing Lacticaseibacillus casei (ATCC 393™), and iron sulphate salt addition on the physical, textural and nutritional properties of a gluten‐free bread formulation was studied. The system containing both, the food ingredient and the iron salt, showed the lowest pH (5.62 ± 0.01) and the highest specific volume (SV) (2.3 ± 0.2) cm3 g−1. In addition, a darker crumb (L* = 66.2 ± 0.6), higher aerated crumb area (110 ± 6) mm2 and iron bioaccessibility (85 ± 5) % were obtained compared with systems without this addition, while no effect was observed on the texture nor moisture. The acid lactic fermentation along with iron salt addition, improved SV, crumb colour and aeration as well as a nutritional profile of gluten‐free bread. These results improve gluten‐free bread quality and add value to soy by‐products.

In Situ Growth of Sub-50-nm Zirconium Aminobenzenedicarboxylate Metal-Organic Framework Nanocrystals for Carbon Dioxide Capture.

Controlled synthesis of sub-50-nm metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are usually called porous coordination polymers, exhibits huge potential applications in gas storage and separation. Herein, surface-confined growth of zirconium aminobenzenedicarboxylate MOF (UIO-66-NH2) nanocrystals on polypyrrole hollow spheres (PPyHSs) is achieved through covalently grafted benzene dicarboxylic acid ligands using bridged molecules. PPyHSs modified with ligand molecules prohibit excessive growth of UIO-66-NH2 nanocrystals on their confined surface, resulting in smaller-sized nanocrystals (<50 nm) and a monolayer UIO-66-NH2 coating. Benefiting from the homogeneous dispersion of UIO-66-NH2 nanocrystals with a smaller size (40 ± 10 nm), the as-prepared PPyHSs@UIO-66-NH2 hybrids with high specific surface area and pore volume exhibit remarkable CO2 capture performance. Moreover, the time required to reach the maximum CO2 adsorption capacity shortens with decreasing UIO-66-NH2 crystals size. As a proof of concept, the proposed covalent grafting strategy can be used for synthesizing sub-50-nm UIO-66-NH2 nanocrystals for CO2 capture.

Biomass-Based Shape-Stabilized Composite Phase-Change Materials with High Solar-Thermal Conversion Efficiency for Thermal Energy Storage.

To alleviate the increasing energy crisis and achieve energy saving and consumption reduction in building materials, preparing shape-stabilized phase-change materials using bio-porous carbon materials from renewable organic waste to building envelope materials is an effective strategy. In this work, pine cone porous biomass carbon (PCC) was prepared via a chemical activation method using renewable biomaterial pine cone as a precursor and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an activator. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and octadecane (OD) were loaded into PCC using the vacuum impregnation method to prepare polyethylene glycol/pine cone porous biomass carbon (PEG/PCC) and octadecane/pine cone porous biomass carbon (OD/PCC) shape-stabilized phase-change materials. PCCs with a high specific surface area and pore volume were obtained by adjusting the calcination temperature and amount of KOH, which was shown as a caterpillar-like and block morphology. The shape-stabilized PEG/PCC and OD/PCC composites showed high phase-change enthalpies of 144.3 J/g and 162.3 J/g, and the solar-thermal energy conversion efficiencies of the PEG/PCC and OD/PCC reached 79.9% and 84.8%, respectively. The effects of the contents of PEG/PCC and OD/PCC on the temperature-controlling capability of rigid polyurethane foam composites were further investigated. The results showed that the temperature-regulating and temperature-controlling capabilities of the energy-storing rigid polyurethane foam composites were gradually enhanced with an increase in the phase-change material content, and there was a significant thermostatic plateau in energy absorption at 25 °C and energy release at 10 °C, which decreased the energy consumption.

Three-dimensional graphene aerogel mitigated the toxic impact of chloramphenicol wastewater on microorganisms in an EGSB reactor

Anaerobic treatment of chloramphenicol wastewater holds significant promise due to its potential for bioenergy generation. However, the high concentration of organic matter and residual toxic substances in the wastewater severely inhibit the activity of microorganisms. In this study, a three-dimensional graphene aerogel (GA), as a conductive material with high specific surface area (114.942 m2 g−1) and pore volume (0.352 cm3 g−1), was synthesized and its role in the efficiency and related mechanism for EGSB reactor to treat chloramphenicol wastewater was verified. The results indicated that synergy effects of GA for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal (increased by 8.17 %), chloramphenicol (CAP) removal (increased by 4.43 %) and methane production (increased by 70.29 %). Furthermore, GA increased the average particle size of anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) and promoted AGS to secrete more redox active substances. Microbial community analysis revealed that GA increased the relative abundance of functional bacteria and archaea, specifically Syntrophomonas, Geobacter, Methanothrix, and Methanolinea. These microbial species can participate in direct interspecific electron transfer (DIET). This research serves as a theoretical foundation for the application of GA in mitigating the toxic impact of refractory organic substances, such as antibiotics, on microorganisms during anaerobic treatment processes.

Characterization of niobium pentoxide synthesized by spray pyrolysis technique and comparison with hydrothermal method

AbstractNiobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) is a polymorphic ceramic with semiconductor characteristics applied in various fields of study. In this work, the Nb2O5 synthesis by the spray pyrolysis route was compared to the hydrothermal technique. The obtained materials were characterized by N2 physisorption (BET‐N2), average particle size distribution by dynamic light scattering (DLS), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. The material synthesized by the spray pyrolysis technique presented high specific area and pore volume, high crystallinity, homogeneity, and nanometric particles, thus representing a potential technique for the Nb2O5 synthesis.

THE USE OF REFRACTANCE WINDOW-DRIED EGG POWDER IN CAKE PRODUCTION

The study aimed to evaluate the use of refractance window-dried egg powders in cake production. It was found that liquid egg white (WL) resulted in the lowest batter density of 1.05 g/mL, followed by egg white powder (WP) at 1.16 g/mL. The highest specific volume was determined in WL samples at 2.71 ml/g, followed by WP samples at 2.46 mL/g. In addition, the use of powdered eggs reduced baking loss but also caused a decrease in the crumb lightness value. Furthermore, the usage of WP had a positive effect on the hardness value of cake samples, which decreased from 884.01 g to 720.53 g. Finally, the alternative use of egg powder had a positive effect on crumb appearance, increasing both cell count and total cell area. Therefore, the incorporation of powdered eggs by refractance window drying instead of liquid eggs in cake production can be considered an applicable approach due to the various benefits it offers.

Synergistic enhancement of phase change materials through three-dimensional macropore lamellar structured MOF/EG composite for solar energy storage and beyond

The concept of high energy storage density, negligible changes in volume and pressure after phase change, approximately constant operating temperature and non-toxic of solid–liquid phase change energy storage are very appealing properties that makes it a good strategy to store heat. However, leakage and single thermal energy storage function has become a bottleneck for the further advances of long-term thermal stability and multifunctionality. It is reassuring to know that Metal-organic frameworks (MOF)-porous carbon materials can offer a solution to continuity challenge for growing demand for multifunctionality in phase change materials (PCMs). Herein, a phase change material (PCM) composite with good shape stability, thermal conductivity, and photothermal conversion capability was designed. EG in the blended system can effectively prevent the agglomeration of ZIF particles while simultaneously providing a high specific surface area and pore volume for the adsorption of paraffin wax. The as-obtained PCM composite possesses a 3-fold enhancement in thermal conductivity, 95.56% photothermal conversion efficiency, and excellent shape stability. It demonstrates the potential of MOFs-enhanced PCM composites for thermal energy storage and highlight the importance of synergistic or hybridization strategies in the development of advanced materials for sustainable energy applications.

Modification of Soft Wheat Protein for Improving Cake Quality by Superheated Steam Treatment of Wheat Grain.

Many varieties of soft wheat in China cannot fully satisfy the requirements of making high-quality cakes due to their undesirable protein properties, which leads to shortages of high-quality soft wheat flour. Therefore, a modification of soft wheat protein is essential for improving the quality of soft wheat and thus improving cake quality. In order to modify the protein properties of soft wheat used for cake production, superheated steam (SS) was used to treat soft wheat grains at 165 °C and 190 °C for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min, respectively, followed by the milling of wheat grains to obtain refined wheat flour. The properties of proteins and cakes were analyzed using refined wheat flour as materials. First, changes in the structures of wheat proteins were analyzed by determining the solubility, molecular weight distribution and secondary structure of proteins in wheat flour. Secondly, changes in the functional properties of proteins were analyzed by determining the foaming properties and emulsifying properties of proteins in wheat flour. Finally, the specific volume and texture of cakes with wheat flour milled from SS-treated wheat were analyzed. At the initial stage of SS treatment, some of the gliadin and glutenin aggregated, and the gluten macro-polymer (GMP) contents increased. This allowed a more stable gluten network to form during dough kneading, leading to an improvement in dough elasticity. In addition, a short time period (1-3 min) of SS treatment improved the emulsifying properties and foaming ability of wheat protein, which helped to improve the specific volume and texture of cakes. Increasing the SS temperature from 165 °C to 190 °C reduced the optimal treatment time needed to improve cake quality from 3 min to 1 min. SS treatment for longer time (>3 min) periods led to severe protein aggregation and a decrease in the foaming ability and emulsifying properties of protein, which led to a deterioration in the cake quality. Thus, SS treatment at 165 °C for 1-3 min and 190 °C for 1 min could be a suitable method of improving the physicochemical properties of soft wheat used to make cakes with high specific volumes and good texture.

A New Integrated GDL with Wavy Channel and Tunneled Rib for High Power Density PEMFC at Low Back Pressure and Wide Humidity.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have garnered significant attention due to their high efficiency and low emissions. However, PEMFC always suffers mass transfer and water management in performance improvement. Herein, an integrated gas diffusion layer (GDL) with wavy channel and micro-tunneled rib is designed and prepared to achieve faster and gentler mass transfer and excellent water management capability by laser engraving. Outstandingly, the new integrated GDL can use the back pressure of air as low as 0 and 50kPa to respectively achieve 80% and 90% of fuel cell performance realized under pure oxygen. Such high performance is mainly due to the turbulent flow caused by wavy channel and express removing pathway of liquid water provided by micro-tunneled rib. Moreover, the new integrated GDL also shows wide humidity tolerance from 40% to 100% and a very high specific volume power density of 16,300W L-1 due to the thin thickness of new integrated GDL. This new integrated GDL is expected to be widely used in PEMFC and other energy conversion devices.

Recent advances in metal-organic frameworks synthesis and characterization with a focus on electrochemical determination of biological and food compounds, and investigation of their antibacterial performance

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are hybrid materials composed of both organic and inorganic elements. MOF materials, because of their unique structures and properties, such as controllable pore size, large surface area, excellent catalytic activity, and high density of active sites, are applied in electrochemical sensors systems for the sensitive, quick, and low-cost detection of multiple analytes. MOFs, with their high specific surface area, controllable shape, and adjustable pore volume, will provide strong interaction with compounds via abundant functional groups, leading to increased selectivity for electrochemical determination of a wide range of compounds. In this review, the structure, synthesis methods, characterization, and the applications of MOFs in recent years as sensing material in fabricating sensors for detecting drugs, pesticides, heavy metals, food additives, and other contaminants are summarized, compared, and discussed. Also, MOFs were used in numerous antibacterial application areas due to their long-term release pore volume, capability, and stretch ability when integrated with a wide range of compounds and/or substances (including nanostructures, phytochemicals, antibiotics, and polymers). This review also provides a comprehensive overview of the antibacterial uses of MOFs and one's composite materials, with a focus on the different kinds of MOF nanocomposite and their antibacterial influence in various uses.