High Sodium Intake Research Articles

The Positive Effect of Renal Denervation Persists even Through Regrowth of Afferent Axons Improving Renal Afferent Nerve Activity During High Sodium Intake in Rats

The Positive Effect of Renal Denervation Persists even Through Regrowth of Afferent Axons Improving Renal Afferent Nerve Activity During High Sodium Intake in Rats

Diet and Other Modifiable Factors in Long-Term Decline of Kidney Function: Observational and Population-Based Cohort Study.

Lower physical activity, lower alcohol intake, higher protein intake, higher sodium intake, and lower potassium intake related to greater kidney function decline over time, according to previous studies. The present study aimed to analyze the cumulative effects of these factors. This prospective, observational, population-based cohort study included 3039 adult examinees of the Gubbio study who participated in the baseline exam and 15-year follow-up exam. Kidney function was evaluated as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Habitual physical activity in leisure time and habitual alcohol intake were assessed by questionnaires; dietary intakes of protein, sodium, and potassium were assessed by urinary markers. Based on previous reports, each one of the five modifiable factors was scored 0 for the tertile associated with smaller eGFR decline (low risk), 2 for the tertile associated with greater eGFR decline (high risk), and 1 for the intermediate tertile (intermediate risk). A cumulative score was calculated as the sum of the factor-specific scores and used as the main independent variable. The cumulative score ranged from 0 to 10, that is, from low risk for all factors to high risk for all factors (skewness = 0.032, mean ± SD = 5 ± 2). To avoid the bias of low-n analyses, score 0 was re-coded as 1 and score 10 was recoded as 9; after re-coding, the cumulative score ranged from 1 to 9 (skewness = 0.016, mean ± SD = 5 ± 2). The cumulative score related to annualized eGFR change in multi-variable linear regression (slope = -0.027, 95%CI = -0.039/-0.014, p < 0.001); findings were consistent in apparently healthy examinees and other subgroups. De novo incidence of eGFR < 60 mL/min × 1.73 m2 was higher along the cumulative score (p < 0.001). Compared to score 1 (n examinees = 35, adjusted incidence = 2.0%), incidence of low kidney function was 4.5 times higher in score 5 (n examinees = 624, adjusted incidence = 8.9%) and 6.5 times higher in score 9 (n examinees = 86, adjusted incidence = 12.9%). The cumulative score related to incidence of low kidney function in multi-variable logistic regression (odds ratio = 1.19, 95%CI = 1.08/1.32, p < 0.001). The combination of five modifiable factors predicted large differences in long-term incidence of low kidney function.

Changes in the Sodium Content in Branded Foods in the Slovenian Food Supply (2011-2020).

High sodium intake is the leading diet-related risk factor for mortality globally. Many countries have introduced policies to support the reformulation of foods and to reduce sodium intake, mainly on a voluntary basis, but there are limited data available about the long-term efficiency of such measures. Slovenia implemented salt reduction policies for the period of 2010-2020; these policies also included the voluntary reformulation of foods with the lowering of sodium content. This study's aim was to explore the nationally representative branded food datasets collected in the years 2011, 2015, 2017, and 2020 to investigate the changes in the sodium content in prepacked branded foods. The study was conducted with datasets collected from food labels using standard food monitoring studies and included all the major retailers. Differences in market shares were adjusted by sales weighting, which was conducted using the yearly sales data provided by the major retailers. The food categories with a major contribution to the overall sales of sodium in prepacked branded foods were processed meat and derivatives (19.0%), canned vegetables (7.1%), water (6.7%), bread (7.2%), and cheese (6.3%). Considering the available food products, a notable decreasing sodium content trend was observed in biscuits, breakfast cereals, pizza, and spreads. Year-to-year differences were much less expressed after the correction for market share differences, and neutral trends were most frequently highlighted. This indicates that sodium was less frequently reduced in market-leading products. The study results revealed that very limited progress in sodium food reformulation was achieved in the 10-year period, indicating the need for more efficient policy approaches. The study demonstrated the importance of the systematic monitoring of the food supply for the evaluation of food policies.

Combinations of Pakcoy (Brassica Rapa L) Juice and Anti Hypertension Drugs for Lowering Blood Pressure in Hypertension Pregnant Women in Handil Baru Health Center Year 2023

Handil Baru Health Center had cases of hypertension in 2021 as many as 27 cases of pregnant women and 1 case of maternal death and 40 LBW babies was found, one of the causes of preterm parturition was due to mothers experiencing preeclampsia or eclampsia. So far, midwives have tried to reduce cases of hypertension through counseling. To determine the effect of a combination of Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L) juice and anti-hypertensive drugs on reducing blood pressure in hypertensive pregnant women at the Handil Baru Health Center. This type of research is quasi-experimental, with a One Group Pre-Test – Post-Test Design without a Control Group. The population is all hypertensive pregnant women at the Handil Baru Health Center in January-July 2023 totaling 14 people. The sampling technique in this study is total sampling, so that the sample fits the population. data using independent t test. Results: There is an effect of hypertension medication and Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L) juice on blood pressure (p value 0.000 &lt;α: 0.05). Support for hypertension medication can be given Pakcoy juice, because Pakcoy which contains potassium, calcium and magnesium can help lower blood pressure naturally. Consuming 4,700 milligrams of potassium daily can lower blood pressure caused by high sodium intake. There is a combination effect of giving Pakcoy juice (Brassica rapa L) and anti-hypertensive drugs on blood pressure in hypertensive pregnant women at the Handil Baru Health Center about 19%. Handil Baru Health Center is expected to socialize health education about preventing hypertensive pregnant women

A multifaceted assessment of the nutritional status, diet and eating habits of midwives working on a shift schedule in Wrocław, Poland: evaluation of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals in the diets of midwives participating in the study.

The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional status and diet of midwives working on a shift schedule in public hospitals in Wrocław, Poland, and to analyze the variation in their diet according to their working hours (day shift, night shift) and on a non-working day. In the group of 50 midwives, employed in 4 public hospitals in Wrocław weight and body composition, waist and hip circumference, waist-hip-ratio and BMI were assessed. The nutritional habits and quality of the study participants' diets were assessed by 3-days food dietary recall, including 1 day shift day, 1 night shift day, and 1 non-working day. More than half of the subjects were assessed as having excess body weight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2). Thirty percent of participants had BMI ≥25-<30 kg/m2 and 24% BMI ≥30 kg/m2, 70% had a body fat percentage >30%. Fifty-six percent of the diets had an energy value <90% of the subject's total daily energy expenditure. Significantly higher energy value of diets on the night shift day compared to the morning shift day (1959.05±596.09 kcal vs. 1715.36±654.55 kcal, p = 0.01) were observed. The same relationship applied to cholesterol content (349.50±155.33 mg vs. 261.39±190.59 mg, p = 0.002). A high intake of phosphorus and sodium, exceeding the recommended dietary intake, was noticed. The occurrence of a night shift in the shift work schedule is an element of that model that may have a significant impact on the nutritional and health value of shift workers' diets. Therefore, it seems reasonable to implement nutritional education programs promoting healthy eating choices and habits during night work. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(5):618-31.

Sodium intake and the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

In non-pregnant populations, sodium intake has been associated with the development of chronic hypertension, and sodium restriction has been identified as a strategy to reduce blood pressure. Data regarding the relationship between sodium intake and development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are limited and conflicting. To assess the association between daily periconceptional sodium intake and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. This was a secondary analysis of the prospective Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-To-Be study. In this analysis, we included participants with non-anomalous, singleton pregnancies who completed food frequency questionnaires with recorded sodium intake in the 3 months prior to pregnancy. Individuals whose pregnancies did not progress beyond 20 weeks of gestation were excluded. Sodium intake was categorized as low (<2g per day), medium (2g to <3g per day), or high (≥ 3g per day), based on thresholds used in the non-pregnant population. The primary outcome was development of a new-onset hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome (HELLP), superimposed preeclampsia, or eclampsia. Bivariable analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Chi square tests. Poisson regression was used to estimate adjusted incidence risk ratios (aIRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after controlling for potentially confounding factors. Among 7,458 individuals included in this analysis, 2,336 (31%) reported low sodium intake, 2,792 (37%) medium sodium intake, and 2,330 (31%) high sodium intake. Individuals with high sodium intake were more likely to have chronic hypertension, use tobacco, and to be living with obesity. The risk of developing a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy was similar among groups (medium vs. low aIRR 1.10, 95% CI 0.94-1.28; high vs. low aIRR 1.17, 95% CI 1.00-1.37). There were no differences in neonatal outcomes by sodium intake, including preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age neonate, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Sodium intake was not associated with risk of developing a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. This lack of association contrasts with that between sodium intake and hypertension in the non-pregnant state, and may reflect differences in the pathophysiology underlying pregnancy- versus non-pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders.

Efficacy of comprehensive group-based education in lowering body weight, uric acid levels, and diuretic use in patients with chronic kidney disease: a retrospective study

BackgroundPatient education for the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is attracting attention. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze changes in body weight, uric acid, and estimated-glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with CKD after a group-based education during admission.MethodsOverall, 157 patients with CKD, who were discharged from the nephrology department of our hospital between January 2015 and October 2019, received group-based education or individual-based education by nurses at admission. Deltas of body weight, uric acid, and eGFR, 6 months from baseline, were compared between group- and individual-based education using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.ResultsIn total, 60 patients receiving group-based education (G group, n =35) or individual-based education (I group, n =25) during admission were included in this retrospective study. The patient characteristics at baseline were as follows: age mean, 72 ± SD 9; 16 females and 44 males; body weight, 62 ± 17 kg; eGFR median, 21 (IQR: 14, 29) mL/min/1.73 m2; UA, 7 (6.1, 7.5) mg/dL; and estimated intake of salt 6.9 (6.2, 8.4) g/day. Delta eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) was -1 (-3, 3) for G group and -1 (-2.5, 2) for I group (p = 0.8039). Delta body weight (kg) was -0.4 (-1.6, 0) for G group and 0 (-0.45, 0.95) for I group (p = 0.0597). Delta uric acid (mg/dL) was -1.1 (-1.6, 0.1) for G group and -0.2 (-1.1, 0.5) for I group (p = 0.0567).In patients with higher sodium intake (≥ 117.4 mEq/day), delta body weight was significantly lower in the group-based education group than in the individual-based education group (p = 0.0398).ConclusionsA comprehensive group-based education in patients with CKD may effectively suppress body weight and uric acid in 6 months along with less frequent diuretic use.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BODY WEIGHT STATUS AMONG CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER AGED 2-11 IN KUCHING DIVISION, SARAWAK

The high prevalence of overweight and obese among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) gains attention due to its substantial adverse health impacts. This study aimed to determine the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, parental feeding practices, child eating behaviour, and dietary intake with the body weight status of ASD children in Kuching Division, Sarawak. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 124 ASD children (83.9% boys and 16.1% girls) aged 2-11 years, together with their caregivers. The weight and height of ASD children were taken, and body mass index-for-age z-score (BAZ) was computed using AnthroPlus software. Child feeding practices, eating behaviour, and dietary intake were assessed through interviews, with the aid of a questionnaire. Multiple binary logistic regression was used in data analysis. The prevalence of underweight, risk-of-overweight, overweight, and obese ASD children was 3.2% (3.8% boys; 0% girls), 4.8% (2.9% boys; 15.0% girls), 16.9% (17.3% boys; 15.0% girls), and 20.2% (23.1% boys; 5.0 % girls), respectively. The multiple binary logistic regression revealed that the caregivers with high perceived child weight (AOR 31.313, 95% CI=6.127-47.218), high concern towards child weight (AOR 1.774, 95% CI=1.112-2.829), and high sodium intakes (AOR 3.747, 95% CI= 1.515-9.269) were significantly associated with increased risk of overweight or obesity, explaining 37.2% of the variation in body weight status. It is important to prioritise the perspective of caregivers’ feeding practices especially the caregivers with high perceived child weight and concerned child’s weight as well as sodium level of the ASD children while planning for obesity intervention programmes.

Abstract P177: Antigen-presenting Cell Vitamin D3 Modulates Salt-sensitive Hypertension In Humans

Salt-sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is a condition in which high sodium intake causes shifts in blood pressure that are associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality. Recent studies from our lab indicate that increased sodium concentrations activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs), leading to SSBP. Vitamin D3 has been shown to attenuate inflammation, but its mechanisms and contribution to SSBP remain unknown. We hypothesized that vitamin D anti-inflammatory signaling in immune cells attenuates SSBP. To test this hypothesis, we performed bulk-RNA sequencing on monocytes after high-salt exposure and noticed an increase in vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression (NS: 1781.18 ± 222.33; HS: 2922.18 ± 371.65). Additionally, we performed single-cell CITE-Seq analysis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from hypertensive individuals after a rigorous inpatient salt-loading and salt-depletion protocol over a three-day period. On the second day when salt treatment was introduced, we observed an increase in VDR expression within APCs. Conversely, we observed a drop in VDR expression on the third day when salt was depleted from the APCs in salt-sensitive but not salt-resistant individuals. These results suggest that VDRs play an important role in modulating SSBP.

Abstract 057: The Positive Effect Of Renal Denervation Persists Even Through Regrowth Of Afferent Axons Improving Renal Afferent Nerve Activity During High Sodium Intake In Rats

Introduction: Previous work of ours suggests that pathologically decreased sensitivity of renal afferent neurons (reduced number of highly active tonic neurons) due to high salt diet is normalized 1 wk after renal denervation (DNX). Now we tested the hypothesis that normalized sensitivity of renal neurons persists after DNX even through regrowth of afferent axons after 12 wk. This morphological regrowth of afferent nerves 12wk after renal DNX (postDNX) was shown by us previously. Material and methods: 6 male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were put on high salt diet (HS; 8% NaCl) for 10 days. In another group of 12 rats on high salt diet (HS) left kidneys were denervated (postDNX) 12 weeks prior to examination. Rats on standard diet were used as controls. Harvested dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG Th11-L2) with renal afferents were investigated in primary neuronal cell culture using current clamp mode to assess action potential generation during current injection and to characterize neurons as tonic highly active and phasic less active neurons. Results: In renal neurons from rats on HS the relation of tonic to phasic neurons shifted towards less active phasic units (62% tonic neurons in controls [n=72 out of 114] vs. 42% [n=37 out of 86] on HS, (p&lt;0.05, z-test)). Denervation of the left kidney in rats on high salt diet (HS-DNX) led to a recovery of afferent renal DRG neurons after 1 wk; (40% tonic neurons [n=32 out of 80] on HS vs. 72% tonic neurons [n=58 out of 81] on HS+DNX)(p&lt;0.05, z-test)). Even 12 weeks after renal denervation this regained electrophysiological property of tonic firing persisted (43% tonic neurons [n=35 out of 82] on HS vs. 69% tonic neurons [n=46 of 67]on HS-postDNX, p&lt;0.05, z-test)). Conclusion: The reduced proportion of highly active tonic neurons increased 1 wk after renal denervation to control levels. Even 12 weeks after renal denervation, this effect of renal denervation persisted, and the sensitivity of renal neurons to electrical stimuli did not change despite high-salt diet. Hence, the positive effects of renal denervation persisted even through the regrowth of renal afferent axons to the kidney.

Abstract P336: Sodium, Potassium And Calories: Implications For Implementing A Recommended Diet In Adults With Hypertension. A Cross Sectional Analysis Of NHANES 1999-2020.

Background: Evidence-based dietary recommendations for sodium and potassium have been made for adults with hypertension. Foods high in sodium are typically low in potassium and vice versa. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between these dietary components and their implication for simultaneously achieving recommended daily dietary intakes in individuals with hypertension. Methods: Data on hypertensive adults was pooled from ten National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1999 - 2020) and weighted to provide national estimates. Dietary electrolyte intake was stratified as: 1) sodium ≤ 2300 mg/d [recommended] or ≤ 3000 mg/d [adequate], and 2) potassium &gt; 4700 mg/d [recommended] or 3400 mg/d (men) and &gt; 2600 mg/d (women) [adequate]. Results: Few hypertensives met recommended intakes of sodium (25.7%) and potassium (6.4%) with virtually none meeting both levels (0.1%). Fewer individuals met potassium recommendations after the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans were made (2015-2020 vs. earlier, p =0.006) with those meeting recommended sodium remaining similar (p = 0.97). Meeting adequate intakes of sodium (44.1%), potassium (33.1%), and both intakes simultaneously (6.6%) was more common. The correlations between sodium and potassium, calories and sodium, and calories and potassium were 0.63, 0.77, and 0.74, respectively. However, individuals who met adequate potassium levels (and not sodium) had the highest calorie intake (median [IQR] = 2912 [2368, 3666]), with those meeting adequate sodium levels only having the lowest (1402 [1083, 1757]), and those who met neither intake (2254 [1854, 2717]) and those meeting both adequate intakes in between (1866 [1568, 2256], p &lt; 0.001). Meeting adequate sodium only results in the lowest potassium intake (1680 mg [1241, 2152]), while meeting adequate potassium only results in the highest sodium intake (4801 mg [3840, 6215]). Conclusion: Hypertensives almost never meet both recommended intakes of sodium and potassium with higher intakes of potassium associated with high sodium and calories. Altering contemporary diets to augment potassium while reducing sodium will require strategies that decouple the positive association of potassium with both sodium and calories.

Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Southeast Asia

Cardiovascular diseases, which include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, and aortic atherosclerosis, constitute the leading cause of death worldwide. In Southeast Asia, the annual mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases is increasing. As there is limited review literature on the risk factors of these diseases in the region, an examination of articles, periodicals, and reports from online databases worldwide can deepen our insights into the risk factors pertaining to Southeast Asian populations. The review finds two main types of factors of cardiovascular diseases that are mainly responsible for the high mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases in Southeast Asia: biological and environmental. Among biological factors, high sodium intake and tobacco consumption account for increased risks of high blood pressure and atherosclerosis, while environmental factors - air pollution and noise pollution - contribute to vasoconstriction, thrombosis, and coronary heart disease. From the findings in this review, an emphasis on regulations and guidelines to address these risk factors can thus reduce the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and solidify the wellbeing of millions in Southeast Asia.

Association of sodium intake with diabetes in adults without hypertension: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2018.

Sodium is essential for human health, however the prevalence of various diseases is associated with excessive sodium intake, particularly cardiovascular disorders. However, in most countries, salt intake is much higher than the World Health Organization recommends. Several studies in recent years have revealed that high salt intake is associated with diabetes in the general population, but the association is uncertain in people who do not have hypertension. In this study, we aimed to find out whether high sodium intake increases the risk of diabetes in this particular population. Data were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2009-2018). Participants included adults aged over 20 years old who have undergone the diabetes questionnaire, and the hypertension population was excluded. In order to adjust the confounders, multivariate analysis models were built. Finally, subgroup analysis were conducted to investigate the association between sodium intake and diabetes separately. In the present study, 7,907 participants are included (3,920 female and 3,987 male), and 512 (6.48%) individuals reported diabetes. The median sodium intake of the participants was 3,341 mg/d (IQR: 2498, 4,364 mg/d). A linear association between sodium intake and the prevalence of diabetes was found (p = 0.003). According to the multivariate analysis models, the odds ratio of diabetes for every 1,000 mg sodium intake increment is 1.20 (OR: 1.20, 95% CI 1.07-1.35). The highest sodium intake quartile was 1.80-fold more likely to have diabetes than the lowest quartile (OR: 1.80, 95% CI 1.17-2.76). Our results suggest that higher sodium intake is associated with an increased risk of diabetes in the population without hypertension, and for every 1,000 mg sodium intake increment, the risk of diabetes increased by 1.20-fold. To sum up, we have provided the clue to the etiology of diabetes and further prospective research is needed to contribute recommendations for the primary prevention of diabetes in the US.

Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cardiometabolic risk factors in Brazilian adolescents: results from ERICA.

The consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has increased over the past few decades. However, few studies have investigated the association between UPF consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents from developing countries. To evaluate the association between UPF consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors in Brazilian adolescents. This study included students aged 12-17 years who participated in the ERICA. Food consumption was assessed using a 24-h food recall, and the foods were classified based on their degree of processing, utilizing the NOVA classification. Participants' blood samples were collected after an overnight fast and exams were performed (triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, fasting glucose, insulin, and HbA1c). Overweight/obesity and blood pressure were also investigated. Associations were evaluated using Poisson regression models. The analysis included a total of 36,952 adolescents. The energy consumption from UPF was 30.7% (95%CI: 29.7-31.6) per day. Adolescents with high UPF consumption, defined as the top tertile (≥38.7% per day), were observed to have higher intake of sodium, saturated and trans-fat, while having lower intake of proteins, fibers, polyunsaturated fats, vitamins and minerals. After adjusting for potential confounders, it was observed that higher UPF consumption was directly associated with high LDL-c (PR = 1.012; 95%CI: 1.005-1.029) and inversely with low HDL-c (PR = 0.972; 95%CI: 0.952-0.993). No associations were found between UPF consumption and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Brazilian adolescents have presented a high consumption of UPF, which is associated to poor diet quality and can contribute to elevated LDL-c levels.

Global cardiovascular diseases burden attributable to high sodium intake from 1990 to 2019.

Sodium intake shows a positive correlation with blood pressure, resulting in an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Salt reduction is a key step toward the WHO's goal of 25% reduction in mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by 2025. This study aims to assess the current condition and temporal changes of the global CVD burden due to high sodium intake (HSI). We extracted data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. The numbers and age-standardized rates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), stratified by location, sex, and socio-demographic Index (SDI), were used to assess the high sodium intakeattributable CVD burden from 1990 to 2019. The relationship between the DALYs rates and related factors was evaluated by stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Globally, in 2019, the deaths and DALYs of HSI-related CVD were 1.72 million and 40.54 million, respectively, increasing by 41.08% and 33.06% from 1990. Meanwhile, the corresponding mortality and DALYs rates dropped by 35.1% and 35.2%, respectively. The high-middle and middle SDI quintiles bore almost two-thirds ofCVD burden caused by HSI. And the leading cause of HSI attributable CVD burden wasischemic heart disease. Universal health coverage (UHC) wasassociated with the DALYs rates after adjustment. From 1990 to 2019, the global CVD burden attributable to HSI has declined with spatiotemporal and sexual heterogeneity. However, it remains a major public health challenge because of the increasing absolute numbers. Improving UHC serves as an effective strategy to reduce the HSI-related CVD burden.

Influence of Salt Intake on Segmental Lesions of Patients with Ischaemic Heart Disease in Sri Lanka: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Sodium assists in maintaining body fluid balance. Excess sodium intake increases the risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) adding to global and local mortality due to non-communicable diseases. Aim: To determine the salt intake levels of patients having coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and to explain the relationship between salt consumption and atheroma development. This study used an adapted cross-sectional design with 233 patients admitted to Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital with acute heart diseases. Method: Demographic and lifestyle-related data, medical history and food intake data were collected. Salt intake was calculated based on the consumption of salt used per month at household level, salt added to food – including in restaurants. Salt content was determined using web-based applications and food tables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify variables significantly associated with IHD. Results: In this study, the daily intake of sodium per person was 6,176 mg. This was much higher than WHO’s recommended level of 2,000 mg/day, demonstrating a significant relationship between segmental lesions and sodium intake (p&lt;0.01). The multivariate binary logistic model demonstrated that high salt intake (OR 8.54; 95% CI [4.545–16.734]) and the presence of diabetes (OR 2.23; 95% CI [1.206–4.238]), contributed to the high number of segmental lesions (p&lt;0.01). Conclusion: A high daily intake of sodium increases the risk of atheroma formation in more coronary segments, regardless of age, sex, several known disease conditions and risk factors.

Association of Sodium and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake With Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adolescents and Young Adults With Obesity.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in children have increased in prevalence. Dietary intake may modify risk. Data collected during a randomized trial testing the effect of a behavioral intervention on adiposity, blood pressure (BP), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were analyzed using multivariable regression to determine independent associations of sodium, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), and artificially sweetened beverage (ASB) intake with outcomes. High sodium intake (≥3.5 g) was associated with hypertensive BP (odds ratio 12.8; P = .027) in minimally adjusted models. High SSB intake (≥4 oz) was independently associated with body mass index z-score (β = .34; P = .035) and waist circumference z-score (β = .49; P = .022) in fully adjusted models. Any ASB intake was associated with LVMI in fully adjusted model (% change 38.22; P = .004). There was no effect modification between sodium and SSB on outcomes. Dietary factors explored in this study independently impacted CVD risk. Further effect measure modification should be explored in larger cohorts.

Global trends indicate increasing consumption of dietary sodium and fiber in middle-income countries: A study of 30-year global macrotrends

According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, 3 million deaths were attributable to high sodium intake and low intake of whole grains. With the rapid evolution of the food industry, we hypothesize that dietary intake of sodium has increased and that dietary intake of whole grains or fibers has decreased because of easier access to highly processed food. Country-level data on dietary factors and country income levels from 1990 to 2018 were collected from 3 public databases. The trend of dietary intake was modeled using the linear mixed model accounting for random effects of individual countries. The country-level differences in dietary factors between males and females were calculated, and the trends were also modeled accounting for the random effects of countries. Both males and females consumed increasing amounts of dietary sodium from 1990 to 2018 in high-income, middle- to high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Dietary fiber intake increased in low-to-middle, middle-, and middle-to-high income countries for both men and women over the past 3 decades. Men tend to consume more sodium and less fiber and whole grains in their diets than women, the trend of which is statistically significant in middle-income countries. Over the past 3 decades, the macrotrend of dietary sodium has increased around the globe. To reduce the sodium intake level, nutrition policy should emphasize sodium reduction, especially in high-income, middle- to high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries.

Dietary sodium intake and its relation to sleep duration, sleep quality and nocturnal urination in working-aged Korean adults.

Both sodium intake and sleep have an important effect on cardiovascular health. However, few studies have looked at the association between sodium intake and sleep. Therefore, we analysed the association of sodium intake with sleep quality, sleep duration and nocturnal urination. The data for the present study were obtained from the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study. Study participants were 156 696 working-aged Korean adults (average age 38.0 years ±8.0 in men and 36.0 years ±8.1 in women). They were categorised into five groups by quintile of sodium intake, measured by food frequency questionnaire. Poor sleep quality and short sleep duration were determined by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index >5, and sleep duration <7 h, respectively. Nocturnal urination was defined as awakening to urinate more than three times a week. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression analysis was used in calculating the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for poor sleep quality, short sleep duration and nocturnal urination (adjusted OR [95% CI]) across five study groups. In all study participants, increased sodium intake was significantly associated with poor sleep quality (quintile 1: reference, quintile 2: 1.07 [1.04-1.11], quintile 3: 1.12 [1.08-1.16], quintile 4: 1.15 [1.11-1.19] and quintile 5: 1.13 [1.09-1.18]). This pattern of relationship was similarly observed in association of sodium intake with short sleep duration (p for trend <0.001) and nocturnal urination (p for trend <0.001). In gender subgroup analysis, increased sodium intake had a significant association with poor sleep quality and short sleep duration in men and with poor sleep quality and nocturnal urination in women. In conclusion, high sodium intake is associated with an increased likelihood of poor sleep quality, short sleep duration and nocturnal urination.

A study of the risk factors of kidney stones in Karbala

Background&#x0D; The recurrence and incidence of kidney stones are both high among Iraqis. The review paper offers details on the diagnostics, pathophysiology and epidemiology of kidney stone development, as well as techniques for assessing stone risks in both follow-up and new patients. Recurrence of stones could be avoided with proper management and assessment. The various dangers associated with each form of stone must be considered in the medical and dietary management of kidney stone avoidance. The most effective means of preventing kidney stones from recurring are the identification of such risk factors and the implementation of long-term management methods for dealing with them.&#x0D; Aims of study: to determine the most prevalent risk factors that might result in urinary calculi.&#x0D; Material and Methods: In the al- Hussain teaching hospital in Karbala, 100 subjects participated in a cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Results: 31% of whom were female, while 69% were males, were (35-45 years) is the higher percent about 30%, were suffering from kidney stones, this study found a significant association between gender and each of (smoking, eating too much meats, eating too much potatoes, eating too much sugar or sodium, if patient taking antacid, vitamin C, aspirin, diuretics, if any relatives suffer from stones and BMI values) P&lt;0.05.&#x0D; Conclusions :There is association between dietary habit of high sodium intake and eating animal protein and age, gender, occupation, family history with occurrence of renal stone