Higher Skeletal Muscle Mass Research Articles

Body composition measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis is a viable alternative to magnetic resonance imaging in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

To determine the relationship between bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained measures of body composition in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Youth with obesity and NAFLD who had BIA and abdominal MRI testing were included. BIA measured skeletal muscle mass (SMM), appendicular lean mass (ALM), trunk muscle mass (TMM), and percent body fat. MRI measured total psoas muscle surface area (tPMSA) and fat compartments. Univariate analysis described the relationship between BIA- and MRI-derived measurements. Multivariable regression analyses built a model with body composition measured via MRI. 115 patients (82 (71%) male, 38 (33%) Hispanic, median age14 years) were included. There was a strong correlation between tPMSA and SMM, ALM, and TMM (correlation coefficients [CCs]: 0.701, 0.689, 0.708, respectively; all P < .001). Higher SMM, ALM, and TMM were associated with higher tPMSA. This association remained after controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, type 2 diabetes mellitus status, and body mass index z-score. Total fat mass by BIA and MRI-determined total, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal fat area correlated significantly (CCs: 0.813, 0.808, 0.515, respectively; all P < .001). In univariate regression, higher total fat mass by BIA was associated with increased total fat area and increased fat in each of the four regions measured by MRI. After controlling for confounders, the association between total fat mass by BIA and total fat area by MRI persisted. BIA measures of muscle and fat mass correlate strongly with MRI measures of tPMSA and fat areas in children with obesity and NAFLD.

초등학교 축구 엘리트 선수와 클럽선수 간 체력 비교를 통한 개선방안 모색

This study was conducted to suggest the importance of providing systematic and specialized physical training for school sports club players when linking them to professional elite trainers in the future by comparing physical strength between elementary school soccer elite trainers and school sports club players in accordance. According to the KISS Sports Science Center Physical Measurement Standards Manual, the differences between groups were derived by measuring body composition, flexibility, muscle strength, muscular endurance, agility, quickness, and cardiopulmonary endurance.<BR> 1. During the physical construction test, elite athletes showed high muscle mass and skeletal muscle mass, while club players showed high body fat and body fat rate.<BR> 2. During the flexibility test, the results of the iliac examination and the posterior examination showed that elite athletes were highly qualified.<BR> 3. During the nimbleness test, the whole body and side step tests showed that elite athletes were high. <BR> 4. In the visual response test, elite athletes completed their tasks quickly.<BR> 5. Among the muscular strength tests, the grip strength test and the back strength test showed that elite athletes were highly qualified.<BR> 6. During the quickness test, the team"s jump test showed that elite athletes were highly qualified.<BR> 7. During the muscle endurance test, sit-ups were high among elite athletes.<BR> 8. During the cardiac endurance test, the 20-meter shuttle run test showed a high number of elite athletes.

Impact of overweight and obesity on mortality in older adults: results of a nine-year prospective the CRYSTAL study

Abstract Introduction. Recently studies showed that a persons aged 65 years and older with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/ m2 have the same or lower risk of mortality than older adults with a normal BMI.Objective: to investigate the relationship between baseline body mass index (BMI), total skeletal muscle mass (SMM), muscle strength and all-cause mortality in the Russian population.Methods. The Crystal study is a prospective cohort study of a random sample of people aged 65 years and older.The total follow-up period was 9 years. Main parameters: BMI, nutritional status, anemia, C-reactive protein, skeletal muscle mass (SMM), functional status, depression, dementia and non-communicable diseases.Results. Participants with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 had a 34,6% lower risk of all-cause mortality during 5 years of follow-up and a 36,8% lower risk during 9 years of follow-up, regardless of nutritional status, chronic comorbidities, and functional status. This association was linked with higher SMM in participants with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. After adjusting for all our covariates, higher SMM, but not BMI, was associated with a 7,4% decrease in mortality during the 5-year follow-up.Conclusion. It is necessary to consider qualitative indicators of body composition, such as SMM and fat percentage during assessing the impact of BMI on mortality. The higher SMM is an independent factor associated with a 7,4% decreasing the risk of all-cause mortality over 5 years of follow-up in the population of people aged 65 years and older.

Significance of serum branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio measurement in athletes with high skeletal muscle mass

BackgroundFew nutritional markers reflect the hypermetabolic state of athletes with high levels of skeletal muscle. Although branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) play crucial roles in protein metabolism in skeletal muscle, the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and amino acid imbalances caused by the metabolism of BCAA and aromatic amino acids remains unclear. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that athletes with high levels of skeletal muscle mass have plasma amino acid imbalances, assessed by serum BCAA to tyrosine ratio (BTR) which can be measured conveniently.MethodsThe study enrolled 111 young Japanese men: 70 wrestling athletes and 41 controls. None of them were under any medications, extreme dietary restrictions or intense exercise regimens. Each participant’s body composition, serum concentrations of albumin and rapid turnover proteins including transthyretin and transferrin, BTR, and thyroid function were assessed.ResultsCompared to the controls, the athletes had significantly higher skeletal muscle index (SMI) (p < 0.001), and lower serum albumin concentration (p < 0.001) and BTR (p < 0.001). Kruskal–Wallis tests showed that serum albumin concentration and BTR were significantly lower in the participants with higher SMI. Serum albumin concentration and BTR were inversely correlated with SMI by multiple regression analysis (logarithmic albumin, β = − 0.358, p < 0.001; BTR, β = − 0.299, p = 0.001). SMI was inversely and transthyretin was positively correlated with serum albumin (SMI, β = − 0.554, p < 0.001; transthyretin, β = 0.379, p < 0.001). Serum concentration of free 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (FT3) was inversely correlated with BTR, and, along with SMI and albumin, was independent predictor of BTR (SMI, β = − 0.321, p < 0.001; FT3, β = − 0.253, p = 0.001; logarithmic albumin, β = 0.261, p = 0.003). However, FT3 was not correlated with SMI or serum albumin. Serum concentrations of rapid turnover proteins were not correlated with BTR.ConclusionsIncreased skeletal muscle mass enhances the circulating amino acid imbalances, and is independently facilitated by thyroid hormones. Serum BTR may be a useful biomarker to assess the hypermetabolic state of wrestling athletes with high levels of skeletal muscle.

BODY COMPOSITION OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Considering the growing global problem and the lack of obesity data in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) the main aim of this paper was to determine BH school-age children body composition and determine the differences in body composition between girls and boys classified in underweight, normal weight and overweight according to the body mass index (BMI) score. 2524 participants 1763 girls and 761 boys (aged 10-13 yrs.) from 32 elementary schools were randomly selected and divided to 3 BMI groups by WHO cut-off points. InBody 370 Body Composition Analyzer (BioSpace, Seoul, Korea), a segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device was used to gather data. The results showed ~38% of the sample were classified as overweight whilst gender differences showed higher body fat mass and fat percentages in arms, trunk and legs in underweight and normal weight girls and higher skeletal muscle mass in normal weight and overweight boys.

Preserved Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function, Redox State, Inflammation and Mass in Obese Mice with Chronic Heart Failure.

Background: Skeletal muscle (SM) mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation and muscle mass loss may worsen prognosis in chronic heart failure (CHF). Diet-induced obesity may also cause SM mitochondrial dysfunction as well as oxidative stress and inflammation, but obesity per se may be paradoxically associated with high SM mass and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, as well as with enhanced survival in CHF. Methods: We investigated interactions between myocardial infarction(MI)-induced CHF and diet-induced obesity (12-wk 60% vs. standard 10% fat) in modulating gastrocnemius muscle (GM) mitochondrial ATP and tissue superoxide generation, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), cytokines and insulin signalling activation in 10-wk-old mice in the following groups: lean sham-operated, lean CHF (LCHF), obese CHF (ObCHF; all n = 8). The metabolic impact of obesity per se was investigated by pair-feeding ObCHF to standard diet with stabilized excess body weight until sacrifice at wk 8 post-MI. Results: Compared to sham, LCHF had low GM mass, paralleled by low mitochondrial ATP production and high mitochondrial reative oxygen species (ROS) production, pro-oxidative redox state, pro-inflammatory cytokine changes and low insulin signaling (p < 0.05). In contrast, excess body weight in pair-fed ObCHF was associated with high GM mass, preserved mitochondrial ATP and mitochondrial ROS production, unaltered redox state, tissue cytokines and insulin signaling (p = non significant vs. Sham, p < 0.05 vs. LCHF) despite higher superoxide generation from non-mitochondrial sources. Conclusions: CHF disrupts skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in lean rodents with low ATP and high mitochondrial ROS production, associated with tissue pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, low insulin signaling and muscle mass loss. Following CHF onset, obesity per se is associated with high skeletal muscle mass and preserved tissue ATP production, mitochondrial ROS production, redox state, cytokines and insulin signaling. These paradoxical and potentially favorable obesity-associated metabolic patterns could contribute to reported obesity-induced survival advantage in CHF.

Association of midlife body composition with old-age health-related quality of life, mortality, and reaching 90 years of age: a 32-year follow-up of a male cohort

Overweight and obesity increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. The relations between body composition at midlife, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in old age, and longevity are, however, less studied. We examined the association of midlife body composition with successful aging, defined as high HRQoL and reaching 90 y of age, during 32 y follow-up. Participants were 1354 men from the Helsinki Businessmen Study, born 1919-1934. In 1985/1986 (mean age: 60 y) various health measurements were performed. Percentages of body fat (BF) and skeletal muscle mass (SM) were calculated using validated formulas (including waist and hip circumferences, weight, and age) and divided into quartiles. In 2000 and 2007 (mean ages: 74 and 80 y, respectively), HRQoL was assessed using RAND-36/Short Form-36 scales. Mortality was retrieved from registers through 2018, and longevity determined by calculating the proportion of participants reaching 90 y. Logistic regression was used to assess ORs with 95% CIs. Higher SM% at midlife in 1985/1986 was associated (P<0.05) with higher scores in the RAND-36 scales of physical functioning, role limitations caused by physical health problems, vitality, social functioning, and general health in old age in 2000. In 2007 only the association with physical domain (physical functioning, role limitations caused by physical health problems) remained statistically significant (P<0.01). BF% quartiles in 1985/1986 were inversely associated with several RAND-36 scales in 2000 and 2007. During the 32-y follow-up, 982 participants died and 281 reached 90 y of age. Being in the highest SM% quartile at midlife increased (adjusted OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.53, 3.53; lowest SM% quartile as reference) and being in the highest BF% quartile decreased (OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.66; lowest BF% quartile as reference) the odds of reaching 90 y. Desirable body composition in terms of both fat and skeletal muscle mass at midlife was associated with successful aging in men.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02526082.

Association Between Parental Socioeconomic Status and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Chinese College Students: Fitness Improvement Tactics in Youths (FITYou) Project.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and skeletal muscle mass in Chinese college students.MethodsA cross-sectional study including 2204 college freshmen was conducted in Shenyang, China. Data regarding body composition, health examinations, and a self-reported questionnaire were available from all the participants. Skeletal muscle mass assessment was completed by a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Information on parental SES (educational levels, annual income, and occupational status) was collected via questionnaires. Covariance analysis was used to adjust for the confounding effects of sex, age, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol use, and sleep duration.ResultsMultivariate analysis showed that college freshmen with higher parental SES levels generally had higher skeletal muscle mass after adjustment for confounding factors (mean [95% confidence interval]: low, 42.4 [42.0, 42.8]; middle, 42.9 [42.6, 43.3]; high, 43.7 [43.4, 44.1], p for trend < 0.001). Similar results were observed for paternal and maternal SES (p for trend < 0.001, respectively), whereas association between paternal SES and youth muscle mass became non-significant after adjusting for maternal SES (p for trend = 0.077). Results also showed positive linear trends for skeletal muscle mass and paternal or maternal educational levels and annual income (p for trend < 0.001, respectively), but not for occupational status.ConclusionThis study found a positive association between parental SES and skeletal muscle mass in Chinese college students. Compared to the normalization of height or weight, body mass index-adjusted skeletal muscle mass is more likely to be associated with SES.

Predicted Skeletal Muscle Mass and 4-Year Cardiovascular Disease Incidence in Middle-Aged and Elderly Participants of IKARIA Prospective Epidemiological Study: The Mediating Effect of Sex and Cardiometabolic Factors.

The sex-specific effect of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) index (SMI) on 4-year first fatal/non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) event in free-of-disease individuals was examined. In 2009, n = 1411 inhabitants (mean age = 64(12)) from Ikaria were selected. Follow-up was performed in 2013. SMI was created to reflect SMM through appendicular skeletal muscle mass (indirectly calculated through formulas) divided by body mass index (BMI). Fifteen and six tenths percent of participants exhibited CVD (19.8% in men/12% in women, p = 0.002). Significant U-shape trends were observed in participants >65 years old and women irrespective to age confirmed through multi-adjusted Cox regression analysis; in age >65 years, Hazard Ratio (HR)(2nd vs. 1st SMI tertile) = 0.80, 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) (0.45, 0.96) and in women HR(2nd vs. 1st SMI tertile) = 0.71, 95% CI (0.33, 0.95), while, as for the 3rd SMI tertile, no significant trends were observed. Mediation analysis revealed that mediators of the aforementioned associations in men were the arterial distensibility and total testosterone, while, in women, inflammation, insulin resistance, and arterial distensibility. High SMM accompanied by obesity may not guarantee lower CVD risk. Specific cardiometabolic factors seem to explain this need for balance between lean and fat mass.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Diet Quality Profile of the Lithuanian Team of Deaf Women's Basketball Players.

There are about 466 million people with hearing impairments in the world. The scientific literature does not provide sufficient data on the actual nutrition and other variables of professional deaf athletes. The objectives of this study were to investigate and evaluate the body composition, the physical working capacity, the nutrition intake, and the blood parameters of iron and vitamin D in the Lithuanian high-performance deaf women’s basketball team players. The female athletes (n = 14) of the Lithuanian deaf basketball team aged 26.4 ± 4.5 years were recruited for an observational cross-sectional study. A 7-day food recall survey method was used to investigate their actual diet. The measurements of the body composition were performed using the BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis) tetra-polar electrodes. In order to assess the cardiorespiratory and aerobic fitness levels of athletes, ergo-spirometry (on a cycle ergometer) was used to measure the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the physical working capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats per minute (PWC170). The athletes’ blood tests were taken to investigate the red blood cells, hemoglobin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ferritin, transferrin, iron concentrations, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). The consideration of the VO2peak (55.9 ± 6.1 mL/min/kg of body weight, 95% CI: 51.8, 58.9) and the low VO2peak (56–60 mL/min/kg of body weight) (p = 0.966) in the deaf women’s basketball team players revealed no differences. For the deaf female athletes, the PWC170 was equal to 20.3 ± 2.0 kgm/min/kg of body weight and represented only the average aerobic fitness level. The carbohydrate and protein intakes (5.0 ± 1.3 and 1.3 ± 0.3 g/kg of body weight, respectively) met only the minimum levels recommended for athletes. The fat content of the diet (38.1 ± 4.1% of energy intake) exceeded the maximum recommended content (35% of energy intake) (p = 0.012). The mean blood serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and ferritin (24.1 ± 6.6 nmol/L and 11.0 ± 4.1 µg/L, respectively) predicted vitamin D and iron deficits in athletes. Female athletes had an increased risk of vitamin D and iron deficiencies. Regardless of iron deficiency in the body, the better cardiorespiratory fitness of the deaf female athletes was essentially correlated with the higher skeletal muscle mass (in terms of size) (r = 0.61, p = 0.023), the lower percentage of body fat mass (r = −0.53, p = 0.049), and the reduced intake of fat (r = −0.57, p = 0.040).

Interpopulation Similarity of Sex and Age-Related Body Composition Variations Among Older Adults.

The aim of the study was to analyze sex and age-related body composition variations among older adults from the Brazilian, Italian, and Mexican population. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 1103 community-dwelling older adults (634 women and 469 men), aged 60 to 89 years, living in Brazil (n = 176), Italy (n = 554), and Mexico (n = 373). Anthropometric measurements were taken, BMI was calculated, and impedance measurements were obtained (resistance, R, reactance, Xc). Specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (specific BIVA) was applied, with the specific vector defined by impedance, or vector length (Z = (Rsp2 + Xcsp2)0.5), and phase angle (PA = arctan Xc/R 180/π). Population, sex, and age differences in anthropometric and bioelectrical variables were evaluated by means of a two way ANOVA. The mean bioelectrical vectors were graphed by confidence ellipses and statistically compared by the Hotelling’s T2 test. The three population groups showed differences in body mass and composition (p < 0.001): the Brazilian sample was characterized by greater body dimensions, longer vectors (higher relative content of fat mass), and lower phase angles (lower skeletal muscle mass). Men were taller and heavier than women (p < 0.001) but had a similar BMI (p = 0.102). They also had higher phase angle (higher skeletal muscle mass) (p < 0.001) and lower vector length (lower %FM) (p < 0.001). In the three population groups, the oldest individuals showed lower anthropometric and phase angle values with respect to the youngest ones (p < 0.001), whereas the vector length did not change significantly with age (p = 0.665). Despite the differences between sexes and among populations, the trend of age-related variations was similar in the Brazilian, Italian, and Mexican older adults.

Prospective study of objective physical activity and quality of life in living donor liver transplant recipients.

The aims of this study were to: (a) describe the physical activity (PA) and quality of life (QOL) in living donor liver transplant (LDLT) recipients pre-operatively and at 3 months and 6 months post-operatively; (b) compare PA and QOL at 6 months post-operatively with a healthy control group; and (c) explore pre-operative factors that predict PA changes. Patients over 20 years of age who were undergoing LDLT were recruited. PA was measured based on the number of steps/day and time spent performing moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) during 1 week using an accelerometer. QOL was assessed based on a physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component summary of the eight-item Short-Form Health Survey. The LDLT and healthy control groups were matched for age (±3 years) and gender. Pre-operative factors predicting a change in PA were calculated using a generalized linear mixed model. Twenty-four patients completed the study. By 6 months post-LDLT, the MCS and PCS were comparable to those in the control group. The number of steps (3,887 steps/day) and MVPA (29.3 min/week) showed significant improvement by 6 months post-operatively, but remained much lower compared with those in the control group. The multivariate analysis showed that younger age (p < .01, p = .04) and higher skeletal muscle mass (SMM; p < .01, p = .03) were predictors of improvement in number of steps and MVPA. This study suggests the need for pre-operative interventions by healthcare professionals that focus on outcomes such as improving low SMM to facilitate post-operative PA recovery.

Comparison And Correlation Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors And Skeletal Muscle Mass In Healthy Young Adults

It is unclear whether individuals with high skeletal muscle mass may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. PURPOSE: To ①Compare cardiovascular risk factors between individuals with Standard skeletal Muscle mass Group-Male(SMG-M)/ Female(SMG-F), and High skeletal Muscle Group-Male(HMG-M)/Female(HMG-F) ②Explore the relationship skeletal muscle mass and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: Fifty Healthy young male(n=27, 23.4±0.4 years old) and female(n=23, 22.1±0.4 years old) were recruited to participate in this study. Body composition of the subjects were measured by a Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. Depending on the results, they were divided into 2 groups(HMG-M vs. SMG-M, HMG-F vs. SMG-F). Blood pressure, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity(baPWV), and blood analysis [Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol(LDL-C), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol(HDL-C), Triglycerides(TRG), glucose, HbA1c] were performed. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in the values of skeletal muscle mass Index(SMI) between the two groups [HMG-M vs. SMG-M, SMI(%) 130.5± 1.5 vs. 101.9 ± 1.3, p<.0001; HMG-F vs. SMG-F, SMI(%): 109.0 ± 1.5 vs. 86.2 ± 2.3, p<.0001]. Blood analysis showed that HDL-C was higher in HMG than in SMG [HMG-M vs. SMG-M, (mg/dL): 71.7 ± 4.7 vs 47.5±2.3, p=.0001; HMG-F vs. SMG-F: 79.0 ± 3.8 vs. 54 ± 2.3, p<.0001], whereas LDL-C and TRG levels were comparable in the groups regardless of gender[HMG-M vs. SMG-M, LDL-C(mg/dL): 90.5 ± 12.1 vs 76.2 ± 12.4, p=.427, TRG(mg/dL): 124.0 ± 22.5 vs. 104.5 ± 22.0, p=.549; HMG-F vs. SMG-F, LDL-C: 97.2 ± 8.5 vs. 91.8 ± 6.6, p=.626, TRG: 80.4 ± 15.0 vs. 96.0 ± 14.6, p= .477]. In addition, baPWV did not show significant differences between groups [HMG-M vs. SMG-M, (cm/s): 1129.5 ± 18.2 vs. 1100.0 ± 49.8, p=.589; HMG-F vs. SMG-F, 1001.7 ± 41.4 vs. 997.0 ± 73.2, p= .957]. Interestingly, HDL cholesterol levels are associated with SMI in young adults(Male, r =.640, p=.001; Female, r = .583, p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: In both male and female groups, HDL was significantly higher in HMG than in SMG, and a significant correlation was found between skeletal muscle mass index and HDL cholesterol. These results suggest that an increase in skeletal muscle mass may have an additive benefit on a cardiovascular risk factor, especially HDL cholesterol level.

The Role of CT-Quantified Body Composition on Longitudinal Health-Related Quality of Life in Colorectal Cancer Patients: The Colocare Study.

Background: Obesity, defined by body mass index (BMI), measured at colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis has been associated with postoperative complications and survival outcomes. However, BMI does not allow for a differentiation between fat and muscle mass. Computed tomography (CT)-defined body composition more accurately reflects different types of tissue and their associations with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) during the first year of disease, but this has not been investigated yet. We studied the role of visceral and subcutaneous fat area (VFA and SFA) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) on longitudinally assessed HRQoL in CRC patients. Methods: A total of 138 newly diagnosed CRC patients underwent CT scans at diagnosis and completed questionnaires prior to and six and twelve months post-surgery. We investigated the associations of VFA, SFA, and SMM with HRQoL at multiple time points. Results: A higher VFA was associated with increased pain six and twelve months post-surgery (β = 0.06, p = 0.04 and β = 0.07, p = 0.01) and with worse social functioning six months post-surgery (β = −0.08, p = 0.01). Higher SMM was associated with increased pain twelve months post-surgery (β = 1.03, p < 0.01). Conclusions: CT-quantified body composition is associated with HRQoL scales post-surgery. Intervention strategies targeting a reduction in VFA and maintaining SMM might improve HRQoL in CRC patients during the first year post-surgery.

Association of Body Composition With Survival and Treatment Efficacy in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Objectives: The association of body composition with survival and the efficacy of first-line treatment was investigated in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).Methods: The records of CRPC patients treated with docetaxel or androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSi) between 2005 and 2018 were reviewed. Skeletal muscle index (SMI), visceral fat index, and subcutaneous fat index were evaluated using pretreatment computed tomography images.Results: Of 230 eligible patients, 144 received docetaxel, and 86 received ARSi as the first-line treatment for CRPC. The SMIhi (based on median values) group had higher prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression-free survival (median 13.5 vs. 8.3 months, p = 0.030), radiologic progression-free survival (14.9 vs. 9.1 months, p < 0.001), and overall survival (24.1 vs. 16.9 months, p = 0.015) than the SMIlo group. In docetaxel-treated patients, the SMIhi group had higher PSA progression-free survival (13.5 vs. 5.9 months, p = 0.016) and radiologic progression-free survival (14.6 vs. 6.7 months, p < 0.001) than the SMIlo group. However, PSA progression-free survival and radiologic progression-free survival were comparable between the two groups in ARSi-treated patients. SMI was independently associated with the risk of radiologic progression in patients treated with docetaxel but not in those treated with ARSi.Conclusions: High skeletal muscle mass may be associated with reduced risk of disease progression and mortality in patients with CRPC. However, the significance of these relationships is limited in patients treated with docetaxel. These results suggest that assessing skeletal muscle mass may be worthwhile when selecting treatments for CRPC; however, further prospective validation and large-scale studies are needed.

Association of One-Leg Standing Time with Discontinuation of Injectable Medications During Hospitalization Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

IntroductionPersons with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are known to experience impaired physical ability even at the early stages of the disease. However, less attention has been paid to increasing physical ability than to increasing physical activity in the treatment of T2D. The aim of this study was to assess whether improved physical ability parameters are associated with the discontinuation of injectable medications once glycemic targets have been achieved among inpatients with inadequately controlled T2D across a wide range of ages.MethodsForty-three patients with glycated hemoglobin levels of ≥ 7.5% (58 mmol/mol) aged between 19 and 82 years who received insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists or both at admission were enrolled in the study. Muscle strength for knee extension, one-leg standing time with eyes open test(OLST), whole-body reaction time and maximal oxygen uptake were assessed as parameters of physical ability.ResultsAt admission, patients who during hospitalization discontinued injectable medications (n = 29; Discontinued group) had a shorter duration of diabetes, lower fat mass and higher skeletal muscle mass and performed better on all of the physical ability test parameters than those who continued on injectable medications during hospitalization (n = 14; Continued group). At discharge, patients in the Discontinued group had achieved better glycemic control than those in the Continued group, as indicated by lower mean plasma glucose levels according to the 7-point profile. Stepwise logistic regression analysis that included those variables that were significantly different between the Continued group and the Discontinued group, with the aim to identify candidate(s) of explanatory variables, revealed that only OLST was significantly associated with the discontinuation of injectable medication. Patients with an OLST of ≥ 60 s were more likely to discontinue injectable medication than those with an OLST of < 60 s (odds ratio 18.9; 95% confidence interval 2.0–178.8; p = 0.011).ConclusionsAmong inpatients with inadequately controlled T2D diabetes, longer OLST appear to be associated with discontinuing injectable medications during hospitalization. OLST could possibly be useful as a novel patient factor to consider in de-intensifying injectable medication.

Habitual high-protein diet does not influence muscle protein synthesis in response to acute resistance exercise in rats.

Resistance training combined with consumption of a high-protein diet (HPD) is typically recommended to increase muscle mass, as both acute resistance exercise (RE) and dietary protein intake stimulate mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). However, the effect of chronic HPD consumption on MPS response to an acute RE remains to be determined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 10 wk were fed HPD (50 kcal % protein, for 4 wk) or normal protein diet (NPD; 20 kcal % protein). After the 4-wk dietary intervention, the rats were fasted overnight and the right gastrocnemius muscle was subjected to percutaneous electrical stimulation to mimic acute RE, whereas the left gastrocnemius muscle served as control. The rats were sacrificed 6 h after exercise and the tissues were sampled immediately. The HPD group showed significantly lower fat mass and higher skeletal muscle mass than the NPD group without affecting body weight. Resting mTORC1 activity did not differ between the groups. Additionally, resting MPS was also unchanged after HPD. Acute RE significantly increased mTORC1 activity and MPS in both groups. However, differences in diet did not influence the response of mTORC1 activation to acute RE. Furthermore, HPD did not affect the response of MPS to acute RE. The present results suggested that although 4 wk of HPD reduces body fat and increases skeletal muscle mass, it does not affect muscle protein synthesis at basal state, and in response to acute RE.

Association of body composition with survival and efficacy of first-line treatment in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer.

115 Background: We aimed to investigate the association of body composition with survival and efficacy of first-line treatments in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Methods: Records of CRPC patients who were treated with first-line docetaxel or androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSi) between 2005 and 2018 were reviewed. Skeletal muscle index (SMI), visceral fat index, and subcutaneous fat index were evaluated using pretreatment computed tomography images. Results: Of the 230 eligible patients, 144 patients received docetaxel and 86 received ARSi as the first-line treatment for CRPC. SMIhi (based on median value) group had higher prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression-free survival (median 13.5 vs. 8.3 months, p=0.030), radiologic progression-free survival (14.9 vs. 9.1 months; p&lt;0.001), and overall survival (24.1 vs. 16.9 months, p=0.015) compared than SMIlo group. In multivariable analysis, SMI was independently associated with risk of PSA progression (HR=0.68; 95% CI, 0.50-0.93; p=0.017), radiologic progression (HR=0.54; 95% CI, 0.39-0.75; p=0.001), and overall survival (HR=0.72; 95% CI, 0.52-0.98; p=0.037), regardless of BMI. In docetaxel-treated patients, PSA progression-free survival (13.5 vs. 5.9 months, p=0.016) and radiologic progression-free survival (14.6 vs. 6.7 months, p&lt;0.001) were higher in SMIhi than SMIlo group. However, PSA progression-free survival and radiologic progression-free survival were similar between two groups in ARSi-treated patients. Based on treatment-specific hazards of radiologic progression, patients with SMIlo are more likely to benefit from ARSi compared than docetaxel. Conclusions: High skeletal muscle mass may be associated with reduced risks of disease progression and mortality in patients with CRPC. However, the significance of these relationships is limited in patients treated with docetaxel. These results suggest that skeletal muscle mass may be helpful in treatment selection and predicting treatment response in CRPC. Further prospective studies are warranted.

Cross-Sectional Associations Between Dietary Antioxidant Vitamins C, E and Carotenoid Intakes and Sarcopenic Indices in Women Aged 18\u201379\xa0Years

The prevalence of sarcopenia is increasing in aging populations, so prevention is critical. Vitamins (A, C, E and carotenoids) modify skeletal muscle via protein and collagen synthesis and anti-inflammatory activities. Previous studies have not investigated intake of these vitamins in relation to sarcopenic indices in both younger and older-aged women. Indices of skeletal muscle mass (as fat-free mass (FFM) relative to body size) were measured using DXA and leg explosive power (LEP) using the Nottingham Power Rig in 2570 women aged 18–79 years. Adjusted measures of skeletal muscle were calculated according to quintiles of vitamin C, E, retinol and carotenoid intake, derived from Food Frequency Questionnaires, after stratification by age. Higher vitamin C intake was associated with significantly higher indices of FFM and LEP, (Q5-Q1 = 2.0–12.8%, P < 0.01–0.02). Intakes of total and individual carotenoids were significantly associated with indices of FFM and LEP (Q5-Q1 = 1.0–7.5%). Vitamin E was significantly associated with FFM% and FFMBMI only. In mutually adjusted analysis with vitamin C, total carotene, vitamin E and protein in the model, the strongest associations were with vitamin C. These associations were stronger in younger women (< 65 years). For the first time, our research shows higher dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins, particularly vitamin C, is associated with higher skeletal muscle mass and power in free-living women. These findings have relevance for the treatment and prevention of frailty and sarcopenia throughout adulthood.

Fitness Characteristics of Elite and Subelite Male Ice Hockey Players: A Cross-Sectional Study

Vigh-Larsen, JF, Beck, JH, Daasbjerg, A, Knudsen, CB, Kvorning, T, Overgaard, K, Andersen, TB, and Mohr, M. Fitness characteristics of elite and subelite male ice hockey players: A cross-sectional study. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2352-2360, 2019-The purpose was to evaluate fitness profiles in elite (age 23.5 ± 4.4 years) and subelite (age 19.4 ± 3.1 years) male ice hockey players. Twenty teams from the best (n = 164) and second-best (n = 132) Danish ice hockey division were assessed in-season using a field-test battery consisting of off-ice measurements of countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and body composition, as well as performance tests on the ice. These included the submaximal and maximal Yo-Yo intermittent recovery ice hockey tests, level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1-IHSUB and Yo-Yo IR1-IHMAX), the 5-10-5 pro-agility test, and a straight-line sprint test. Elite players were heavier (85.7 ± 8.1 vs. 80.8 ± 10.0 kg, p ≤ 0.05) and had a higher skeletal muscle mass (41.9 ± 3.9 vs. 38.8 ± 4.7 kg, p ≤ 0.05) than subelite players. Moreover, elite players elicited a superior CMJ (50.1 ± 6.1 vs. 44.9 ± 5.4 cm, p ≤ 0.05), agility (4.76 ± 0.17 vs. 4.96 ± 0.22 seconds, p ≤ 0.05), and sprint (4.49 ± 0.16 vs. 4.71 ± 0.19 seconds, p ≤ 0.05) performance. Finally, elite players outperformed subelite players in Yo-Yo IR1-IHSUB (79.7 ± 6.8 vs. 88.0 ± 5.4% HRmax, p ≤ 0.05) and Yo-Yo IR1-IHMAX tests (2,434 ± 414 vs. 1,850 ± 499 m, p ≤ 0.05). Top elite teams performed. 1.1 and 7% better than bottom elite teams on the agility and CMJ test (p ≤ 0.05), whereas differences approached significance for sprint (p = 0.08) and Yo-Yo IR1-IHMAX (p = 0.08) performance in favor of top-tier teams. No differences were observed between forwards and defensemen. In conclusion, elite-level ice hockey requires a high level of fitness in terms of muscle mass and explosive strength, as well as a well-developed high-intensity intermittent exercise capacity. In addition, these demands seem to apply for both forwards and defensemen.