High Saturation Value Research Articles

Study on Production Characteristics and Change in Production Location of Pottery Excavated from DongOe-dong Site in Goseong

As a result of scientific analysis of 26 pottery excavated from the DongOe-dong site in Goseong, pottery with various firing degrees was confirmed, ranging from low-firing pottery with mica minerals detected to high-firing pottery with high-temperature minerals such as cristobalite and mullite detected. In addition, low-firing pottery has an absorption rate of 9.7∼25.8% and generally shows high saturation value. On the other hand, high-firing pottery has low absorption rate and saturation value, so the physical characteristics of the pottery show a high correlation with the group classified by XRD analysis. Pottery with a low firing degree commonly contains fine-grained mineral particles and has a similar composition of trace elements such as Rb, Ba, and Sr. And they were most abundantly excavated from the No. 1-1 moat. However it was confirmed that there is a difference in the production area because compositions of the rare earth elements are distributed in two areas in the graph. High&intermediate-firing pottery samples are observed to have a vitrified base matrix and relatively less temper minerals. And their contents of Rb, Sr, and Ba are significantly different from low-firing pottery. In the composition of rare earth elements, they are all distributed in same area as one of the separated areas of low-firing pottery, so it is highly likely these pottery were produced in the same or nearby production region regardless of the firing degree. As a result of checking up the composition of rare earth elements according to the archaeological chronology of pottery, it is estimated that there was a change in the production region of the pottery introduced into the DongOe-dong site around 250 AD.

Saturation-Based Airlight Color Restoration of Hazy Images

Typically, images captured in adverse weather conditions such as haze or smog exhibit light gray or white color on screen; therefore, existing hazy image restoration studies have performed dehazing under the same assumption. However, hazy images captured under actual weather conditions tend to change color because of various environmental factors such as dust, chemical substances, sea, and lighting. Color-shifted hazy images have hindered accurate color perception of the images, and due to the dark haze color, they have worsened visibility compared to conventional hazy images. Therefore, various color correction-based dehazing algorithms have recently been implemented to restore colorcast images. However, existing color restoration studies are limited in that they struggle to distinguish between haze and objects, particularly when haze veils and images have a similar color or when objects with a high saturation value occupy a significant portion of the scene, resulting in overly grayish images and distorted colors. Therefore, we propose a saturation-based dehazing method that extracts only the hue of the cast airlight and preserves the information of the object. First, the proposed color correction method uses a dominant color extraction method for the clustering of CIELAB(LAB) color images and then assigns area scores to the classified clusters. Sorting of the airlight areas is performed using the area score, and gray world-based white balance is performed by extracting the hue of the area. Finally, the saturation of the restored image is used to separate and process the distant objects and airlight, and dehazing is performed by applying a weighting value to the depth map based on the average luminance. Our color restoration method prevents excessive gray tone and color distortion. In particular, the proposed dehazing method improves upon existing issues where near-field information is lost and noise is introduced in the far field as visibility improves.

Effect of storage on the quality of peanut grain oil

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a grain rich in lipids and highly susceptible to oxidative damage during storage. This study evaluated the effects of storing peanut grains at different temperatures, with and without shells, on oil quality parameters. Grains with a moisture content of 8 % were stored at temperatures of 18 and 25 ± 1 °C. The evaluations were performed at the beginning of storage, at 60, 120, and 180 days. The study demonstrated that in chemical analyses, peanut grains stored in the shell maintain conceivable lipid acidity levels, even with an increase over storage time. Beta carotene and tocopherols decreased during storage. Most treatments showed increased primary (K232) and secondary (K270) oxidation products. During storage, the fatty acid profile changed at high saturation values (linoleic to oleic). Therefore, it is suggested to store peanut grains for up to 180 days, with shells, in places that favor low equilibrium moisture content and temperature to maintain the grains and oil's physical and chemical qualities.

Large-scale nutrient and carbon dynamics along the river-estuary-ocean continuum

Nutrient and carbon dynamics within the river-estuary-coastal water systems are key processes in understanding the flux of matter from the terrestrial environment to the ocean. Here, we analysed those dynamics by following a sampling approach based on the travel time of water and an advanced calculation of nutrient fluxes in the tidal part. We started with a nearly Lagrangian sampling of the river (River Elbe, Germany; 580 km within 8 days). After a subsequent investigation of the estuary, we followed the plume of the river by raster sampling the German Bight (North Sea) using three ships simultaneously. In the river, we detected intensive longitudinal growth of phytoplankton connected with high oxygen saturation and pH values and an undersaturation of CO2, whereas concentrations of dissolved nutrients declined. In the estuary, the Elbe shifted from an autotrophic to a heterotrophic system: Phytoplankton died off upstream of the salinity gradient, causing minima in oxygen saturation and pH, supersaturation of CO2, and a release of nutrients. In the shelf region, phytoplankton and nutrient concentrations were low, oxygen was close to saturation, and pH was within a typical marine range. Over all sections, oxygen saturation was positively related to pH and negatively to pCO2. Corresponding to the significant particulated nutrient flux via phytoplankton, flux rates of dissolved nutrients from river into estuary were low and determined by depleted concentrations. In contrast, fluxes from the estuary to the coastal waters were higher and the pattern was determined by tidal current. Overall, the approach is appropriate to better understand land-ocean fluxes, particularly to illuminate the importance of these fluxes under different seasonal and hydrological conditions, including flood and drought events.

Temporal behavior of bright and dark spatial solitons in photorefractive crystals having both the linear and quadratic electro-optic effects based on low amplitude approximations

We investigate the formation or time evolution characteristics of bright and dark optical spatial solitons in novel photorefractive media with linear and quadratic electro-optic effects. This study was carried out at low amplitude. By the application of low amplitude approximation to the time-dependent wave (soliton) propagation equation, bright soliton solution (BSS) and dark soliton solution (DSS) were each obtained analytically, and both are exact solutions. The change in soliton width or the intensity full width at half maximum (FWHM) of two soliton types can also be calculated directly from the BSS and the DSS, providing a suitable description of the bright and dark solitons time evolution in novel photorefractive media. Only steady state solitons are formed in low amplitude, and the quasi-steady state soliton does not exist as reported at high saturation values. We compare analytical BSS with numerical calculation results of previous studies and find good agreement between analytics and numerics on the amplitude limit. In contrast to bright solitons, which can arise in the dominant linear or quadratic electro-optic effect, dark solitons in novel photorefractive media always exist under the dominant quadratic electro-optic effects only. We found that the time evolution of dark solitons from the DSS corresponds with time-independent optical spatial solitons studies in a similar media. Lastly, BSS and DSS found at low amplitude limits are fundamental soliton solutions or initial state soliton (at low peak intensity ratio regime) that can play an important role in further investigations of optical spatial solitons formation in novel photorefractive media.

Analysis of performance and emission patterns of novel biofuel feedstock neat coconut fatty acid distillate (CFAD) fuelled single‐cylinder diesel engine

AbstractThis study examined the potential of using coconut fatty acid distillate (CFAD), a by‐product of the processing of edible oils, as a diesel engine fuel. The major novelty of this study is to assess the CFAD as a viable feedstock of biodiesel to address global energy demands. CFAD has not been specifically researched as a feedstock for producing biodiesel or as a fuel for diesel engines, despite the fact that numerous studies on the production and performance of biodiesel have already been conducted. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC), and FTIR were used to analyze the fuel. According to the results of the GC test, CFAD oil contains 91.53% saturated fatty acids, compared with only 8.47% unsaturated fatty acids. High saturation values can be seen in myristic acid (16.92%) and lactic acid (45.33%). Longer hydrocarbon chain lengths indicate higher energy density and boiling point, which also indicate lesser volatility. At a frequency of 1708.54 cm−1, C─H stretching vibrations have been identified through FTIR investigation. The vibrations of C─C stretching at 1465.47 cm−1 indicate the presence of alkenes/fingerprint phase. The blends used for this investigation include 90% diesel with 10% CFAD (CFAD10), 80% diesel with 20% CFAD (CFAD20), 70% diesel with 30% CFAD (CFAD30), and 100% CFAD. The CFAD 10%, 20%, and 30% blends as well as the CFAD100 had brake thermal efficiency values of 27.24%, 26.23%, 24.88%, and 21.52%, correspondingly, at full load. The average increment in brake‐specific energy consumption for CFAD10, CFAD20, CFAD30, and CFAD100 over diesel fuel was 8.23%, 10.88%, 13.77%, and 25.90%, respectively. The behavior of CFAD exhibits reduced cylinder pressure because of the large content of moderate saturated fatty acids in this substance. The net heat release rate (NHRR) and cylinder pressure have a similar relationship in that the NHRR increases with increasing diesel volume. In comparison to diesel, the CO emissions from the CFAD20, CFAD30, and CFAD100 blends increased by 10.79%, 16.66%, and 35.89% at maximum load, respectively. It has been reported that NOx is reduced more significantly the more CFAD is present in the mixture. The blend CFAD10 had the least amount of smoke. The high viscosity of the CFAD and its blends influences the fuel droplets range and the development of spray in the cylinder, which results in delayed combustion and higher unburned hydrocarbon emissions.

Effectiveness of Conventional and Minimized Tillage Practices on Soil Quality Properties and Maize Yield Attributes

The effects of tillage systems on soil properties and crop productivity have been the subject of many studies to ensure sustainable productivity. Aims: In the study, the effects of different tillage methods applied in the intermediate period of wheat-maize rotation on the soil quality properties and corn yield elements were investigated in the pre-planting period (PP) and plant growth period (PGP) of corn. Methods: Conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage with subsoiling and chisel (MT1), minimum tillage with subsoiling (MT2), minimum tillage with chisel (MT3) and direct sowing (DS) methods were compared. As a result of the tillage practices, at 0-20 cm, the highest bulk density values were measured in the DS and CT methods, and 20-40 cm was determined in the CT method. The penetration resistance values of the soils measured at a depth of 0-80 cm were significantly affected by the applications made in both PP and PGP. The highest saturation value was measured in the MT3, the highest field capacity and plant available water contents were measured in the DS. The effects of the applications on the chemical properties of the soil and the nutrient content of the corn plant were limited. The effects on only grain protein ratio from yield components of corn plant were significant, the highest value was measured in CT. Considering the sustainable management of soils labour requirement and lower costs it was concluded that DS and MT methods are more applicable than CT methods in terms of yield.

3D structural and petrophysical modeling of Qishn sandstone reservoir in Sharyoof field, Say'un-Masilah basin, Yemen

The complex geological structures, of the Sharyoof field in the Say'un-Masilah Basin of Yemen, make obtaining accurate information about the hydrocarbon entrapment style difficult. This situation adversely affects the efficiency of the exploration. Therefore, the present study provides a detailed character analysis of subsurface structural features as well as determines the entrapment style of Early Cretaceous age hydrocarbons (the Qishn Sandstone Reservoir) in the Sharyoof oil field. To identify accurate structural features, calculate petrophysical parameters of the Qishn sandstone member and predict their complex geometry in a 3D model, this investigation is based on the analysis of a multidisciplinary data set. The three-dimensional modeling was based on the interpretation of 2D seismic profiles and well logs data analysis. The obtained results indicate two types of a normal faults, consisting of plane faults and antithetic faults, which are oriented NE-SW and NW-SE with a thickness variation from 76 to 153 m. The intersection of these faults resulted in horst structures, in the northwest and southwestern parts, and graben and half-graben structures, in the southern and southeastern parts of the study area. The dips of these faults are between 20 and 90°. The 3D models of petrophysical parameters and the cross section extracted from the 3D model demonstrated that the Qishn sandstone reservoir has a low clay volume while having high porosity, permeability and hydrocarbon saturation values. Furthermore, the Qishn Sandstone is overlain by layers of the Qishn Carbonate Member, which has very low porosity and permeability and high clay volume, making it an effective seal. Therefore, these novel findings could be used to propose a drilling site for exploration wells within the Qishn Clastics membership.

Ferritin Increase in Hemochromatosis Subjects After Discontinuing Their Regular Maintenance Treatment: A Longitudinal Analysis Performed During the COVID-19 Imposed Hospital Lockdown.

Ferritin Increase in Hemochromatosis Subjects After Discontinuing Their Regular Maintenance Treatment: A Longitudinal Analysis Performed During the COVID-19 Imposed Hospital Lockdown.

Air Quality Monitoring for Preventive Conservation of the Built Heritage Deteriorated by Salt Crystallization

The Santo Domingo Diocesan School (Orihuela, SE Spain) is a singular case study that relates air quality monitoring and stone conservation. The monument suffers severe damage due to salt crystallization by rising damp, which is related to the indoor environment dynamics, high groundwater salt content, and microstructure, the building’s porous stone (biocalcarenite). Results revealed that 222Rn concentration in indoor air is low due to the building’s high ventilation rate, despite the medium-low geogenic radon potential in the area. Wavelets analysis showed that ventilation is caused by outdoor and indoor temperature variations and directly affects the 222Rn and CO2 dynamics inside the church. CO2, as well as relative humidity (RH), presented periodicities with intermediate frequencies (5–8 days) related to visits. These RH and temperature (T) variations intensified the salt damage by increasing the frequency of dissolution-crystallization cycles. The mineralogical characterization and geochemical calculations concluded that chlorides (halite and sylvite), sulfates (thenardite, epsomite, hexahydrite and aphthitalite) and nitrates (niter) present from dissolution forms to whiskers and hopper-type morphologies. This indicates high saturation values and, therefore, higher crystallization pressure values within the porous media of the biocalcarenite. On the contrary, the near-equilibrium crystal shape and incongruent precipitation reaction for humberstonite suggest a lower alteration for this salt on the building stone.

IRE-dependent Regulation of Intestinal Dmt1 Prevails During Chronic Dietary Iron Deficiency but is Dispensable in Conditions of Acute Erythropoietic Stress.

IRE-dependent Regulation of Intestinal Dmt1 Prevails During Chronic Dietary Iron Deficiency but is Dispensable in Conditions of Acute Erythropoietic Stress.

Petrophysical Evaluation of Mauddud Formation in Selected Wells from Ratawi Oil Field, Southern Iraq

The objective of this paper is determining the petrophysical properties of the Mauddud Formation (Albian-Early Turonian) in Ratawi Oil Field depending on the well logs data by using interactive petrophysical software IP (V4.5). We evaluated parameters of available logs that control the reservoir properties of the formation, including shale volume, effective porosity, and water saturation. Mauddud Formation is divided into five units, which are distinguished by various reservoir characteristics. These units are A, B, C, D, and E. Through analyzing results of the computer processed interpretation (CPI) of available wells, we observed that the main reservoir units are B and D, being distinguished by elevated values of effective porosity (10%-32%) and oil saturation (95%-30%) with low shale content (6%-30%). Whereas, units A, C, and E were characterized by low or non-reservoir properties, due to high water saturation and low values of effective porosity caused by increased volume shale.

Enhancing infrared emission behavior of polymer coatings for radiative cooling applications

Radiative cooling can cool objects on Earth without an energy input, which has drawn significant attention recently. While polymers have been widely studied for radiative cooling applications due to their promising infrared emission behaviors, ease of fabrication and low cost, the cooling performance of polymer coatings still needs to be enhanced through structure design. In this work, the effects of polymer materials, coating thicknesses and surface microstructures on the cooling performance of coatings were studied. Results showed that the PDMS coating can achieve a great radiative cooling ability with less materials consumption and the polymer coating can reach a relative high saturation value of thermal emittance () in the atmosphere’s long-wave infrared transmission window (8–13 ) with a large thickness, but interface reflectance in the wavelength range from 8 to 13 limits the further enhancement of . By introducing a grating-pattern microstructure, the minimal reflectance at 8–13 was nearly zero and the low emittance region at 9–11 of the bare PDMS coating was greatly enhanced. At the coating thickness of t 200 , and the net nighttime cooling power of the PDMS coating can reach 0.996 and 110.5 W m−2, respectively, when the ambient temperature is 298.15 K. In addition, the solar reflectance of the PDMS coating can reach 0.946 using the Ag substrate, making it attractive for radiative cooling applications.

Effect of the Flow Rate on the Relative Permeability Curve in the CO2 and Brine System for CO2 Sequestration

The relative permeabilities of CO2 and brine are important parameters that account for two-phase flow behavior, CO2 saturation distribution, and injectivity. CO2/brine relative permeability curves from the literature show low endpoint CO2 permeability values and high residual brine saturation values. These are the most distinguishing aspects of the CO2/brine relative permeability from oil/water and gas/oil. In this study, this aspect is investigated experimentally by employing a wide range of CO2 injection flow rates. As a result, all the measurements align with previous studies, having low endpoint relative permeability and high residual brine saturation values. They have obvious relationships with the changes in CO2 flow rates. As the CO2 flow rate increases, the endpoint relative permeability increases, the residual brine saturation decreases, and they converge to specific values. These imply that a high CO2 injection flow rate results in high displacement efficiency, but the improvement in efficiency decreases as the flow rate increases. The reasons are identified with the concept of the viscous and capillary forces, and their significance in the CO2 injection into a reservoir is analyzed.

The inheritance and creative design of traditional color scheme based on modern consumer's psychological perception: Taking Chinese traditional decorative pattern's color collocation as an example

AbstractColor in traditional decorative patterns is one of the most important characteristics that can not only be easily identified, but also be taken as a specific symbol of one country or nation. As most of the traditional color schemes are based on ancient aesthetics and wisdom, in order to make them more in line with the aesthetic cognition of modern consumers, an innovation of traditional color schemes is very necessary. This article conducted an experiment to test modern consumers' psychological perception towards different traditional color combinations based on PAD three‐dimensional model and SAM measurement scale. Then the computer image recognition technology and mathematical modeling were applied to establish the relationship between different psychological perceptions and traditional color schemes to guide further design. It was found that some colors have a positive effect on consumers' preference, while some others can reduce consumers' preference; certain color combinations convey feelings of joy or warmth; the appropriate use of high saturation and moderate value colors have more attractions for consumers. Based on the results, new combination schemes for traditional colors were presented, so as to realize the creative design of traditional colors based on the psychological perception of modern consumers.

Abstract 282: Cerebral Oximetry to Identify Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Patients Treated With Manual or Mechanical Chest Compressions

Background: Near infrared spectroscopy can be used to monitor cerebral oxygen saturation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Brain oxygen saturation increase has been associated to cardiopulmonary resuscitation therapy (CPR), and higher saturation values are observed during return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and in survivors. In this study we evaluate cerebral oxygen saturation to identify ROSC, and compare its value for patients treated with manual or mechanical CPR. Materials and Methods: A total of 87 OHCA patients treated by the Emergency medical system (EMS) of the Basque Country were included, 32 treated with manual CPR and 55 with the LUCAS-3 device (Stryker). Brain oxygen saturation was measured in the left and right lobes using the NIRO NX-200 (Hamamatsu) in the manual group, and the SenSmart X-100 (NONIN) in the LUCAS-3 group. For each patient the mean value of the left and right lobe saturation in the first minute after the end of chest compressions was computed. Saturation values for the ROSC/no-ROSC groups were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, p<0.01 was considered significant. The area under the curve (AUC) was computed for each CPR group to measure how well brain saturation discriminates ROSC from no-ROSC. Results: In the manual CPR group median (IQR) saturation values were 39.2% (33.6-49.7) for the no-ROSC (n=23) and 64.3% (55.2-67.0) for ROSC (n=9) (p<0.01), and the AUC was 0.92. In the LUCAS-3 CPR group saturation values were 41.5% (29.8-50.5) for the no-ROSC (n=37) and 67.0% (61.8-75.0) for ROSC (n=18) (p<0.01), and the AUC was 0.91. No significant differences in saturation were observed between manual and mechanical CPR for both ROSC (p=0.46) and no-ROSC patients (p=0.28). Conclusions: Differences in cerebral oximetry were significant between ROSC and no-ROSC patients. No differences were observed in saturation between the manual and mechanical CPR groups, despite using different oximeter models. Cerebral oximetry could be used to predict outcome regardless of the type of CPR.

Role of Annealing Temperatures of Fe2CoSn Half-Metallic Heusler Alloy Nanoparticles for Spintronics Applications

Fe2CoSn Heusler alloy nanoparticles were synthesized using co-precipitation method. The prepared samples were annealed at various temperatures (700 °C, 750 °C, 800 °C, 850 °C, and 900 °C) in N2 atmosphere. The structural properties of Fe2CoSn Heusler alloy nanoparticles were analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The structure of the Fe2CoSn Heusler alloy nanoparticles was found to be FCC superlattice of L21 disorder structure. The grain size of Fe2CoSn Heusler alloy nanoparticles was found to be 4.82 nm for 800 °C annealed samples and it gets increased for high annealing temperatures. Dislocation density was calculated to be 4.304 × 1016 m−2 for 800 °C annealed samples with low coercivity, low exchange bias, high susceptibility, and high saturation values.

3D Structural, Facies and Petrophysical Modeling of C Member of Six Hills Formation, Komombo Basin, Upper Egypt

Two main reservoirs are producing in Komombo Basin: the first one belongs to the C Member of the Six Hills Formation, and the second belongs to the Albian/Cenomanian cycle. The C Member reservoir lacks detailed studies. Therefore, a detailed study of this reservoir is needed. 3D geological reservoir modeling of the C Member reservoir can be a pertinent part of an overall strategy for the development of hydrocarbon fields in Komombo Basin. Five boreholes, three vertical seismic profiles and twenty 2D seismic reflection sections are integrated in Petrel™ modeling software for building 3D structural, facies and petrophysical models for the C Member reservoir. The constructed 3D structural model reveals the presence of two normal faults, in NW–SE and NE–SW directions. A detailed petrophysical evaluation was performed for the available wells. The resulted facies/petrophysical parameters are then used as input in the processes of facies and petrophysical modeling. The C Member reservoir exhibits thickness values ranging from about 91.5 to 426.5 m. The constructed 3D facies model of the studied reservoir depicts that the shale beds have the large probability distribution in the study area with the comparison of the sandstone and siltstone beds. The created 3D petrophysical models reveal that the C Member reservoir has a fair reservoir quality. This reservoir exhibits, generally, high water saturation values in most parts of the study area, while the hydrocarbon saturation is restricted to the depocenter of the basin.

ДЕФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ РЕЛЬЕФ И ДЕСТРУКЦИЯ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ КАК ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ УСТАЛОСТНОЙ ПОВРЕЖДЕННОСТИ ПЛАКИРОВАННОГО АЛЮМИНИЕВОГО СПЛАВА

The article presents the results of the study of changes in the state of the structural alloy D16AT surface with the operating time at various stress levels. The state of the surface of the material was monitored by an interference nanoprofiler. The main feature of the D16AT alloy is that to protect against corrosion, the material is coated on both sides with a thin layer of clad, the thickness of which is about 5 % of the sheet total thickness. During loading, the deformation of the cladding layer and the base material due to the existing difference in the yield strength values differs significantly. Such a composition of inextricably bound materials will contribute to the intensification of plastic deformation of the surface layer. During cyclic loading, areas of plastically deformed material are formed and developed on the surface of a clad aluminum alloy with a special representation of the surface relief caused by dislocation mechanisms (steps and slip bands, extrusion, intrusion etc.). Quantitative indicators of deformation relief (DR) are the area and perimeter of plastic-deformed areas, their fractal characteristics and plastic deformation of the surface. These parameters can act as indicators of the alloy fatigue damage, but it is hard to identify the boundary state that is the fatigue crack initiation. Such a diagnostic parameter is the destruction of the clad layer to determine in order are used basic indicators of DR. Destruction (increase in the volume of the clad layer) is physically objective that is associated with an increase in surface area during the formation and extended of DR. Destruction can be considered as the main factor in the fatal destruction of clad aluminum alloys. It is shown that when saturated with a deformation relief, approximately 25 ... 30 % of the total surface area of the destruction of the clad layer increases abruptly due to the change in the nature of the plastic deformation of the surface that is an increase in the growth of its plane at high saturation values. This saturation value can be used as a diagnostic indicator of the initial fatigue cracks initiation.

Synthesis of size-controlled hollow Fe3O4 nanospheres and their growth mechanism

Size-controlled hollow Fe3O4 nanospheres were synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method as a function of reaction time and sodium citrate, polyacrylamide, and urea content. Multiple characterization techniques such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were employed to investigate the crystal structure and morphology of the obtained nanospheres. The Fe3O4 nanosphere formation mechanism was elucidated from analyzing the characterization data. High levels of sodium citrate and longer reaction times were observed to increase the diameter of the nanospheres until hollow structures formed. Furthermore, polyacrylamide and urea promoted the formation of hollow structures. The hollow-structured Fe3O4 nanospheres exhibited high magnetization saturation values in the range of 48.8–58.7emu/g. The facile synthesis method described herein, to generate size-controlled Fe3O4 nanospheres with tailored properties, demonstrates potential across a wide range of fields from drug-delivery and stealth devices, to environmental and energy applications.