High Saturated Fatty Acid Research Articles

Effect of Production System (Intensive and Free-Range), Slaughter Age and Gender on Nutrient and Fatty Acid Composition of Meat in Partridges (Alectoris chukar)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of production system, slaughter age, and gender on the nutrient composition, fatty acids profile, and index values of breast and thigh meat in Alectoris chukar partridges. Partridges were slaughtered at 14, 16, and 18 weeks of age and skinless breast and thigh meat of male and female were used in the study (a total of 96 samples in 2 replicates). The production system affected only the crude fat level of the thigh meat in terms of nutrient composition and it was found higher in the intensive system compared to the free-range system. Age and gender did not significantly affect the composition of breast and thigh meat. In terms of fatty acid profile, erucic acid (C22:1n9) level in breast meat was higher in intensive system, while it was higher in thigh meat in free-range. While the percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3) increased with age in breast meat, it decreased in thigh meat with age. While eicosenoic acid (C20:1) percentage was higher in breast meat of male birds compared to females, only stearic acid (C18:0) was found to be higher in thigh meat. Saturated fatty acids (SFA), linolenic acid (n3), thrombogenic index (TI) and atherogenic index (AI) values were higher in thigh meat produced in free-range system, while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), linoleic acid (n6) and hypocholesterolaemic / hypercholesterolaemic ratio (h/H) were significantly higher in intensive system. While SFA and TI levels in thigh meat decreased with age, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), UFA and oleic acid (n9) percentages increased. MUFA / SFA in thigh meat of females was higher than males, other indexes were found insignificant. The results shows that partridges had desirable fatty acid composition. Especially, the increase in MUFA and UFA values with age in thigh meat compared to breast indicates that thigh meat is enriched in terms of unsaturated fatty acids. However, the higher SFA and AI values obtained in the free-range system could be considered a negative outcome for alternative production systems that prioritize bird welfare and consumer demands.

Effect of nitrogen limitation on growth, biochemical composition, and cell ultrastructure of the microalga Picocystis salinarum

In recent years biodiesel production has attracted worldwide attention due to the awareness of fossil fuel depletion and microalgae biomass is considered a promising raw material for its formulation. The present study evaluated the effects of different levels of nitrogen limitation (37.5, 18.75, 9.375 mg L−1 NaNO3) on the growth, cell ultrastructure, and biochemical composition of a halophilic native strain of the green alga Picocystis salinarum as a potential raw material source for biodiesel. During a culture period of 20 days, growth measurements and photosynthetic pigments were estimated. Cell density, dry weight, and chlorophylls a, b content decreased with time as nitrogen limitation increase; however, carotenoid content increased. In addition, nitrogen limitation caused an progressive increase in the lipid and carbohydrate yield and a decrease in protein. The high N limitation (9.375 mg L−1) had a significant effect on the accumulation of total lipid content (33.87% dry weight). Carbohydrate content (30.98% dry weight) and protein content (1.89% dry weight) decrease. The lipid content showed a differential FAME profile with high saturated fatty acid values (996.08 μg g−1 dry weight) mainly palmitic acid, compare with the unsaturated ones that showed low values under high N limitation. The gradual increase of lipid content was also corroborated by transmission electron microscopy images with a single large lipid droplet cell formation. Therefore, evaluation of the algal culture conditions such as N limitation, as a strategy to maximize lipid content and improve the fatty acid profile in unexplored strain of P. salinarum, showed a potential biomass yield as a suitable candidate for biodiesel production.

TILLING-by-Sequencing+ to Decipher Oil Biosynthesis Pathway in Soybeans: A New and Effective Platform for High-Throughput Gene Functional Analysis.

Reverse genetic approaches have been widely applied to study gene function in crop species; however, these techniques, including gel-based TILLING, present low efficiency to characterize genes in soybeans due to genome complexity, gene duplication, and the presence of multiple gene family members that share high homology in their DNA sequence. Chemical mutagenesis emerges as a genetically modified-free strategy to produce large-scale soybean mutants for economically important traits improvement. The current study uses an optimized high-throughput TILLING by target capture sequencing technology, or TILLING-by-Sequencing+ (TbyS+), coupled with universal bioinformatic tools to identify population-wide mutations in soybeans. Four ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenized populations (4032 mutant families) have been screened for the presence of induced mutations in targeted genes. The mutation types and effects have been characterized for a total of 138 soybean genes involved in soybean seed composition, disease resistance, and many other quality traits. To test the efficiency of TbyS+ in complex genomes, we used soybeans as a model with a focus on three desaturase gene families, GmSACPD, GmFAD2, and GmFAD3, that are involved in the soybean fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. We successfully isolated mutants from all the six gene family members. Unsurprisingly, most of the characterized mutants showed significant changes either in their stearic, oleic, or linolenic acids. By using TbyS+, we discovered novel sources of soybean oil traits, including high saturated and monosaturated fatty acids in addition to low polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. This technology provides an unprecedented platform for highly effective screening of polyploid mutant populations and functional gene analysis. The obtained soybean mutants from this study can be used in subsequent soybean breeding programs for improved oil composition traits.

Circulating fatty acids and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: prospective analyses in China

We aimed to examine prospective associations between circulating fatty acids in early pregnancy and incident gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among Chinese pregnant women. Analyses were based on two prospective nested case-control studies conducted in western China (336 GDM cases and 672 matched controls) and central China (305 cases and 305 matched controls). Fasting plasma fatty acids in early pregnancy (gestational age at enrollment: 10.4 weeks(s.d., 2.0)) and 13.2 weeks (1.0), respectively) were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and GDM was diagnosed based on the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups criteria during 24-28 weeks of gestation. Multiple metabolic biomarkers (HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance), HbA1c, c-peptide, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, and blood lipids) were additionally measured among 672 non-GDM controls at enrollment. Higher levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) 14:0 (pooled odds ratio, 1.41 for each 1-s.d. increase; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.59) and 16:0 (1.19; 1.05, 1.35) were associated with higher odds of GDM. Higher levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 18:2n-6 were strongly associated with lower odds of GDM (0.69; 0.60, 0.80). In non-GDM pregnant women, higher SFAs 14:0 and 16:0 but lower n-6 PUFA 18:2n-6 were generally correlated with unfavorable metabolic profiles. We documented adverse associations of 14:0 and 16:0 but a protective association of 18:2n-6 with GDM among Chinese pregnant women. Our findings highlight the distinct roles of specific fatty acids in the onset of GDM.

Eutrophication effects on fatty acid profiles of seston and omnivorous fish in tropical reservoirs

It has been postulated that eutrophication causes replacement of n3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n3 HUFA) rich taxa, such as Bacillariophyta, Cryptophyta and Dinophyta, with taxa poor in these fatty acids (FA), such as Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria. Such a change in community composition at the basis of the food web may alter the FA composition of consumer tissues. Here, we investigated the effects of eutrophication on phytoplankton composition and FA profiles of seston and muscle of two omnivorous fish species (Astyanax fasciatus and Astyanax altiparanae) from reservoirs of different trophic status in Southeast Brazil. The phytoplankton composition and seston FA profiles reflected the degree of eutrophication at most of the studied sites. Three of the five most eutrophic sites were dominated by cyanobacteria and had the highest saturated fatty acid (SFA) and lowest polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) relative contents among all sites. In contrast, the remaining two sites presented a higher phytoplankton diversity and higher relative contribution of sestonic PUFAs with 18 carbons (C18) and HUFAs than less eutrophic systems. However, there were no clear effects of sestonic FA profiles on the FA profiles of muscle of both fish species. A higher percentage of n3 HUFAs was found in the fish samples from a hypereutrophic and cyanobacteria dominated reservoir than in those from sites with a more diverse phytoplankton community in which fish mainly showed higher percentages of C18 PUFA. These results suggest a lack of a direct relationship between the degree of eutrophication and the percentage of n3 HUFAs in both fish species, which can be caused by specific characteristics of the reservoirs that may modulate eutrophication effects. Therefore, consumer FA biochemistry seemed to be dictated by their ability to select, accumulate, and modify dietary FAs, rather than by the eutrophication degree of the studied tropical reservoirs.

Effects of integrated rice-duck farming system on duck carcass traits, meat quality, amino acid, and fatty acid composition

Integrated rice-duck farming (RD) system, which aims to improve the welfare of ducks, has gained popularity in Asian countries. However, the effects of RD system on the carcass and quality traits of duck meat have not been evaluated. Here, a paddy field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of RD system on the carcass and quality traits of duck meat. A total of 180 Jinding ducklings (7 days old) were randomly divided into 2 rearing systems of floor pen rearing (FPR) system and RD system. After 11 weeks, 12 ducks from each rearing system (6 males and females each) were used for carcass traits, meat quality, amino acid, and fatty acid analyses. The results showed that ducks reared in the RD system had higher carcass yield and intramuscular fat content (P < 0.05) than those reared in the FPR system; however, ducks reared in the RD system had lower protein and moisture content (P < 0.05). Additionally, the concentration of essential amino acids, including Tyr, Val, Met, Phe, His, Ala, Arg, and Pro, was higher in the breast muscle of ducks reared in the RD system than those reared in the FPR system. Furthermore, higher saturated fatty acid (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, and C21:0), monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1, C18:1, and C18:1T), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (C22:2, C18:2n-6, and C22:6n3) content was recorded in the breast muscle of ducks reared in the RD system than those reared in the FPR system (P < 0.05). Taken together, our results indicated that the RD system improved the carcass traits, intramuscular fat, essential amino acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids profiles of the ducks. These findings suggest that the RD system is an effective strategy to improve the welfare and meat quality of ducks.

Review: The Effect of Protected Lemuru Fish Oil in Total Mixed Ration of Thin-Tailed Sheep

Sheep is one of the small ruminant producing red meat in Indonesia. Sheep meat contains higher saturated fatty acid compared to non-ruminant meat products. Meat consumption with high saturated fatty acid should be limited due to a higher risk of atherosclerosis (blood vein constriction) causing coronary heart disease. Strategy to reduce saturated fatty acid in the sheep meat should be conducted by increasing unsaturated fatty acid content in sheep meat. Accelerating unsaturated fatty acids can be done by feed supplementation containing unsaturated fatty acid. It can be done by protecting unsaturated fatty acids to avoid bio-hydrogenation process in the rumen. Lemuru fish oil can be utilized as an unsaturated fatty acid source. Supplementation of protected lemuru fish oil in total mixed ration (TMR) is considered to improve treatment effectivity, due to sheep is unable to choose certain feedstuffs and instead of ingesting the whole diets so that the consumed diet had balance nutrient. Supplementation of protected fat is suggested to not modify rumen fermentation, improving sheep performance, and increasing unsaturated fatty acid content of sheep meat. This review provides previous research studies with protected fat supplementation in sheep diet.

Association of dietary fat composition with cognitive performance and brain morphology in cognitively healthy individuals

Dietary lipids (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3) PUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) seem to play an important role in brain health. (n-3) PUFAs have been shown to improve cerebral perfusion and to promote synaptogenesis. In this study, we investigated the relationship between dietary fat composition, cognitive performance and brain morphology in cognitively healthy individuals. A total of 101 cognitively healthy participants (age: 42.3 ± 21.3 years, 62 females) were included in this study. Verbal memory was assessed using the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Intake of (n-3) PUFA and SFA was calculated from food-frequency questionnaire-derived data (EPIC-FFQ). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were obtained (Siemens Trio 3T scanner) and grey matter volumes (GMV) were assessed by voxel-based morphometry (VBM/SPM8). We examined the association of SFA/(n-3) PUFA ratio and memory performance as well as GMV using regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, body mass index, apolipoprotein E (APOE) status and alcohol consumption. For VBM data, a multiple regression analysis was performed using the same covariates as mentioned before with intracranial volume as an additional covariate. A high SFA/(n-3) PUFA ratio was significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with poorer verbal memory performance and with lower GMV in areas of the left prefrontal cortex that support memory processes. These findings suggest that a diet rich in PUFAs is likely to exert favourable effects on brain morphology in brain areas important for memory and executive functions. This could constitute a possible mechanism for maintaining cognitive health in older age.

ω3-enrichment of Hermetia illucens (L. 1758) prepupae from oilseed byproducts

To meet the growing demand for fish in human nutrition, aquaculture is developing increasingly from marine fishery products ( i.e. fish meal and fish oil). New environmentally sustainable protein and lipid resources are recommended for this sector and insects, particularly black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (L. 1758), are considered as promising candidates for fish feed production. BSF larvae convert organic materials into high-valued protein and lipid, their nutritional composition is related to their diet and could therefore be manipulated. The key issue in fish nutrition will be the fatty acid composition of BSF larvae that are characterized by high saturated fatty acids (SFAs) level (>60%) with lack of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study aimed to adjust the fatty acid profile of BSF larvae by manipulating their food on focusing on diet formulation with local oilseed cakes for essential ω3 fatty acid (ALA: α-linolenic acid, C18:3n3) enrichment. Selected populations (100 individuals/population) of 7 days old BSF larvae were reared on Chicken feed (CF) diets enriched with flax and rape cakes at six incorporation rates (10–20 − 40–60 − 80–100%), the CF was used as the control diet and all diets were tested in triplicate (n = 3). The first prepupae appeared from 15 rearing days on all diets with an average weight of 195 mg excepted for full oil cake diets showing longer prepupal collection time (7 days) and lower average weight (116 mg). Oil cakes incorporation shows an impact on the prepupae fatty acid profiles. The results show that progressive oil cakes diets incorporation decreased saturated fatty acids from 75.86 ± 0.34% to 56.10 ± 0.74%. Simultaneously, rape cake incorporation leads mainly to oleic acid (C18:1n-9) enrichment which not sought in fish nutrition and low ALA rate from 1.16 ± 0.25% to 2.42 ± 0.12% but Flax cake incorporation increase ALA enrichment up till 15.27 ± 0.02% favorable to fish needs allowing a potential increase BSF meal incorporation in fish feed. This research therefore presents a model of progressive prepupae oil enrichment from oilseed coproducts for application in fish feed.

Freshwater pond microalgae for biofuel: Strain isolation, identification, cultivation and fatty acid content

Abstract. Perdana BA, Dharma A, Zakaria IJ, Syafrizayanti. 2021. Freshwater pond microalgae for biofuel: Strain isolation, identification, cultivation, and fatty acid content. Biodiversitas 22: 505-511. Microalgae have capability to produce fatty acid for biofuel, drugs, and nutraceutical foods development. This study was carried out to obtain a new strain candidate for fatty acid production. The methods were used in this study include isolation of microalgae species from freshwater ponds of Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia. Molecular identification of microalgae was carried out with specific 18S rRNA primer, F-P73, and R-P47. Microalgae growth was measured by cell density and optical density method using various wavelengths (400, 500, and 680 nm). Total lipid was extracted using Bligh &amp; Dyer method. Fatty acid analyses were conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Microalgae were isolated i.e Chlorella emersonii MAUA001, Mychonastes rotundus MAUA002, Scenedesmus dimorphus MAUA003, and Scenedesmus armatus MAUA004. The result exhibited M. rotundus was the highest lipid content, it was about 28.8% biomass weight. Fatty acid profiles of microalgae were dominated by monounsaturated (MUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA). The highest content of fatty acid species found in C. emersonii with octadecenoic acid (C18:1) was 47.74% total lipid. This work showed that C. emersonii has potential as biodiesel due to high saturated fatty acid.

Seed Fatty Acid Composition and Germination Studies in Garcinia dhanikhariensis S.K. Srivastava (Clusiaceae): A Novel Tropical Fruit Species from Bay Islands, India

ABSTRACT Garcinia dhanikhariensis is an endemic tropical species distributed in the Bay Islands, India. The species has been found to be of horticultural significance owing to its edible fruits and potential as natural colorant. Being an endemic species, identifying the potential uses and standardization of nursery techniques of G. dhanikhariensis could be helpful in conserving and popularizing it. The present investigation aimed at determining fatty acid composition of seed fat using GC-MS and standardization of seed germination technique for mass multiplication. Results revealed that seeds had higher saturated fatty acids, dominant being stearic acid (43.62%) and oleic acid (42.40%). Among the pretreatments studied, soaking of seeds in potassium nitrate (0.1%) or gibberellic acid (500 mg/L) was recommended based on superior germination percentage and seedling growth parameters. The effect of seed source on germination characteristics was also studied, which revealed considerable variability among the collections. Regenerated seedlings were successfully transplanted without any mortality. Thus, seeds of G. dhanikhariensis were found to be novel sources of industrially important stearic acid and oleic acid. Nursery protocol discussed here would be useful for mass multiplication of this novel fruit species.

A comparison of meat composition, tenderness and the fatty acid profile of three muscles from Holstein-Friesian bulls from production system resulting in final ages of either &lt;16 or 19 months

Context The increased number of male dairy origin calves in Ireland due to the abolition of European Union milk quotas is a potential resource for the beef industry. Rearing these animals as bulls rather than steers is more efficient from a production perspective. Ensuring satisfactory quality of bull beef from dairy origin is essential. Aim To determine the effect of two production systems and three muscle types on physico-chemical characteristics and fatty acid (FA) profile of beef from Holstein-Friesian (HF) bulls. Methods Thirty HF bulls were equally assigned to two production systems, namely, slaughter at under 16 months of age or slaughter at 19 months of age. Longissimus thoracis (LT), Semitendinosus (ST) and Gluteus medius (GM) muscles were excised post-slaughter for determination of pH, colour, Warner–Bratzler (WB) variables, cook loss, chemical composition [intramuscular fat (IMF), moisture, protein, ash], collagen characteristics and FA profile. Results WB variables and cook loss after 14 days postmortem ageing, and insoluble and total collagen contents were higher, while IMF content, redness and saturation at 24 h post-blooming were lower for muscles from the 19-month production system. Muscles from the under 16-month production system had a higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion and n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio, while muscle from the 19-month production system had a higher PUFA proportion, n-3 PUFA proportion and PUFA:SFA ratio. The GM muscle had the lowest L* value, followed by LT and ST. Yellowness, saturation and hue angle were greater in ST. LT had lower WB variables, cook loss, moisture, and a higher IMF content than ST and GM. The PUFA proportion and PUFA:SFA ratio were highest in ST, followed by GM and LT. IMF, total FA, SFA and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) concentrations were higher in LT from the under 16-month production system bulls (the interaction). Conclusions Beef from the under 16-month production system compared with beef from the 19-month production system, and LT compared with ST and GM muscles had better quality characteristics. Implications Dairy bulls can produce beef of acceptable quality. The findings will guide selection of the combination of production system and muscle type most appropriate to specific market requirements.

Palm Oil Processing and Controversies over Its Health Effect: Overview of Positive and Negative Consequences.

Palm oil is the world's most commonly used vegetable oil and extracted both from fruit and seed of palm tree. However, its high saturated fatty acid content raised controversies over consumption of the oil. Few scientific findings suggest it as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and increased consumer's awareness over healthy diet raised claim over it. So that, this article aimed to review literatures on palm oil extraction process and its positive and negative health consequences and besides suggest strategies for healthy diet. Literature search of relevant articles was conducted by using Google scholar, PubMed, Web of science, MEDLINE, World Health Organization library online catalogue, UNICEF library, Open access thesis and dissertations published between 2009 and 2021 explored. Study reports recommend that palmitic acid from vegetable source has less effect on blood total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol level as compared to palmitic acid from animal source. In contrary tocotrienols of palm oil lowers blood bad cholesterol level by 7-38%. Moreover, palm oil triacylglycerol arrangement does not have a cardiovascular risk and evidences from available in vitro and in vivo studies are not sufficient enough to conclude palm oil as a causative agent for cardiovascular disease. For healthy diet consumers should avoid trans fatty acids, solid and semi solid oils. Finally, further studies recommended on mitigation strategies to minimize process induced toxicants of palm oil to acceptable level.

Blockade of High-Fat Diet Proteomic Phenotypes Using Exercise as Prevention or Treatment

AbstractThe increasing consumption of high-fat foods combined with a lack of exercise is a major contributor to the burden of obesity in humans. Aerobic exercise such as running is known to provide metabolic benefits, but how the overconsumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) and exercise interact is not well characterized at the molecular level. Here, we examined the plasma proteome in mice for the effects of aerobic exercise as both a treatment and as a preventative regimen for animals on either a HFD or a healthy control diet. This analysis detected large changes in the plasma proteome induced by the HFD, such as increased abundance of SERPINA7, ALDOB, and downregulation of SERPINA1E and complement factor D (CFD; adipsin). Some of these changes were significantly reverted using exercise as a preventative measure but not as a treatment regimen. To determine if either the intensity or duration of exercise influenced the outcome, we compared high-intensity interval training and endurance running. Endurance running slightly outperformed high-intensity interval training exercise, but overall, both provided similar reversion in abundance of plasma proteins modulated by the HFD, including SERPINA7, apolipoprotein E, SERPINA1E, and CFD. Finally, we compared the changes induced by overconsumption of a HFD with previous data from mice fed on an isocaloric high-saturated fatty acid or polyunsaturated fatty acid diet. This identified several common changes, including not only increased apolipoprotein C-II and apolipoprotein E but also highlighted changes specific for overconsumption of a HFD (fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B, SERPINA7, and CFD), saturated fatty acid–based diets (SERPINA1E), or polyunsaturated fatty acid–based diets (haptoglobin). Together, these data highlight the importance of early intervention with exercise to revert HFD-induced phenotypes and suggest some of the molecular mechanisms leading to the changes in the plasma proteome generated by HFD consumption. Web-based interactive visualizations are provided for this dataset (larancelab.com/hfd-exercise), which give insight into diet and exercise phenotypic interactions on the plasma proteome.

Multi-target response surface optimization of the aqueous extraction of Macauba kernel oil

Macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) is a promising tropical palm for the production of vegetable oil for both the food and non-food sectors. In this work, a multi-target response surface optimization of the aqueous extraction of Macauba kernel oil aimed to maximize the oil yield and minimize the free acidy and peroxide value. High yield was achieved at a high pH, long extraction periods and moderate temperatures, but these conditions contributed to elevating the peroxide value of the oil. On the other hand, pH presented the only significant effect on the oil’s acidity, which decreased with the increase in pH in the aqueous medium. Therefore, the multi-target response surface optimization based on a desirability approach showed that pH 11, room temperature (25 °C) and a 60 min agitation time was preferred to obtain high yield and low free acidity and peroxide values. These conditions resulted in 30% yield (63.1% of the yield obtained by solvent extraction), 0.3% free acidity, and a peroxide value of 2.9 meqO2/kg. The oil from the optimized aqueous extraction had a higher saturated fatty acid content compared to that from solvent extraction, especially fatty acids with &lt; 14 carbon atoms, which can make the oil harder and more useful for producing special fats for specific food applications.

Microbiota Features Associated With a High-Fat/Low-Fiber Diet in Healthy Adults.

A high intake of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) is related to an increased risk of obesity, inflammation and cancer-related diseases, and this risk is attenuated only when SFAs are replaced by unsaturated fats and unrefined carbohydrates. The gut microbiota has recently emerged as a new environmental factor in the pathophysiology of these disorders, and is also one of the factors most influenced by diet. We sought to determine whether the gut microbiota of healthy individuals whose intake of SFAs exceeds World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations exhibits features similar to those reported in people with obesity, inflammation, cancer or metabolic disease. Healthy non-obese subjects were divided into two groups based on their SFAs intake. Body composition and gut microbiota composition were analyzed, and associations between bacterial taxa, diet and body fat composition were determined globally and separately by sex. Metagenome functional pathways were predicted by PICRUSt analysis. Subjects whose SFAs intake exceeded WHO recommendations also had a dietary pattern of low fiber intake. This high saturated fat/low fiber diet was associated with a greater sequence abundance of the Anaerotruncus genus, a butyrate producer associated with obesity. Analysis of data of high SFAs intake by sex showed that females presented with a greater abundance of Campylobacter, Blautia, Flavonifractor and Erysipelatoclostridium, whereas males showed higher levels of Anaerotruncus, Eisenbergiella, a genus from the order Clostridiales (FamilyXIIIUCG_001) and two genera from the Lachnospiraceae family. PICRUSt analysis confirmed these data, showing a correlation with a decrease in the abundance of sequences encoding for transporters of some metals such as iron, which is needed to maintain a healthy metabolism. Thus, the microbiota of healthy people on a high SFAs diet contain bacterial taxa (Anaerotruncus, Lachnospiraceae Flavonifractor, Campylobacter, Erysipelotrichacea and Eisenbergiella) that could be related to the development of some diseases, especially obesity and other pro-inflammatory diseases in women. In summary, the present study identifies bacterial taxa that could be considered as early predictors for the onset of different diseases in healthy subjects. Also, sex differences in gut microbiota suggest that women and men differentially benefit from following a specific diet.

Influence of refining stages on the physicochemical properties and phytochemicals of canola oil

Free fatty acidity and peroxide numbers of canola oil varied between 0.060% (deodorized oil) and 1.090% (crude oil) to 0.15 meqO2/kg (deodorized oil) and 3.00 meqO2/kg (crude oil), respectively. Also, viscosity of oil samples varied between 69.85 mPa (crude oil) and 82.25 mPa (bleached oil). Oleic and linoleic acid contents of canola oils obtained from each refining step were determined between 60.64% (deodorized oil) and 64.04% (neutralized oil) to 19.93% (neutralized oil) and 24.58% (deodorized oil), respectively. The campesterol contents of canola oils taken during rafination were determined between 6.01% (deodorized oil) and 7.90% (bleached oil) while stigmasterol contents of canola oil samples vary between 33.31% (deodorized oil) and 34.81% (bleached oil). While the B and Sn content of the oils increased during refining, Si, P, Fe, N, and Pb contents decreased significantly depending on the refining stages. The refining treatments were used to remove undesirable ingredients and produce higher quality oils in crude canola oil. Practical applications Due to their high saturated fatty acids, vegetable oils are a rich phytochemical (fatty acids, tocopherol, and sterols) sources. In addition, seeds are recognized as a good source of natural oil. The refining treatments were used to remove undesirable ingredients and produce higher quality oils in crude canola oil. Refining processes provide removing the unwanted substances, the most of vitamins, antioxidants, and sterols. The refining steps have specific functions for removing certain minor constituents.

Association of plasma fatty acids pattern with omentin gene expression in human adipose tissues: A cross-sectional study

Background and aimsOmentin, as an adipokine, has been reported to improve insulin resistance and inflammation may be related to fatty acids (FAs). Plasma FAs can be used as biomarkers of dietary FAs and endogenous FA exposure. We aimed to evaluate the association between plasma FAs pattern and omentin gene expression in adipose tissue (AT). Methods and resultsVisceral and subcutaneous AT and fasting blood were gathered from 97 adults aged >18 years. Participants were already admitted to hospitals for elective abdominal surgery. Dietary intakes were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. The relative omentin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous AT was measured by Real-Time PCR and plasma FAs was determined by gas chromatography. The principal component analysis was performed to derive the FAs pattern from plasma individual FAs. Three patterns were derived from plasma FAs, 1) high de-novo lipogenesis (DNL), 2) high trans saturated fatty acids (SFA), and docosahexaenoic acid (trans-SFA/DHA), and 3) high long-chain SFA (LC-SFA). After adjustment for age, sex, and insulin concentration, only the LC-SFA pattern was associated with omentin gene expression in visceral AT (β = 2.25, P = 0.03). Other patterns were not associated with omentin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous AT. ConclusionA pattern characterized by high levels of myristic acid (14:0), heptadecanoic acid (17:0), pentadecanoic acid (15:0), and Cis_heptadecanoic acid (17:1), which named LC-SFA was related to omentin gene expression in visceral AT.

KARAKTERISTIK ASAM AMINO DAN ASAM LEMAK BEKASAM KERANG BULU (Anadara antiquate) DI DESA BENAN KABUPATEN LINGGA

Formation of feather shells (Anadara antiquata) which has been carried out the characteristics of amino acids and fatty acids obtained the highest amino acid yield is Arginine 10293.28, and the lowest histidine is 136.91. The highest saturated fatty acid is palmitic which is 1.20 and the lowest lauric acid is 0.09, the highest monounsaturated fatty acid is glutamic acid 17257.96, and the lowest is alanine 312.56, the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid is linoleic 0.58, linolenic acid 0.58, and the lowest arachidonic acid 0.29.

Proximal chemical evaluation and fatty acid in the chicatana ant and jumile

In the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico, the chicatana ant (Atta mexicana) and jumile (Edessa spp.) are foods that the population regularly consumes and are alternative sources of nutrients. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the proximal chemical composition (moisture, protein, lipids, ash and carbohydrates) and fatty acids (FA) in commercialised dehydrated chicatana ant and jumile using instrumental methods such as refractive index (RI) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Protein and lipids were predominant in chicatana ant and jumile (33.74% and 39.25%, and 32.00% and 39.00%, respectively). In insect oils, RI and GC-MS results demonstrated that chicatana ant oil contains a high saturated FA percentage (58.40%), with heneicosanoic acid (C21:0) being the predominant saturated FA (46.35%), while jumile oil presented a higher percentage of unsaturated acids (99.27%), with γ-linolenic acid being the predominant unsaturated FA (77.00%). Therefore, both insects are foods with important protein and FA percentage, with jumile containing a higher concentration of unsaturated FA, which is desirable in the diet.