Higher Risk-taking Propensity Research Articles

Cultural Dimensions and Consumption Values of Cross-Border Electronic Commerce: A Canonical Analysis

The purpose of this research is to explore the fitting models for cross-border e-commerce by developing localized business strategies tailored to cultural factors. The study adopts Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions along with Sheth et al.’s five consumption value dimensions. A canonical correlation analysis is employed to identify the fitting relationships between cultural dimensions and consumer values. The targeting samples focus on the rapidly growing Southeast Asian economy. The results indicate differences in cultural dimensions among countries like Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Myanmar. The canonical correlation analysis reveals fitting combinations for each region: Taiwan’s higher individualism, masculinity, and long-term orientation align with demands for functional, conditional, and emotional values in e-commerce. Vietnam’s high risk-taking propensity fits demands for conditional and epistemic values. Malaysia and Indonesia, with similar cultural profiles, are highly correlated with consumer demands in functional and emotional values, with Malaysia additionally emphasizing epistemic value. Myanmar’s high masculinity and long-term orientation correlate with demands for functional, emotional, and conditional values, while its low power distance links to demands for social and epistemic values. Overall, the study shows that there is no fixed correspondence between cultural dimensions and consumption values in e-commerce. Optimal configurations vary, emphasizing the importance of tailored strategies to promote e-commerce development across different regions.

Self-esteem, need for achievement, risk-taking propensity and consequent entrepreneurial intentions

Background: Entrepreneurship is an important economic driver, and universities are increasingly trying to create an entrepreneurial mindset among their students. This involves nurturing certain personality traits congruent with entrepreneurial intentions, such as inter alia self-esteem, a need for achievement and a risk-taking propensity.Aim: This study aimed to determine the influence of self-esteem and need for achievement on students’ risk-taking propensity and, consequent, entrepreneurial intentions.Setting: This study was conducted on students from two South African universities.Methods: Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire distributed via the online platforms of two universities to a sample of 502 students. Data analysis included confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis suggests that the influence of self- esteem and the need for achievement on students’ risk-taking propensity and, consequent, entrepreneurial intentions is a four-factor model that is valid and reliable. The path analysis estimates indicate that self-esteem and the need for achievement explain 26% of the variance of students’ risk-taking propensity, which, together with its predictors, explains 24% of the variance in their entrepreneurial intentions.Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of a high risk-taking propensity in forging students’ entrepreneurial intentions, and the salience of nurturing students’ self-esteem and need for achievement in encouraging them to embrace calculated risks.Contribution: This study confirms that a high risk-taking propensity is a determinant of students’ entrepreneurial intentions and highlights the importance of developing tactics to nurture students’ self-esteem and need for achievement in order to enable them to embrace calculated risks.

40 Sex Differences in Emotional Intelligence Ability and Risk-Taking Behavior

Objective:People differ in their propensity to engage in risky behaviors. Numerous factors such as cognition and personality have been utilized in predicting risk-taking, but little is known about the influence of stable emotional competencies, such as Emotional Intelligence (EI), in risk-taking. EI is defined as the ability and capacity to understand, perceive, and manage one's own, as well as others', emotions. However there has been little published research on the effect of ability emotional intelligence in engaging in risk- taking behavior. We hypothesized that those with higher emotional intelligence ability scores would demonstrate higher and more optimal risk-taking propensity. Furthermore, as prior research has demonstrated that males engage in more risk-taking behaviors, we accounted for sex differences within our analysis.Participants and Methods:One-hundred and twelve healthy adults completed this study, including 56 females (Mage=21.7, SD=5.8) and 56 males (Mage=21.5, SD=3.2). The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) was used to assess total EI ability while the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) was used to assess risk-taking propensity. We specifically analyzed adjusted number of pumps on unexploded balloons throughout the BART to account for the increased risk. We conducted Pearson correlations and a multiple regression to assess the if ability emotional intelligence and gender significantly predicted risk-taking propensity.Results:There was a significant correlation between total emotional intelligence ability score and adjusted number of pumps on the BART for females, r(55)=.362, p = .006, but not for males r(55)=.053, p=.701, suggesting that females who score higher in emotional intelligence ability also had a higher risk-taking propensity. Due to these findings, we conducted a multiple regression to assess if ability emotional intelligence and gender significantly predict risk-taking propensity on the BART. The results of the regression indicated the two predictors explained 9.0% of the variance (R2 =.09, F(2,108)=5.32, p<.01). However, it was found that ability emotional intelligence significantly predicted risk-taking propensity (β = .23, p<.05), but not sex (β = -.17, p=.06). There was no sex x EI interaction.Conclusions:Higher ability emotional intelligence was significantly related to greater risk-taking propensity, but this was only observed for females. However, the lack of significance of sex in significantly predicting risk-taking may just be due to lower statistical power in the study. Importantly, the adjusted number of pumps for the participants in this sample was generally far below the mid-point for popping balloons, suggesting that the higher scores observed here represent more optimal decision performance rather than just greater risk. Thus, greater EI may reflect greater capacity to learn from reward and punishment feedback and apply that learning to optimize performance. Future research should look at the effect of emotional intelligence training in improving optimal risk-taking, particularly for populations known for engaging in risky behaviors such as those with mTBI.

Developing Local Education Content Supplementary Textbook Innovation by Referencing to Women in Floating Market

For local content is required in the Indonesian curriculum, the current study aims at determining local values derived from women struggling in floating markets of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Five distinctive values were revealed using direct observation and Delphi Techniques: a high tolerance for ambiguity, sustainable innovation, independence, high risk-taking propensity, and external locus of control. Since teachers consist-ently claim that materials centred on events on the island of Java (Java-based approach) dominate social studies instruction, the finding of this study can be used as a model for developing supplementary materi-al based on the real example of locality uniqueness.

Computational markers of risky decision-making predict for relapse to alcohol.

Relapse remains the major challenge in treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Aberrant decision-making has been found as important cognitive mechanism underlying relapse, but factors associated with relapse vulnerability are unclear. Here, we aim to identify potential computational markers of relapse vulnerability by investigating risky decision-making in individuals with AUD. Forty-six healthy controls and fifty-two individuals with AUD were recruited for this study. The risk-taking propensity of these subjects was investigated using the balloon analog risk task (BART). After completion of clinical treatment, all individuals with AUD were followed up and divided into a non-relapse AUD group and a relapse AUD group according to their drinking status. The risk-taking propensity differed significantly among healthy controls, the non-relapse AUD group, and the relapse AUD group, and was negatively associated with the duration of abstinence in individuals with AUD. Logistic regression models showed that risk-taking propensity, as measured by the computational model, was a valid predictor of alcohol relapse, and higher risk-taking propensity was associated with greater risk of relapse to drink. Our study presents new insights into risk-taking measurement and identifies computational markers that provide prospective information for relapse to drink in individuals with AUD.

Dispositional and situational factors on bargaining concession rates and outcomes: predictive power of NIMBuS–an integrated model of Buyer-Seller negotiations

We propose a process model that examines the antecedents and consequences of bargaining concession rates with managerially relevant constructs grounded in social psychology to predict negotiation outcomes in a sales setting involving multiple issues. The situational factors of relative power, constituent’s monitoring, time pressure; and dispositional factors of bargainer’s personality toughness and risk-taking propensity are integrated to test the associated set of hypotheses. Our novel approach employs a fractional factorial design experiment to test the predictions of our NIMBuS solution. The results of our sophisticated bargaining experiment support our model and hypotheses and add to the literature for empirical generalizability. We find in our integrated test that concession rates tend to be lower when bargainers are in a higher relative power position, are under lower time pressure, have higher personality-toughness, or have a higher risk-taking propensity. The underpinning of economic models asserting the importance of discount rates for concession-making does not hold. Our results indicate that the cost-prohibitive mechanism of organizational monitoring of salespeople may not be needed. Importantly, under asymmetric bargaining power situations, our model predicts actual outcomes better than the Nash solution. The critical importance of integrating social-psychological factors to understand the bargaining process and improve predicted outcomes is underscored.

Health and Financial Risk-Taking Propensity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Differences by Age and Time

This poster describes a study of Somali American family caregiving during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically investing the unique caregiving challenges faced by Somali caregivers. The findings from this study, which was part of a larger study related to family caregiving, were drawn from in-depth interviews of ten Somali family caregivers in Minnesota. All interviews were conducted in Somali during the summer of 2020 and translated and transcribed by a certified translator and research assistant. The major themes that emerged from this study related to Visitation, Hospital Accompaniment, and Self Sacrifice. As Somali culture is centered around extended family connections, isolation places particular strain. Second, family members typically serve as advocates, translators and guides during hospital visits. The restrictions on hospital accompaniment due to COVID-19 caused increased stress and poorer care of family caregivers and their loved ones. Third, in the Somali community, family placement is a last resort. Caregivers reported great sacrifices in time, comfort and opportunities to care for family members during COVID-19. Most of the caregivers described their coping with these sacrifices in terms of radical acceptance and God consciousness. These findings have important implications for providing supports for Somali family caregivers.

Health and Financial Risk-Taking Propensity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Differences by Age and Time

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a global health threat of unprecedented magnitude and had a devastating impact on the world’s economy. Accordingly, the riskiness of decisions related to health and finance may have increased. However, health and financial threats have differentially affected different age groups. For example, COVID-19 posed a greater health threat to older adults (65+ years) than younger or middle-aged adults, whereas financial threat due to the pandemic affected younger and middle-aged adults more than older adults. This study examined differences in the levels of health and financial risk-taking propensity by time of the pandemic and age group: young (18-39 years), middle-aged (40-64 years), and older adults (65+ years). A sample of 488 individuals residing in the US (245 Woman; Mage = 51.07, SD = 15.99) completed three waves of surveys in March, April, and May 2020. We found that risk-taking propensity for both health and financial decisions decreased over time. The risk-taking propensity was significantly lower in April and May than March, but risk-taking propensity in April and May did not significantly differ. The three age groups were all significantly different than each other in both health and financial risk-taking propensity at all three waves. Younger adults reported higher risk-taking propensity than older and middle-aged adults, and middle-aged adults reported higher risk-taking propensity than older adults. The findings indicate that the pandemic may have influenced all individuals to take less risks in the fields of health and finance regardless of their age.

Analysis of pedestrians’ behaviour: A segmentation approach based on latent variables

Crash statistics indicate that the number of pedestrian fatalities has been increasing at an alarming rate in Iran. Crossing over non-designed places is a main cause of traffic crashes among pedestrians. This study aimed to investigate how perceptions about walking facilities and risk-taking affect pedestrians’ crossing behaviour. A stated preference questionnaire was designed and a random sample of 390 pedestrians were interviewed face-to-face in two regions of Tehran with three options for pedestrians to cross (overpass, zebra crossing, and non-designed places (NDP)). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) resulted in three latent dimensions: risk-taking/conformity, pedestrians’ perception of overpass, and NDP. Then, data were classified based on latent variables using K-means cluster analysis. Clustering resulted in four groups: group 1 (Cautious; negative perception of overpasses; positive perception of NDP), group 2 (Cautious; negative perception of overpasses; negative perception of NDP), group 3 (Cautious; positive perception of overpasses; negative perception of NDP), and group 4 (Risk-taker; negative perception of overpasses; negative perception of NDP). Finally, a Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) was developed for four groups of pedestrians. The results show that pedestrians’ behaviour differentiate based on latent variables. It was found that being accompanied by a child increases the probability of using an overpass even for pedestrians in group 4 with high risk-taking propensity, but it was more important for pedestrians in group 3 who held positive perceptions of overpasses and negative perceptions of NDP. Also, during congestion, group 4 was more inclined to cross at NDP. It was concluded that in the first group, unsafe choices among student respondents could be associated with their facility perceptions rather than their risk-taking/conformity. Results of this study can be helpful in selecting more appropriate locations for overpasses and crosswalks installation based on pedestrians’ behaviour.

Gender, risk-taking and entrepreneurial intentions: assessing the impact of higher education longitudinally

PurposeThis longitudinal study assesses whether higher education has the same impact on the entrepreneurial intentions of women and men with regard to their propensity to risk-taking in particular.Design/methodology/approachA self-administrated survey instrument was used to collect data from students studying business and engineering at five selected universities in Turkey. The survey was carried out in two intervals: first year and fourth year of studies. A total of 215 student participated in both waves.FindingsThe findings indicate that the impact of education is stronger for women than for men as the relationship between gender and entrepreneurial intention is moderated by education and risk-taking propensity in that the entrepreneurial intention of women with high or low risk-taking propensity increases when they acquire higher education. In particular, the boost is more noticeable for women with low risk-taking propensity. On the contrary, the effect of education is negative for men with both high risk-taking propensity and low risk-taking propensity.Practical implicationsThis study has identified that the impact of education is different for women and men. Based on these findings, Turkey could offer gender-specific entrepreneurship education in higher education for individuals who could then exploit their entrepreneurial capacity and thus contribute to the social and economic well-being of the country.Originality/valueThis paper makes two distinct contributions. First, this is one of the few longitudinal studies in the literature which demonstrates the differences between females and males in terms of their entrepreneurial intention and shows how risk-taking and education influence entrepreneurial intention. Second, it offers new insights into entrepreneurship research from a developing-country but emerging-economy context.

Private Long-Term Care Insurance Decision: The Role of Income, Risk Propensity, Personality, and Life Experience.

The rising aging population contributes to increased caregiver burden and a greater need for long-term care services, thereby posing stronger financial burden. The current study aimed to examine the effect of income, risk-taking propensity, personality traits, and life experience on the ownership of and intention to own private long-term care insurance (LTCI). Primary data were collected from 1373 registered nurses with a minimum of two years of full-time working experience. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between ownership of LTCI and personal discretionary income, risk propensity, openness to experience, and life experience. Personal discretionary income was a crucial positive indicator in predicting ownership of LTCI. Higher risk-taking propensity was found to be negatively related to both currently own and future intention to own private LTCI. Participants who currently live with elders and who agree to caregiving responsibilities with government-provided cash allowance showed future intention to purchase LTCI. Little evidence was found for an association between life experience and future intention to own LTCI. Income, risk-taking propensity, and personality traits differ in their impact on ownership of and future intention to own LTCI. Our results provide policy makers with a better understanding of the forces driving demand in the private LTCI market, as well as the accompanying implications for public LTCI.

Cost overruns and delays in infrastructure projects: the case of Stuttgart 21

PurposeWe investigate causes for the cost overrun and delay of the railway project Stuttgart 21. Besides, we try to forecast the actual costs and completion date at an early stage.Design/methodology/approachThe results of exploratory research show the causes for the cost overrun and delay of Stuttgart 21; we compare our findings with other railway projects. To estimate the costs at an early stage, the reference class forecasting (RCF) model is applied; to estimate the time, we apply an OLS regression.FindingsWe find that the following causes are relevant for the cost overrun and delay of Stuttgart 21: scope changes, geological conditions, high risk-taking propensity, extended implementation, price overshoot, conflict of interests and lack of citizens' participation. The current estimated costs are within our 95% confidence interval based on RCF; our time forecast underestimates or substantially overestimates the duration actually required.Research limitations/implicationsA limitation of our approach is the low number of comparable projects which are available.Practical implicationsThe use of hyperbolic function or stepwise exponential discount function can help to give a clearer picture of the costs and benefits. The straightforward use of the RFC for costs and OLS for time should motivate more decision-makers to estimate the actual costs and time which are necessary in the light of the rising demand for democratic participation amongst citizens.Social implicationsMore realistic estimates can help to reduce the significant distortion at the beginning of infrastructure projects.Originality/valueWe are among the first who use the RCF to estimate the costs in Germany. Furthermore, the hyperbolic discounting function is added as a further theoretical explanation for cost underestimation.

The Expression of Users’ Creative Potential in Virtual and Real Environments: An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to explore whether Multi-User Virtual Environments (MUVE) improve the creativity of users regardless of their creative potential profile. The study involved brainstorming sessions in two settings: a real meeting room (RE) and a similar meeting room in a virtual environment (VE). Twenty groups of three users of public transport were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions and performed a brainstorming task on how to improve mobility in Paris. The results indicated that, at the team level, fluency, and originality were significantly improved by working in VE compared to RE. However, at the individual level, the results suggested that VE did not favor everyone. Participants in VE with high risk-taking propensity were significantly more creative (fluency and originality) than the other participants (e.g., those with a similar profile in RE as well as participants with low scores in risk taking in VE). A similar trend was observed for divergent thinking and mental flexibility but to a lesser extent. The results suggest that VE offered an atmosphere of freedom that disinhibited the participants with a high risk-taking propensity, divergent thinking, and mental flexibility abilities.

Is risk-taking propensity associated with unethical behaviors? An experimental study

Are risk-takers more likely to engage in unethical behaviors? We examined the relationship between risk-taking propensity and cheating in two experimental studies. In Study 1, we examined the relationship between subjects’ risk-taking propensity and their actual self-serving dishonesty using a gambling-like task. The results suggested that risk-taking propensity, measured using a behavioral approach, was positively correlated with actual self-serving dishonest behavior. In Study 2, we measured participants’ performances using a matrices test and found that the positive correlation still held. We found that participants with high risk-taking propensity reported a lower perceived probability of being detected, which might drive their dishonest behavior.

Guanxi and risk-taking propensity in Chinese immigrants’ businesses

This paper studies the determinants of the risk-taking propensity in immigrant-owned businesses. The paper has a particular focus on first-generation Chinese immigrants and the effect of the so-called “guanxi”, a specific form of social capital for Chinese communities. The empirical research is based on a survey conducted in 2012 on Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs in Andalusia (Spain). An ordinal logistic regression specification was employed to test the hypotheses. The results show that the Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs with better “guanxi” run businesses with a higher risk-taking propensity. Furthermore, those Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs who have other business owners in their families and undertake business planning and control activities are more prompted to take risks in the management of their companies. The risk-taking propensity of immigrant-owned businesses increases over time starting from the immigrant entrepreneurs’ arrival to Spain. In contrast, the education levels of Chinese entrepreneurs’ bear no significant effect on the risk-taking propensity of their businesses.

The Study on the Effectiveness of the System of SME Loan Obligation Ratio under Constraints of Credit Supply in Korean Banks

본 논문은 바젤 III와 IFRS 9 본격 시행에 대비하여, 추가적 자본확충과 대손충당금 적립 요구가 강해질 경우 중소기업의무대출비율제도의 효과성 여부를 분석하였다. 패널로짓모형을 통해 실증적으로 분석한 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자본확충에 대한 부담 증가는 은행들의 중소기업의무대출비율제도 준수 가능성을 낮추었다. 해당 분석결과는 최근 해외연구인 Mayordomo, Rodriguez-Moreno(2018)의 주장과 부합하였다. 둘째, 대손충당금 추가적립의 요구는 중소기업의무대출비율제도 준수여부에 통계적 유의성을 보여주지 못했다. 셋째, 순이자마진의 감소, 단기금리 하락, 중소기업대출수요 증가는 중소기업의무대출비율제도의 준수 가능성을 낮추는 것으로 확인되었다. 특히, 해당 연구결과는 낮은 금리수준이 지속될 경우 은행의 위험감수성향이 높다는 Ioannidou, Ongena, Peydro(2015), Nicolo, Lucchetta(2010)의 선행연구결과와 상반된 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 중소기업의무대출비율제도는 자본확충 요구가 강해지는 상황에서 은행의 동 제도 준수 인센티브가 낮아지는 취약점을 가지고 있어, 안정적이고 지속적인 중소기업대출공급을 유인하기 위한 해당 제도의 개선이 필요하다.This paper analyzed whether there is the effectiveness of the system of SME loan obligation ratio in case of expanding additional capital and provision is required in compliance in readiness for enforcement of Basel III and IFRS 9. Using panel logit regression, current study shows the main results as follows. First, increment of required capital to banks leads to lowering the possibility of obeying above system, and the evidence is line with the recent foreign study of Mayordomo, Rodriguez-Moreno (2018). Second, the requirement of provision does not affect the system with statistical significance. Third, reduced net interest margin, lowering short-term rate, and increased SME loan demand result in lowering the possibility of abiding by the system. Especially, above evidence is against the previous study result: lowering short-term rate results in high risk-taking propensity of banks, argued by Ioannidou, Ongena, Peydro (2015), Nicolo, Lucchetta (2010). As a result, the system of SME loan obligation ratio under increased pressure of additional capital requirement does not incentive to obey it for Korean banks, and therefore systematic improvement is needed in order to make SME lending stable and persistent.

Heuristics and bias in rectal surgery.

Deciding to defunction after anterior resection can be difficult, requiring cognitive tools or heuristics. From our previous work, increasing age and risk-taking propensity were identified as heuristic biases for surgeons in Australia and New Zealand (CSSANZ), and inversely proportional to the likelihood of creating defunctioning stomas. We aimed to assess these factors for colorectal surgeons in the British Isles, and identify other potential biases. The Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI) was invited to complete an online survey. Questions included demographics, risk-taking propensity, sensitivity to professional criticism, self-perception of anastomotic leak rate and propensity for creating defunctioning stomas. Chi-squared testing was used to assess differences between ACPGBI and CSSANZ respondents. Multiple regression analysis identified independent surgeon predictors of stoma formation. One hundred fifty (19.2%) eligible members of the ACPGBI replied. Demographics between ACPGBI and CSSANZ groups were well-matched. Significantly more ACPGBI surgeons admitted to anastomotic leak in the last year (p<0.001). ACPGBI surgeon age over 50 (p=0.02), higher risk-taking propensity across several domains (p=0.044), self-belief in a lower-than-average anastomotic leak rate (p=0.02) and belief that the average risk of leak after anterior resection is 8% or lower (p=0.007) were all independent predictors of less frequent stoma formation. Sensitivity to criticism from colleagues was not a predictor of stoma formation. Unrecognised surgeon factors including age, everyday risk-taking, self-belief in surgical ability and lower probability bias of anastomotic leak appear to exert an effect on decision-making in rectal surgery.

The cognitive dysregulation of Internet addiction and its neurobiological correlates.

Individuals with Internet addiction (IA) show loss of control and recurring maladaptive Internet use. This condition has negative consequences and causes significant psychosocial distress. Here, we review neurobiological changes in four key paradigms in cognitive domain in IA including reward processing, impulsivity, cue reactivity, and decision-making. IA is associated with alterations in prefrontal-cingulate region activation during the inhibition of inappropriate responses. Such patterns are also observed in cue-reactivity paradigm tasks, suggesting a relationship with loss of control and deficits in the control of cue-eliciting behavior. Individuals with IA exhibit heightened reward prediction, devalue negative outcomes and have a higher risk-taking propensity under ambiguous situations. In conclusion, addictive use of the Internet is associated with deficits in cognitive-emotional processing, aberrant sensitivity to rewards and Internet-related cues, poor impulse control, and impaired decision-making. There is a need to examine neural underpinnings of these aberrant behaviors and neurobiological-cognitive perspective in IA.

How nurses who are sensation seekers justify their unsafe behaviors

Sensation seeking, risk-taking propensity and openness to experience are known predictors of unsafe behaviors. The aim of this study is to determine if individuals with these characteristics justify their unsafe behaviors by attributing them to external factors such as a lack of organizational support. We explore the interaction between sensation seeking and risk-taking propensity, explain how nurses justify their unsafe work practices, and investigate the effect of openness on directing sensation seekers' behavior. In this cross-sectional study, 108 nurses completed questionnaires and an objective task measuring risk-taking propensity. Conditional direct effect analysis showed that nurses with sensation-seeking characteristics and high level of risk-taking propensity were likely to perceive external factors as accounting for their unsafe behaviors. Furthermore, sensation seeking re-expressed as openness to experience predicted increased blame externalization. Additionally, nurses with high risk-taking propensity, leading to a focus on rewards and learning experiences, attributed unsafe work practices to external factors.

What aspects of demographic, personality, attitudes and perceptions of law enforcement influence self-reported likelihood of drink driving?

The aim of the current study was to examine the associations between a number of individual factors (demographic factors (age and gender), personality factors, risk-taking propensity, attitudes toward drink driving, and perceived legitimacy of drink driving enforcement) and how they influence the self-reported likelihood of drink driving. The second aim of this study was to examine the potential of attitudes mediating the relationship between risk-taking and self-reported likelihood of drink driving. In total, 293 Queensland drivers volunteered to participate in an online survey that assessed their self-reported likelihood to drink drive in the next month, demographics, traffic-related demographics, personality factors, risk-taking propensity, attitudes toward drink driving and perceived legitimacy of drink driving enforcement. An ordered logistic regression analysis was utilised to evaluate the first aim of the study; at the first step the demographic variables were entered; at step two the personality and risk-taking were entered; at the third step, the attitudes and perceptions of legitimacy variables were entered. Being a younger driver and having a high risk-taking propensity were related to self-reported likelihood of drink driving. However, when the attitudes variable was entered, these individual factors were no longer significant; with attitudes being the most important predictor of self-reported drink driving likelihood. A significant mediation model was found with the second aim of the study, such that attitudes mediated the relationship between risk-taking and self-reported likelihood of drink driving. Considerable effort and resources are utilised by traffic authorities to reducing drink driving on the Australian road network. Notwithstanding these efforts, some participants still had some positive attitudes toward drink driving and reported that they were likely to drink drive in the future. These findings suggest that more work is needed to address attitudes regarding the dangerousness of drink driving.