Higher Risk Of Overweight Research Articles

Rapid Growth between 0 and 2 Years Old in Healthy Infants Born at Term and Its Relationship with Later Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Evidence.

Rapid growth in early childhood has been identified as a possible risk factor for long-term adiposity. However, there is a lack of studies quantifying this phenomenon only in healthy, full-term infants with appropriate birth weight for gestational age. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association of rapid growth in full-term children up to 2 years of age with adiposity up to 18 years of age. A systematic review of the literature was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. 14 studies were included. We were unable to find strong evidence that rapid growth in early childhood is a risk factor for long-term adiposity. Rapid growth in early childhood was associated with taller heights (standardized mean difference: 0.51 (CI: 0.25-0.77)) and higher body mass index (standardized mean difference: 0.50 (CI: 0.25-0.76)) and a higher risk of overweight under 18 years. Rapid growth in early childhood in term infants with appropriate birth weight is associated with higher growth, body mass index, and risk of being overweight up to age 18, but further work is needed to identify the associations between early rapid growth and obesity later in adulthood.

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Its Role in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Development

This article examined the relationship between the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and obesity, as well as metabolic syndrome, through a systematic review approach. UPFs were known to contain salt, sugar, oils, fats, and other additives mimicking natural foods' sensory qualities. Research indicated that diets high in UPF were nutritionally unbalanced and promoted excessive consumption, which was detrimental to health. Data from various studies showed that increased UPF consumption was linked to a higher risk of obesity and related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. Cross-sectional studies indicated that UPF consumption correlated with a higher risk of overweight in men compared to women. This research utilized diverse data sources that used methods such as semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires and prospective analysis to evaluate this relationship. Results showed that high UPF consumption significantly contributed to obesity and metabolic disorders, affecting metabolic profiles and overall diet quality, highlighting the need for better dietary policies to mitigate the adverse impacts of ultra-processed foods.

Physical Activity Behaviors of Female Adolescents in Saudi Arabia.

Saudi Arabia has one of the highest childhood obesity rates worldwide. The primary factor associated with the high prevalence of obesity among adolescents is a lack of physical activity (PA). Compared to male adolescents, very few Saudi female adolescents meet the World Health Organization recommendation of achieving 60 min of moderate to vigorous PA per day, putting them at a higher risk of overweight and obesity. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship between the theory of planned behavior and psychosocial factors, including attitude toward PA, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC), PA intention, and self-reported PA among Saudi female adolescents. A convenience sample of 329 Saudi female adolescents was recruited from all-female public intermediate and high schools in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using online self-administered questionnaires. The theoretical model was examined using structural equation modeling. The findings revealed a higher prevalence of overweight compared to obesity among participants. About half the participants were from families with a medium monthly income. The mean PA score indicated a low level of PA. The model demonstrated significant explanatory power for both PA intention and PA behavior, respectively. The strongest predictor of adolescents' intention was attitude, followed PBC.Moreover, the female adolescents' attitudes and PBC had significant indirect effects on self-reported PA through intention, while intention had a direct effect on PA. The model did not support a direct or indirect relationship between subjective norms and PA. The findings provide essential support for targeting attitude and perceived behavior control of female adolescents in order to enhance their PA intention. This theoretical understanding can help design effective theory-based interventions that promote PA among Saudi female adolescents.

Association between protein-to-energy ratio and overweight/obesity in children and adolescents in the United States: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES.

The dietary protein proportion may be crucial in triggering overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. Cross-sectional data from 4,336 children and adolescents who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) between 2011 and March 2020 were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Restricted cubic splines assessed the nonlinear relationships between dietary protein intake and the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Adjusted logistic regression models showed that each 1% increase in dietary protein proportion was associated with a 4% higher risk of overweight and obesity (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.07). A nonlinear relationship was noted in children aged 6-11 years (P < 0.05), as demonstrated by restricted cubic spline analysis. After dividing dietary protein intake into quartiles, the highest quartile had an adjusted OR of 2.07 (95% CI: 1.35, 3.16, P = 0.001) compared to the lowest, among children aged 6-11 years. Dietary protein intake is positively linked to overweight and obesity in American children, irrespective of individual characteristics and total energy consumption.

Integrating Ecological and Feminist Perspectives to Study Maternal Experiences Feeding Children With Down Syndrome.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to propose a theoretical framework integrating an ecological model with feminist theory for guiding future research in holistic nursing and healthcare about maternal experiences feeding children with Down syndrome. Background: Children with Down syndrome are at high risk for overweight and obesity, as well as feeding problems. Therefore, healthy weight promotion is crucial for children with Down syndrome. Feeding is one factor that may contribute to child weight. Literature on maternal experiences feeding children with Down syndrome, including the caregiving work involved in feeding, is limited. Methods: In this article, we identify literature gaps related to the topic of maternal experiences feeding children with Down syndrome. We summarize ecological and feminist perspectives and apply these perspectives to the topic to demonstrate the utility of the proposed framework. Implications for Holistic Nursing and Healthcare: Findings from future studies applying this theoretical framework integrating an ecological model with feminist theory will have implications for practice and research in holistic nursing and healthcare. This framework could be also adapted to inform future research focused on other populations or research topics.

The milk study protocol: A longitudinal, prospective cohort study of the relationship between human milk metabolic hormone concentration, maternal body composition, and early growth and satiety development in Samoan infants aged 1-4 months.

Current research suggests that energy transfer through human milk influences infant nutritional development and initiates metabolic programming, influencing eating patterns into adulthood. To date, this research has predominantly been conducted among women in high income settings and/or among undernourished women. We will investigate the relationship between maternal body composition, metabolic hormones in human milk, and infant satiety to explore mechanisms of developmental satiety programming and implications for early infant growth and body composition in Samoans; a population at high risk and prevalence for overweight and obesity. Our aims are (1) to examine how maternal body composition influences metabolic hormone transfer from mother to infant through human milk, and (2) to examine the influences of maternal metabolic hormone transfer and infant feeding patterns on early infant growth and satiety. We will examine temporal changes in hormone transfers to infants through human milk in a prospective longitudinal cohort of n = 80 Samoan mother-infant dyads. Data will be collected at three time points (1, 3, & 4 months postpartum). At each study visit we will collect human milk and fingerpick blood samples from breastfeeding mother-infant dyads to measure the hormones leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin. Additionally, we will obtain body composition measurements from the dyad, observe breastfeeding behavior, conduct semi-structured interviews, and use questionnaires to document infant hunger and feeding cues and satiety responsiveness. Descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate analyses will be conducted to address each aim. This research is designed to advance our understanding of variation in the developmental programming of satiety and implications for early infant growth and body composition. The use of a prospective longitudinal cohort alongside data collection that utilizes a mixed methods approach will allow us to capture a more accurate representation on both biological and cultural variables at play in a population at high risk of overweight and obesity.

Associations of prenatal exposure to bisphenols with infant anthropometry: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundBisphenols (BPs) have been shown to exhibit developmental toxicities. Epidemiological evidence on prenatal BPs exposure and infant growth primarily confined scopes to specific BPs and birth outcomes, with few studies focusing on infant growth and reporting inconsistent findings. The joint effect of prenatal exposure to BPs mixture on infant growth was rarely studied. ObjectiveThis study examined associations of prenatal exposure to individual bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues (bisphenol F [BPF], bisphenol S [BPS], bisphenol AF [BPAF], and tetrachlorobisphenol A [TCBPA]) and their mixture with infant growth. MethodsUrinary concentrations of BPs in pregnant women were quantified. Weight, body mass index, skinfold thickness, and circumference measurements of infants were collected at birth, 6 and 12 months of age, rapid growth and overweight were further defined. Multiple linear regression models and Bayesian kernel machine regression models (BKMR) were used to analyze associations of exposure to individual BPs and BPs mixture with infants' anthropometric measurements, and to identify the important components among mixture. The risks for rapid growth and overweight of each BP were determined using modified Poisson regression models. ResultsA general profile of higher prenatal BPs exposure (mainly BPA, BPF, and BPS) associated with higher anthropometric measurements and higher risks of overweight during infancy was found. We also observed higher risks of rapid growth in infants following prenatal BPs exposure, with risk ratios ranging from 1.46 to 1.91. The joint effect of BPs mixture and single effect of each BP from the BKMR models were consistent with findings from the linear regression models, further suggesting that associations in girls were generally driven by BPA, BPF, or BPS, while in boys mainly by BPF. ConclusionPrenatal exposure to BPs and their mixture could increase anthropometric measurements of offspring during infancy, with implications of altered growth trajectory in future.

IJCM_127A: A comparative study of knowledge and perception among school going adolescents regarding various food habits and prevalence of overweight and obesity in government and private schools in Mangalore

Background: Adolescence, 10-19 years is a vulnerable age where eating behaviours are inculcated. Adult health and size are determined by the adolescents dietary habits. The poor health &amp; diet choices by adolescents is a result of lack of knowledge about Glycemic Index, Trans Fats, etc. Thus, educating them at this mouldable age is important. Objectives: 1) To study the knowledge and its retention among adolescents of 8th-12th standard after interactive education about food habits and lifestyle changes. 2) To identify the prevalence of overweight and obesity among high school students in various private and government schools. Methodology: An intervention study was conducted in 441 adolescents of 8th- 12th standard in government and private schools. In first interaction BMI and questionnaire on awareness, perception and practise on diet was filled by participants and educational material on same was shared and their knowledge retention was assessed after 2 months and the results were compared between government and private schools. Results: In terms of age, the majority of subjects fall into the 14-year-old category (37.3%), and 15-year-old (33.2%). In terms of class, the largest proportion is in 9th and 10th class (36.4%). Gender distribution shows majority of females (57.5%). Father’s educational status reveals a significant percentage of graduates (48.4%), while mothers have a high school education (59.3%). Majority follow a non-vegetarian diet (64.3%) and reside in urban areas (54.8%). Lastly, the distribution of BMI categories indicates that a significant portion falls within the normal range (48.2%), with rest as overweight (30.2%), obese (20.7%), and underweight (0.9%). Mean scores of pre and post intervention were compared and statistically significant difference (p=&lt;0.001) was noted. Conclusion: Adolescents are at higher risk of overweight and obesity. Nutritional education reinforcement in this period has significant impact on reduction of Non-Communicable Diseases. Knowledge intervention in this study had similar result.

Differences in weight status among Australian children and adolescents from priority populations: a longitudinal study.

Australia has a high level of cultural and linguistic diversity, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Children from specific cultural and ethnic groups may be at greater risk of overweight and obesity and may bear the additional risk of socioeconomic disadvantage. Our aim was to identify differences in body-mass index z-score (zBMI) by: (1) Cultural and ethnic groups and; (2) Socioeconomic position (SEP), during childhood and adolescence. We used data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian children (n = 9417) aged 2-19 years with 50870 longitudinal measurements of zBMI. Children were classified into 9 cultural and ethnic groups, based on parent and child's country of birth and language spoken at home. These were: (1) English-speaking countries; (2) Middle East & North Africa; (3) East & South-East Asia; (4) South & Central Asia; (5) Europe; (6) Sub-Saharan Africa; (7) Americas; (8) Oceania. A further group (9) was defined as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander from self-reported demographic information. Longitudinal cohort analyses in which exposures were cultural and ethnic group and family socioeconomic position, and the outcome was zBMI estimated using multilevel mixed linear regression models. We stratified our analyses over three periods of child development: early childhood (2-5 years); middle childhood (6-11 years); and adolescence (12-19 years). Across all three periods of child development, children from the Middle East and North Africa, the Americas and Oceania were associated with higher zBMI and children from the two Asian groups were associated with lower zBMI, when compared to the referent group (English). zBMI was socioeconomically patterned, with increasingly higher zBMI associated with more socioeconomic disadvantage. Our findings identified key population groups at higher risk of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence. Prevention efforts should prioritize these groups to avoid exacerbating inequalities in healthy weight in childhood.

Short sleep time may be the main reason for irregular breakfast to cause overweight-a cross-sectional study.

In recent years, the relationship between circadian rhythm and overweight and obesity has attracted the attention of many scholars. To evaluate association between the duration of sleep and the regularity of breakfast and overweight. A total of 1,178 students from Qingdao University were selected by stratified cluster sampling. There were 601 males (24.69 ± 0.80 years old) and 569 females (24.54 ± 0.70 years old). We used body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) to define overweight levels. Chi-square test, Pearson correlation test, and logistic regression were applied to test association among overweight, sleep duration, sleep onset time, and breakfast regularity. Pittsburgh sleep quality index was used to assess the overall sleep quality of the study subjects. Mediation effect and Sobel test were used to analyze the effect of sleep duration on breakfast regularity and overweight. Only 34.1% of the population ate breakfast every day, and eating breakfast 1-3 times per week was associated with a higher risk of overweight (BMI: OR = 2.183, 95%CI: 1.369,3,481; WC: OR = 2.101, 95%CI: 1.232,3,583; WHR: OR = 2.108, 95%CI: 1.331,3,337). The effects of all types of Usual Breakfast Consumption Frequency on overweight were fully mediated by sleep duration (p < 0.05). In particular, the subjects exercised outdoors more than five times per week slept longer (p < 0.05). Short sleep duration may be the main reason for irregular breakfast leading to overweight. Adequate outdoor exercise is essential for weight maintenance.

Hubungan Body image, Tingkat Konsumsi Energi, dan Tingkat Konsumsi Lemak dengan Kejadian Gizi Lebih pada Remaja Putri di SMAN 1 Krian Sidoarjo

The incidence of overweight (overweight and obesity) is a nutritional problem caused by excess fat tissue in the body. Adolescent have a high risk of overweight which needs to be considered because it can affect the process of growth and development. The incidence of overweight in female adolescents can be influenced by several factors such as body image, energy intake, and fat intake. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between body image, , energy intake, and fat intake with the incidence of overweight in female adolescents of SMAN 1 Krian.This research is analytic observational research with case control research design. There was a sample of 58 female adolescents who were divided into two groups, in which the overweight and normal nutrition groups consisted of 29 each. Research data obtained from anthropometric measurements, questionnaires, and interviews. Samples were selected randomly using simple random sampling. Research analysis using chi square test and fisher's exact test.The results showed that there was a significant relationship between energy intake (p=0.000) and fat intake (p=0.003) with the incidence of overweight. Meanwhile, between body image (p=0.066) were not there is a relationship with the incidence of overweight.The conclusion of this study is that excess intake of energy and fat can lead to overweight in female adolescents. female adolescents should be given knowledge of the importance of adopting a healthy lifestyle that of eating intake in accordance with balanced nutrition.

Effects of pocket money on weight status among junior high school students: A longitudinal study in China.

Overweight and obesity among adolescents has become a common public health problem, and both obesity rates and the amount of pocket money among adolescents in China are rising. We investigated to what extent the increase in pocket money could lead to weight gain of junior high school students and how this association may vary by school environment in China. Researchers utilized 3 waves of data from the China Education Panel Survey, a national longitudinal study, to investigate the likelihood of overweight and obesity. The Generalized Estimation Equation was employed to analyze the data. Three Generalized Estimation Equation models were constructed to explore the relationship between pocket money and overweight and obesity in 2 distinct food environments surrounding schools. A total of 8903 individuals (4604 boys and 4299 girls) from the China Education Panel Survey were analyzed. After adjusting for confounding factors, it was found that girls who received 20 to 49 yuan and ≥ 50 yuan per week had a higher risk of overweight and obesity compared to those who received 0 to 9 yuan per week (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.07-1.69, OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.22-1.92). However, no significant association was observed between pocket money and overweight and obesity when food around the school was not easily accessible. The prevalence of overweight among Chinese teenagers has steadily increased from Wave1 to Wave3. Moreover, junior high school girls who receive more pocket money are at a greater risk of developing obesity and overweight issues.

Demographic and Minority Stress Risk Factors for Obesity Among Sexual Minority Youth Assigned Female at Birth.

Purpose: Sexual minority youth (adolescents and young adults) assigned female at birth (SM-AFAB) are at disproportionate risk of developing obesity compared with heterosexual cisgender youth AFAB. Grounded in minority stress theory, this study aimed to identify potential risk factors for obesity among SM-AFAB youth to inform the development of prevention and intervention efforts for this high-risk population. Methods: Data were collected in 2017 from 367 SM-AFAB youth (ages 16-20 years). Multinominal logistic regression was used to assess cross-sectional associations of race/ethnicity, sexuality, gender identity, household income, and sexual minority (SM) stressors (internalized stigma, microaggressions, and victimization) with weight status (normal, overweight, and obese). Results: Roughly half (53.1%) of participants' body mass index were in the normal weight range, with 24.8% in the overweight range and 22.1% in the obese range. Rates of obesity in Black and Latinx participants were 3-4.5 times those of White participants. Bisexual, pansexual, and queer individuals were at greater risk for obesity than gay/lesbian participants; only bisexual participants were at higher risk for overweight. Participants with a household income <$20,000 and between $20,000 and $39,000 were at greater risk for obesity than participants with household income >$80,000. Microaggressions were positively associated with obesity. Conclusion: Findings highlight risk for obesity among SM-AFAB youth, particularly for those who identify as racial minority, as low income, as being attracted to more than one gender, and for those who experience high levels of anti-SM microaggressions. Targeted obesity prevention and treatment programs should consider the unique needs, challenges, and strengths of SM-AFAB youth.

Trends in overweight and obesity in children under 24 months of age in Mexico (2012-2020): analysis of four national health surveys.

The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased rapidly in Mexico, with significant consequences for the population's health in the future. Little is known about the prevalence of obesity in children under two years of age, even though this life stage is fundamental to prevent this condition. This study aims to determine the magnitude, distribution, and trends of overweight and obesity in children under 24 months of age using the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Surveys (ENSANUT) conducted in the last 10 years. The data presented here are derived from four ENSANUTs, carried out in Mexico in 2012, 2016, 2018, and 2020. They include 6,719 infants under 24 months with complete anthropometric data (weight/height) by age, gender, Indigeneity, area of residence, and socioeconomic status. The risk of overweight levels and overweight + obesity rates were calculated according to World Health Organization guidelines. We identified that infants < 12 months currently have a higher prevalence of overweight + obesity (10.3%) and that those aged 12 to 23 months are generally at a higher risk of overweight (26.1%). The most relevant findings of this study, linking weight trends to sex, region, socioeconomic status, and indigeneity, show that overweight and obesity prevalences vary across the Mexican population, without presenting a specific behavior. There is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among Mexican infants and a slight trend toward increased obesity in infants < 12 months. Weight monitoring and obesity prevention interventions focused on the first 1,000 days of life are essential.

Correlation between lifestyle patterns and overweight and obesity among Chinese adolescents.

Lifestyles such as physical exercise, sedentary behavior, eating habits, and sleep duration are all associated with adolescent overweight and obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate how Chinese adolescents' lifestyles clustered into different lifestyle patterns, and to analyze the correlation between these patterns and adolescent overweight and obesity. The investigated respondents included 13,670 adolescents aged 13-18 from various administrative regions in China. Latent class analysis was employed to cluster the lifestyles of adolescents, χ2 test and Logistic regression were used to explore the relationship between lifestyle patterns and overweight and obesity in adolescents. The results identified 6 types of Chinese adolescents' lifestyle patterns, as well as the significant differences in gender and age. The adolescents with high exercise-high calorie diet had the lowest risk of overweight and obesity, and the adolescents with low consciousness-low physical activity and low consciousness-unhealthy had the highest risk of overweight and obesity, which were 1.432 times and 1.346 times higher than those with high exercise-high calorie diet, respectively. The studied demonstrated that there was a coexistence of healthy behaviors and health-risk behaviors in the lifestyle clustering of Chinese adolescents. Low physical exercise and high intake of snacks and carbonated beverages were the most common. Physical exercise and health consciousness were the protective factors of overweight and obesity in adolescents.

Association between gestational weight gain and risk of overweight at 3 years old: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.

It is unclear if gestational weight gain (GWG) increases the risk of children with overweight. We examined the association between GWG and the risk of overweight in 3-year-old children in the Japanese nationwide birth cohort study. Among 64 336 singleton births, we calculated the risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of the association between GWG categories and children with overweight, following an adjustment of the confounding variables. GWG was positively associated with the risk of overweight among 3-year-old children. The multivariable RR (95% CI) was 1.21 (1.17-1.25) per 5kg increase of the GWG. The multivariable RR (95% CI) for excessive GWG was 1.20 (1.12-1.28) and 1.27 (1.16-1.39) based on the modified Japanese and IOM criteria, respectively, compared to adequate GWG. The multivariable RR (95% CI) of overweight with children for inadequate versus adequate GWG was 0.83 (0.78-0.88) and 0.84 (0.79-0.89) based on the modified Japanese and IOM criteria, respectively. GWG was positively associated with a high risk of overweight at 3 years of age. The risk of offspring overweight was 20%-27% higher and 16%-17% lower with excessive GWG and inadequate GWG, respectively, compared to adequate GWG, based on the aforementioned criteria.

Identifying overnutrition risk groups in Bangladeshi married women based on sociodemographic factors: A classification and regression tree model

Overweight and obesity among women are major health issues in Bangladesh. To develop preventive strategies to deal with this epidemic, identifying women who are at risk for overweight and obesity is critical. This study aims to identify married women at high risk for overweight and obesity in Bangladesh. The study has used a sample of 14207 married women aged 15–49 years with a body mass index (BMI) ≥18.5 kg/m 2 from the 2017-18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The overweight and obese status of women based on BMI is the primary outcome variable, and a range of sociodemographic variables are included as predictors. The Classification and Regression Tree (CART) is used to identify important predictors and high-risk groups. The CART models show that household wealth status is the most crucial predictor of overweight and obesity in married women. Women aged 26 to 49 years who live in affluent households and do not work or breastfeed are at the high-risk group. This study suggests that the formulation of strategies to prevent overweight and obesity in married women in Bangladesh should be tailored for different social classes and age groups. To reduce the burden, preventive interventions may target the high-risk group. • Several sociodemographic factors predict married women's overweight and obesity. • Particular groups based on these factors are most prone to overweight and obesity. • These may help design and implement targeted interventions.

Cannabis Use as a Protective Factor Against Overweight in HIV-Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infected People (ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH Cohort).

Overweight is increasingly prevalent in people living with HIV (PLWH), and is a high risk factor for metabolic disorders in this population. PLWH co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have a higher risk of metabolic disorders than their mono-infected counterparts. The putative relationship between cannabis use and body weight found in the general population has never been documented in HIV-HCV co-infected people. We tested whether cannabis use is associated with body mass index (BMI), overweight, and underweight in HCV co-infected PLWH (N = 992). Mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models were used to study the association between cannabis use and the three outcomes over time. After multivariable adjustment, cannabis use was inversely associated with BMI. Cannabis use was associated with a lower and higher risk of overweight and underweight, respectively. Cannabis use should be assessed and taken into account in the clinical management of the HIV-HCV co-infected population.

Influence of parental weight change on the incidence of overweight and obesity in offspring

BackgroundThere is limited information on the association of parental weight change with overweight and obesity in offspring. This study aimed to investigate the association between parental weight change and incident overweight and obesity in offspring.MethodsThis longitudinal cohort study included 2,963 parent–offspring trios who participated in at least two waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. The children without overweight and obesity defined by the International Obesity Task Force were included at the initial survey. Parental overweight and obesity were defined as body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2.ResultsThe incidence of overweight and obesity in offspring was 5.8% during a mean follow-up of 5.4 years. Paternal and maternal overweight and obesity at baseline were associated with this condition in offspring at follow-up (both Ps < 0.05). Compared with the persistent normal group, the persistent overweight and obesity group and incident overweight and obesity group (normal weight to overweight and obesity), but not the reversion group (overweight and obesity to normal weight), were more likely to report overweight and obesity in offspring at follow-up, regardless of father’s or mother’s condition. Additionally, compared with offspring whose both parents remained normal weight, those whose both parents changed from overweight and obesity to normal weight or whose one parent changed from overweight and obesity to normal weight while the other remained normal weight had no higher risks of overweight and obesity.ConclusionThis study highlights the importance of parental weight management in the prevention of overweight/obesity in offspring.

Inequalities in overweight and obesity among reproductive age group women in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey (2015–16)

BackgroundIn developing nations like India, fertility and mortality have decreased, and diseases related to lifestyle have become more common. Females in India are more prone to being overweight and obese than their male counterparts, more specifically in affluent families than the poor ones. Understanding the overweight and obesity trend may help develop feasible public health interventions to reduce the burden of obesity and associated adverse health outcomes.MethodsThe study utilizes the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate analysis was used to check the significant relationship between overweight and obesity, and other background characteristics. Income-related inequality in overweight and obesity among women was quantified by the concentration index and the concentration curve. Further, Wagstaff decomposition analysis was done to decompose the concentration index, into the contributions of each factor to the income-related inequalities.ResultsOverweight & obesity among women had a significant positive association with their age and educational level. The odds of overweight and obesity were 57% more likely among women who ever had any caesarean births than those who did not [AOR: 1.57; CI: 1.53–1.62]. The likelihood of overweight and obesity was 4.31 times more likely among women who belonged to richest [AOR: 5.84; CI: 5.61–6.08] wealth quintile, than those who belonged to poor wealth quintile. Women who ever terminated the pregnancy had 20% higher risk of overweight and obesity than those who did not [AOR: 1.20; CI: 1.17–1.22]. The concentration of overweight and obesity among women was mostly in rich households of all the Indian states and union territories. Among the geographical regions of India, the highest inequality was witnessed in Eastern India (0.41), followed by Central India (0.36).ConclusionThe study results also reveal a huge proportion of women belonging to the BMI categories of non-normal, which is a concern and can increase the risks of developing non-communicable diseases. Hence, the study concludes and recommends an urgent need of interventions catering to urban women belonging to higher socio-economic status which can reduce the risks of health consequences due to overweight and obesity. Development nutrition-specific as well as sensitive interventions can be done for mobilization of local resources that addresses the multiple issues under which a woman is overweight or obese.