Higher Risk Of Coronary Heart Disease Research Articles

Correlation Between Blood Cadmium Levels and Platelet Characteristics, As Well As Their Impact on Susceptibility to Coronary Heart Disease: Findings from NHANES 2005-2018 Data.

Investigating the correlation between blood cadmium levels, platelet characteristics, and susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD). Utilized NHANES 2005-2018 data with covariates such as age, sex, race, marital status, and socio-economic status. Blood cadmium served as the independent variable, while platelet count (PC) and mean platelet volume (MPV) were dependent variables. The average age of the participants was 68.77 ± 11.03 years, and 67.4% of them were male. The mean values for WBC, MPV, PC, and blood cadmium were 7.53 ± 3.36 × 103 cells/µL, 11.33 ± 0.27fL, 57.61 ± 5.34 × 103 cells/µL, and 2.58 ± 0.61 µg/L, respectively. Adjusting for other variables revealed increased MPV and PC with rising blood cadmium levels in cardiac patients, indicating a higher risk of CHD in those with elevated blood cadmium. The average age of the participants was 68.77 ± 11.03 years, and 67.4% of them were male. The mean values for WBC, MPV, PC, and blood cadmium were 7.53 ± 3.36 × 103 cells/µL, 11.33 ± 0.27fL, 57.61 ± 5.34 × 103 cells/µL, and 2.58 ± 0.61 µg/L, respectively. Adjusting for other variables revealed increased MPV and PC with rising blood cadmium levels in cardiac patients, indicating a higher risk of CHD in those with elevated blood cadmium. This study enhances understanding of how cadmium impacts platelet characteristics, contributing to increased CHD risk, providing insights for primary prevention strategies.

Microvascular Disease, Cardiovascular Health, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: A UK Biobank Study.

The interplay between cardiovascular health metrics (CVHMs) and microvascular disease (MVD) in relation to the risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains to be evaluated. To investigate the role of MVD and CVHMs in the development of CHD among T2DM. We included 19,664 participants with T2DM from the UK Biobank who had data on CVH metrics (CVHMs) and were free of CHD during recruitment. CVHMs were defined based on five behavioral (body mass index, diet, sleep duration, smoking, and regular exercise) and three biological factors (glycemic control, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension). MVD was defined as the presence of retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and chronic kidney disease. HR and 95% CI of CHD were estimated by multivariable Cox regression models. There were 3,252 incident cases of CHD recorded after a median follow-up of 12.3 years. After multivariable adjustment, each MVD was separately associated with risk of CHD, and those who had 1 or ≥2 MVD had a 27% and an 87% increased risk of developing CHD, respectively. Each of the unfavorable CVHMs was associated with a higher risk of CHD. As compared with MVD-free participants who had ideal CVHMs, those who had ≥2 MVD and had poor CVHMs were at particularly high risk of incident CHD (HR=4.58; 95% CI: 3.58, 5.86), similarly when considering behavioral CVH or biological CVH separately. On an additive scale, there was a positive statistically significant interaction between number of MVD and CVHMs. Coexistence of multiple MVDs was associated with a substantially higher risk of CHD among individuals with T2DM. Such an association may be amplified by unfavorable CVHMs.

Association Between HDL2-C and HDL3-C with Cardiovascular Disease: A Nested Case-Control Study in an Iranian Population.

The contribution of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) subclasses to incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a subject of debate. The objective of this study was to investigate these associations in a population with a high prevalence of dyslipidemia and CVD. In a nested case-control study, HDL-C and its subclasses (HDL2-C and HDL3-C) in 370 age and gender-matched case and control subjects were determined. This study employed multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between HDL-C, HDL2-C, HDL3-C, and HDL2-C/HDL3-C (both as continuous and categorical variables) with incident CVD and CHD. The present study models were adjusted for a comprehensive set of confounders, including body mass index, current smoking, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, use of lipid-lowering drugs, family history of premature CVD, non-HDL-C, and triglycerides. In multivariate analysis, when considering lipoprotein parameters as continuous variables, a 1-unit increase in HDL-C and HDL3-C was associated with a reduced risk of incident CVD and CHD. For CVD, the ORs (95% confidence intervals [CI]) were 0.95 (0.92 - 0.98) and 0.95 (0.93 - 0.98) for HDL-C and HDL3-C, respectively. The corresponding values for CHD were 0.94 (0.91 - 0.97) and 0.94 (0.91 - 0.97). In the categorical approach to lipoprotein parameters, higher quartiles of HDL-C and HDL3-C, compared to the first quartile, were significantly associated with a lower risk of incident CVD and CHD. The ORs (95% CI) for the fourth quartiles were 0.43 (0.25 - 0.74, P for trend = 0.003) and 0.46 (0.27 - 0.78, P for trend = 0.005) for HDL-C and HDL3-C regarding CVD and 0.32 (0.17 - 0.59) and 0.32 (0.18 - 0.59) (all P for trend = 0.001) regarding CHD, respectively. Paradoxically, across quartiles of HDL2-C/HDL3-C, this lipid ratio was associated with a higher risk of CHD (92% higher risk in the fourth quartile). The results showed that HDL3-C, but not HDL2-C, was primarily responsible for the protective effect of HDL-C against CVD, particularly CHD, in Iranian adults.

Development and Validation of a Novel Model for Predicting Coronary Heart Disease in Snoring Hypertensive Patients with Hyperhomocysteinemia.

Hypertensive patients with snoring and elevated plasma homocysteine levels are common. When these factors are combined, the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is high. Herein, we developed and validated an easy-to-use nomogram to predict high-risk CHD in snoring hypertensive patients with elevated plasma homocysteine.Snoring patients (n = 1,962) with hyperhomocysteinemia and hypertension were divided into training (n = 1,373, 70%) and validation (n = 589, 30%) sets. We extracted CHD predictors using multivariate Cox regression analysis, then constructed a nomogram model. Internal validation using 1,000 bootstrap resampling was performed to assess the consistency and discrimination of the predictive model using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration plots.We constructed a nomogram model with the extracted predictors, including age, waist-height ratio, smoking, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The AUCs of the training and validation cohorts at 80 months were 0.735 (95% CI: 0.678-0.792) and 0.646 (95% CI: 0.547-0.746), respectively. The consistency between the observed CHD survival and the probability of CHD survival in the training and validation sets was acceptable based on the calibration plots. A total of more than 151 points in the nomogram can be used in the identification of high-risk patients for CHD among snoring hypertensive patients with elevated plasma homocysteine.We developed a CHD risk prediction model for snoring hypertension patients with hyperhomocysteinemia. Our findings provide a useful clinical tool for the rapid identification of high-risk CHD at an early stage.

Utility of a polygenic risk score for incident CHD: interplay with lifestyle in a multi-ethnic cohort of more than 60,000 individuals

Abstract Background The degree to which benefits of healthy eating, physical activity and not smoking are protective for coronary heart disease (CHD) based on levels of polygenic risk remains an important question. We set out to investigate whether and to what degree a favorable lifestyle could reduce the effect of high genetic risk. Methods We utilized data from the Genetic Epidemiology Resource in Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Multi-Ethnic cohort of 60,682 (mean ± SD age = 59 ± 9 years; 67% female; 18% non-European ancestry) Kaiser Permanente of Northern California (KPNC) members. We characterized the cohort at baseline in 2003-2007 by smoking status (never, former or current smoker), Mediterranean-pattern diet (MedDiet) and meeting current AHA physical activity recommendations (PAR) of at least 150 min of moderate activity or 75 min of vigorous activity per week. We stratified the cohort into three groups of CHD genetic risk (low: quintile 1, intermediate: quintiles 2, 3 and 4 combined, and high: quintile 5) using a validated 12-SNP Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) for CHD (CARDIO inCode-Score, GENinCode Plc). Incident CHD consisted of primary in-patient codes for angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, revascularization procedures or CHD death (n=2,220) through 12/31/2014; mean follow-up was 9.5 years. Results Age-adjusted CHD rates per 10,000 person-years were estimated using Poisson regression (accounting for death and health plan disenrollment) by number of favorable lifestyle factors (LF) and, within each level, by genetic risk groups (see Figure below). Genetic background provided further CHD risk stratification within each lifestyle group. The most favorable lifestyle (never smoking, MedDiet, meeting PAR) reduced the effect of high genetic risk by 59% (age-adjusted rates per 10,000 person-years 40 vs. 99) and similar reductions were observed at intermediate or low genetic risk. Conclusions Our results are consistent with an additive model of genetic risk and lifestyle as determinants of CHD. These results underscore the importance of favorable lifestyle and the need to prioritize those individuals with the highest CHD risk (most unfavorable lifestyle and high genetic risk), who will benefit the most from lifestyle advice.

Clustering of vascular aging manifestations and incident cardiovascular events. The Paris Prospective Study III

Abstract Background Vascular aging is a key contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Manifestations of vascular aging are heterogeneous and include atherosclerosis, arterial stiffening, increased arterial wall stress and arterial diameter enlargement. These manifestations have different pathophysiological mechanisms and likely require different prevention strategies. How the different vascular aging manifestations co-exist, or cluster, at the individual level and the association of any such clusters with incident CVD is unknown. Purpose To examine how vascular aging manifestations cluster and whether any such clusters are associated with incident CVD. Methods In the Paris Prospective Study III, a French community-based prospective study on novel determinants of CVD, 10,157 participants underwent a high-resolution carotid echotracking (Artlab, Esaote) between 2008 and 2012, and were thereafter monitored every two years for CVD events up to end 2020 . Hospitalized stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD) events were validated after the review of all medical records. Hierarchical clustering analysis was employed to identify patterns of vascular aging. Hazard ratios (HRs) were quantified in Cox models. Results The study sample included 8,360 participants (39% women, mean age 59.6 years) without prevalent CVD. Three clusters of vascular aging manifestations were identified: - Cluster 1 included 3,995 (47.8%) participants and was characterized by low prevalence of carotid plaques, low carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), low carotid artery stiffness, small carotid diameter and low carotid circumferential wall stress (healthy vascular aging cluster). - Cluster 2 included 2,109 (25.2%) participants and was characterized by high carotid artery stiffness and high carotid circumferential wall stress (arterial stiffness vascular aging cluster). - Cluster 3 included 2,256 (27.0%) participants, and was characterized by high prevalence of carotid plaques and high carotid IMT(atherosclerosis vascular aging cluster). After a median follow-up of 8.5 years, 108 incident stroke events, 218 CHD events and 192 deaths occurred. Compared with cluster 1, cluster 2 (HR 1.76, [95%CI, 1.06-2.94]), but not cluster 3 (HR 1.57, [0.94-2.62]), was associated with a higher risk of stroke. In addition, compared to cluster 1, cluster 3 (HR 1.53, [1.08-2.16]), but not cluster 2 (HR 1.38, [95% CI, 0.96-1.98]), was associated with higher risk of CHD. Both cluster 2 and 3 were associated with higher all-cause mortality (HR for cluster 2: 1.50, [1.02-2.21]; HR for cluster 3: 1.48, [1.01-2.17]). Internal validation using bootstrapping methods (n=1000 samples) provided consistent findings. Conclusion The simultaneous analysis of carotid-echotracking vascular aging parameters identified three patterns of vascular aging that are differentially associated with CHD and stroke in the community.Carotid properties by clustersKM survival curves by clusters

Associations of dietary sugar types with coronary heart disease risk: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundHigher intake of total sugar has been linked with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, but the role of individual sugars, particularly fructose, is uncertain. ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the associations of individual dietary sugars with CHD risk. MethodsIn prospective cohort studies, we followed 76,815 women (Nurses’ Health Study, 1980-2020) and 38,878 men (Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1986-2016). Sugar and carbohydrate intake, including total fructose equivalents ([TFE] from fructose monosaccharides and sucrose), total glucose equivalents ([TGE] from glucose monosaccharides, disaccharides, and starch), and other sugar types, was measured every 2 to 4 y by semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires. ResultsWe documented 9,723 incident CHD cases over 40 years. In isocaloric substitution models with total fat as a comparison nutrient, comparing extreme quintiles of intake, hazard ratios (HRs), 95% confidence interval [CI]) for CHD risk were 1.31 (1.20 to 1.42; Ptrend < 0.001) for TGE and 1.03 (0.94 to 1.11; Ptrend = 0.25) for TFE. TFE from fruits and vegetables was not associated with CHD risk (Ptrend = 0.70), but TFE from added sugar and juice was associated with CHD risk (HR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.20; Ptrend < 0.01). Intakes of total sugars and added sugar were positively associated with CHD risk (HRs: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.26, Ptrend < 0.001; 1.08, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.16, Ptrend = 0.04). ConclusionsIntakes of TGE, total sugar, added sugar, and fructose from added sugar and juice were associated with higher CHD risk, but TFE and fructose from fruits and vegetables were not.

Abstract P1045: Replacement Of Wearable-device-measured Sedentary Time By Physical Activity, Genetic Susceptibility, And Risk Of Coronary Heart Disease

Backgrounds: Excess sedentary time (ST) is recognized as an important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, whether the associations of genetic susceptibility with CHD incidence can be modified by replacing wearable-device-measured ST with physical activity (PA) is unknown. This study aims to examine the combined associations of genetic susceptibility to CHD, and wearable-device-measured ST replaced by moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) or light PA in relation to incident CHD. Methods and Findings: This study included 75,545 white British (57% female) with valid wrist-worn accelerometer data and without prevalent CHD/stroke from UK Biobank. Genetic susceptibility to CHD was quantified through weighted polygenic risk scores for CHD based on 300 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Wrist-worn accelerometer data were used to derive ST, light PA and MVPA. The hazard ratio of CHD was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.03-1.80) for every-30-minute/day-increase in ST relative to other movement behaviors, after adjusting for genetic risk and confounders. Reallocation of any amount of ST (as little as 1 minute/day) into the same MVPA time (but not light PA) was associated with lower CHD hazards overall and within strata of genetic risk: no evidence of interaction between genetic risk and ST (p-value: 0.739). However, differences in absolute risk of CHD for ST replaced by MVPA were greater at high genetic risk versus low genetic risk. Limitations of our study include no causal evidence derived, limited generalizability to individuals of other ethnic groups or with sub-clinical symptoms, and potential residual confounding. Conclusions: Replacing any amount of ST with an equal amount of MVPA time is associated with a lower relative risk of developing CHD at all levels of genetic susceptibility to CHD. Potential reductions in absolute risk of CHD through replacement of ST by MVPA in equivalent amounts may be greater in individuals at high genetic risk of CHD.

Coronary heart disease risk factors among academic workers based on the Jakarta Cardiovascular Score: A cross-sectional study.

Change in lifestyle leads to change in disease patterns from infectious diseases and malnutrition to degenerative diseases, such as coronary heart disease (CHD). The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among Indonesian workers and the general public will not only burden medical care expenses but also reduce work productivity, leading to more work-related injuries and work-related losses. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for CHD (age, sex, blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, and weekly physical activity) and the CHD risk level among university workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted at workers at School of Medicine, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Indonesia. The risk level of CHD was calculated using Jakarta Cardiovascular Score and predicting model analyzed with multiple logistic regression model. Our data found that 58.2%, 25.5% and 16.3% of the university workers had low-, medium- and high-risk to have CHD. The final model indicted that the risk of heart disease was determined by gender, age, and the presence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Being male had odds ratio (OR) 30.84, aged >41 years old had OR 11.52, having hypertension had OR 4.87 and having diabetes mellitus had OR 13.99 for having high risk of CHD compared to female, those younger than 41 years old, having no hypertension and having no diabetes mellitus, respectively. In conclusion, our data suggests that more than 15% the respondents (university employees) have high risk of CHD and being male and older, and having hypertension and diabetes mellitus are associated with risk of CHD. Implantation of the preventive measures is therefore important to be implemented at the universities.

Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease Events in Blood or Marrow Transplantation Recipients.

The long-term risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and clinical models that predict this risk remain understudied in blood or marrow transplantation (BMT) recipients. This study sought to examine the risk of CHD after BMT and identify the associated risk factors. Participants included patients transplanted between 1974 and 2014 at City of Hope, University of Minnesota, or University of Alabama at Birmingham and those who survived≥2 years after BMT. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed CHD risk in BMT survivors compared with a sibling cohort. A self-reported questionnaire and medical records provided information regarding sociodemographics, comorbidities, and therapeutic exposures, which were used to develop a CHD risk prediction nomogram. Overall, 6,677 BMT recipients participated; the mean age at BMT was 43.9 ± 17.7 years, 58.3% were male, and 73.3% were non-Hispanic Whites. The median length of follow-up was 6.9 years (range: 2-46.2 years) from BMT. CHD was reported in 249 participants, with a 20-year cumulative incidence of 5.45% ± 0.39%. BMT survivors had a 1.6-fold greater odds of CHD compared with a sibling cohort (95% CI: 1.09-2.40). A nomogram was then developed to predict the risk of CHD at 10 and 20 years after BMT including age at BMT (HR: 1.06/y; 95% CI: 1.04-1.08), male sex (HR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.15-3.11), a history of smoking (HR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.01-2.58), diabetes (HR: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.23-4.89), hypertension (HR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.15-3.54), arrhythmia (HR: 1.90; 95% CI: 0.89-4.06), and pre-BMT chest radiation (yes vs no: HR: 2.83; 95% CI: 1.20-6.67; unknown vs no: HR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.34-2.28). The C-statistic was 0.77 in the test set (95% CI: 0.70-0.83). This study identified BMT recipients at high risk for CHD, informing targeted screening for early detection and aggressive control of risk factors.

Mode of transport, genetic susceptibility, and incidence of coronary heart disease

BackgroundCar use has been associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, whether the associations of transport modes with CHD vary by genetic susceptibility to CHD are unknown. This study aims to investigate the associations of genetic susceptibility and modes of transport with incidence of CHD.MethodsWe included 339,588 white British participants from UK Biobank with no history of CHD or stroke at baseline or within two years of follow-up (52.3% in work). Genetic susceptibility to CHD was quantified through weighted polygenic risk scores derived from 300 single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to CHD risk. Categories of transport mode included exclusive car use and alternatives to the car (e.g., walking, cycling and public transport), separately for non-commuting (e.g., getting about [n=339,588] excluding commuting for work), commuting (in the sub-set in work [n=177,370] who responded to the commuting question), and overall transport (transport mode for both commuting and non-commuting [n=177,370]). We used Cox regression with age as the underlying timescale to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of CHD (n=13,730; median 13.8-year follow-up) and tested the interaction between genetic susceptibility and travel modes with adjustment for confounders.ResultsCompared to those using alternatives to the car, hazards of CHD were higher for exclusive use of cars for overall transport (HR: 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-1.25), non-commuting (HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04-1.12) and commuting (HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.09-1.23), after adjusting for confounders plus genetic susceptibility. HRs of CHD were 1.45 (95% CI: 1.38-1.52) and 2.04 (95% CI: 1.95-2.12) for the second and third tertile of genetic susceptibility to CHD, respectively, compared to the first. There was, in general, no strong evidence of interactions between genetic susceptibility and categories of overall, non-commuting and commuting transport. Estimated 10-year absolute risk of CHD was lower for the alternatives to the car across strata of genetic susceptibility, compared with exclusive use of cars for overall, non-commuting and commuting transport.ConclusionExclusive use of cars was associated with a relatively higher risk of CHD across all strata of genetic susceptibility. Using alternatives to the car should be encouraged for prevention of CHD for the general population including individuals at high genetic risk.

Lung function indices do not affect the incidence of coronary heart disease in patients with sleep-disordered breathing

BackgroundCurrently, it's unclear whether sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and reduced lung function could synergistically increase the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). Furthermore, the predictive value of different lung function indices for the incidence of CHD remains unknown. MethodsWe enrolled 3749 participants from the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS) to conduct a retrospective study. The individuals were divided into the SDB and non-SDB subgroups according to Apnoea–Hypopnoea Index (AHI). Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association between lung function and CHD. We also conducted a ROC analysis to assess the predictive value of different lung function indices. Results512 cases of CHD were identified during an average of 10.40 years of follow-up in participants without CVD at baseline. We observed that lung function was a better predictor of CHD in non-SDB participants compared with SDB participants. Reduced lung function was associated with a higher risk of CHD in participants without SDB, while the inverse association became non-significant in participants with SDB. Furthermore, the incremental contribution of lung function to CHD diminished with increasing severity of SDB. ConclusionWe need to focus more on the lung function of individuals without SDB rather than those with SDB to reduce the risk of CHD.

Lifestyle and pharmacological interventions in South America: Potential barriers for recruitment, implementation, and effectiveness

AbstractBackgroundThe study of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) risk factors must be reproduced in every community so that disparities may be addressed. In South America, diverse levels of education, mixed ethnicity, genetic and cultural heterogeneity, and the burden of cerebrovascular risk are important features to be investigated for proper interventions.MethodsObservational and interventional VCID studies from South America will be discussed so that issues concerning potential barriers for participant recruitment and research effectiveness may be addressed.ResultsFew South American institutions have studied risk factors for VCID. Older people suffer the effects of restrictions to female education that occurred a century ago. Cross‐sectional studies demonstrated that APOE‐ε4 carrier status predisposes to physical inactivity and has smaller effects over dementia onset than in studies from the Northern Hemisphere, possibly due to ethnical disparities, while the burden of combined cerebrovascular risk factors (and smoking in particular) in this regard is high. Foreigners living in Brazil had later dementia onset, unexplained by common genetic variants. While prevalent in almost half of the older population, and associated with earlier dementia onset particularly in women, depression could be a risk factor or a prodromal symptom. Late life prospective studies verified that cerebrovascular risk factors such as arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and a higher coronary heart disease risk, or increased creatinine clearance for women only, may be neuroprotective against cognitive and functional decline, probably due to enhanced cerebral perfusion. Lifetime sanitary conditions and increasing late life body mass index may protect against frailty, while education is neuroprotective for women and APOE‐ε4 carriers (though associated with faster cognitive decline in some cohorts). Longitudinal pharmacogenetic studies demonstrated that potential benefits of cerebrovascular metabolism modulators such as angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and lipophilic statins depend upon epistatic interactions among specific genetic variants. Caregiver awareness of the need to control cerebrovascular risk is beneficial for patients.ConclusionsGenomic effects of cognitive reserve, cerebral perfusion, and hormonal changes interact on mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Adherence to lifestyle and pharmacological interventions in South America is highly dependent upon proper funding, public support, harmonization efforts, institutional expertise and leadership, and caregiver education. (Supported by FAPESP grant #2015/10109‐5)

The association of cortisol/testosterone ratio and sleep quality with coronary heart disease: A case-control study in Chinese rural population.

There were limited studies that have probed into the combined effect of the cortisol/testosterone (C/T) ratio as a biomarker of stress and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) on coronary heart disease (CHD). This research aimed to explore the association of C/T ratio and PSQI with the risk of CHD in a rural Chinese population, as well as the interaction and combined effect between C/T ratio and PSQI on CHD. A case-control study was performed including 307 individuals without CHD and 307 patients drawn from Henan Rural Cohort. Logistic regression was utilized to survey the independent and joint effects of the C/T ratio and PSQI on CHD. To estimate the interaction impact of the C/T ratio and sleep quality (PSQI) on CHD, a cross-product term was introduced in the generalized linear model. Higher C/T ratio and PSQI index scores are related to increased odds ratio for CHD (Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were 1.17 (1.07, 1.29), p-trend<0.001; 1.16 (1.09, 1.22), respectively). The odds ratio of C/T ratio for CHD increased with increasing PSQI in women (pinteraction=0.018) and total population (pinteraction=0.033). The combined group of high C/T ratio and high PSQI had the highest risk of CHD (Total: OR=7.53, 95% CI: 4.12-13.76). The risk of CHD was associated with low testosterone levels, high C/T ratios, and high PSQI scores. Additionally, poor sleep quality aggravated the effect of high C/T ratio on coronary heart disease.

Abstract P221: Intake of Ultra-Processed Foods in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Incidence in US Men and Women With Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: Recent evidence suggests that intake of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is related to unfavorable cardio-metabolic risk profiles among generally healthy populations. However, evidence on the relationship between UPF intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is lacking. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that higher intake of dietary UPF is associated with higher risks of CVD among individuals with T2D. Methods: We prospectively followed 13,272 men and women participating in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) and Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) with T2D at baseline and during follow-up (HPFS: 1986-2018; NHS: 1980-2014). Diet was repeatedly assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires every 2-4 years. UPF were categorized according to the Nova classification. CVD was defined as fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) (including nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and coronary angioplasty and stent) and fatal and non-fatal stroke. Associations of UPF consumption with risks of CVD were assessed using Cox regression. Results: During 165,761 person-years of follow-up, 1,826 total CHD and 529 total stroke were identified and confirmed. After adjusting for demographics, lifestyle, medical history, dietary factors, and diabetes medication use, higher total intake of UPF was associated with higher risk of CHD. The multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 1.20 (1.02, 1.43) ( P trend = 0.03) when comparing the highest and lowest quintiles (Q5 vs. Q1) or 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) for each 1 serving/day increment of UPF. No association between UPF intake and risk of stroke was observed (Q5 vs. Q1: 0.92 (0.67, 1.24)). These results were consistent across subgroups in analyses stratified by age, sex, BMI, diet quality, physical activity, smoking, diabetes medication use, or diabetes duration. In addition, compared with participants who had a stable or decreased consumption of UPF (≤0 change in UPF) from pre- to post-diabetes diagnosis, participants who increased consumption of UPF (&gt;0 increment of UPF intake) after diabetes diagnosis had a 15% (1%, 31%) higher risk of CHD. Conclusions: Among participants with T2D, higher dietary UPF consumption was associated with a higher risk of CHD, but not stroke. These results provide further support for the current recommendations to limit UPF consumption for the prevention of CHD among patients with diabetes.

Abstract MP60: Prediabetes and Undiagnosed Diabetes Predisposing Women to Excess Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Objective: Women with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have a 25-50% higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than their men counterparts. The reasons for this sex disparity are incompletely understood. We sought to examine if pre-diabetes (preDM) and undiagnosed T2DM are associated with a greater magnitude of CVD risk in women than in men. Methods: We pooled CVD-free individuals (N=18,745) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and the Jackson Heart Study. CVD outcomes included incident coronary heart disease (CHD) (myocardial infarction, CHD death, or cardiac procedures including percutaneous coronary interventions, bypass surgery, or coronary revascularization), stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke), and a composite atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) (any CHD condition or stroke). Multivariable Cox models examined the outcomes associated with preDM (fasting glucose [FG] 100-125 mg/dL or HbA1c 5.7-6.4%) or undiagnosed T2DM (FG ≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥6.5% and without a DM diagnosis or anti-diabetes medication use) adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterols, smoking, anti-hypertensive and lipid-lowering medications, and cohort indicator. An interaction term sex x preDM or undiagnosed DM was added to models to test the sex modifying effect. We consider p-interaction&lt;0.2 as significant. Results: During a median follow-up of 17 years, the adjusted model showed that preDM was significantly associated with a higher risk of CHD (Hazard ratio 1.09, 95%CI 1.04-1.14), stroke (1.08, 1.04-1.13), and ASCVD (1.09, 1.04-1.14) in women, but not in men (1.04, 0.99-1.1 for CHD, 1.03, 0.98-1.08 for stroke, and 1.03, 0.98-1.09 for ASCVD, respectively). Undiagnosed T2DM was significantly associated with the risk of CHD (1.27, 1.16-1.4 in women and 1.17, 1.05-1.3 in men), stroke (1.32, 1.21-1.45 in women and 1.2, 1.09-1.32 in men), and ASCVD (1.27, 1.16-1.4 in women and 1.15, 1.03-1.29 in men) in both sexes but with more pronounced effect in women (P-interactions ≤0.11). In racial-stratified analysis, a higher magnitude of CVD risk associated with preDM or undiagnosed DM was also found in non-Hispanic (NH) white women and NH-black women than in their men counterparts. Conclusions: PreDM and undiagnosed DM predispose women to excess CVD risk, possibly due to women’s higher susceptibility to metabolic dysfunction at a lower glucose level and the prolonged unmanaged time for risk factors relative to men. T2DM screening and risk factor control should be enhanced in both sexes to reduce future CVD risk, particularly in women.

Abstract 41: Comprehensive Plasma Metabolomic Risk Scores to Predict Incident Coronary Heart Disease Events

Introduction: Integrating multiple metabolomics signatures related to coronary heart disease (CHD) into a metabolomic risk score (MRS) may contribute to improving the risk prediction beyond traditional risk factors, although applications of the MRS remain underdetermined, especially in people at usual risk. Hypothesis: We analyzed associations of plasma metabolites with the risk of CHD to develop MRS for predicting risk of incident CHD by incorporating comprehensive metabolic pathways among women at usual risk from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS). We also tested whether changes in CHD-related plasma metabolites were associated with significant reductions in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk scores among participants in the POUNDS Lost trial. Methods: Untargeted metabolomics profiling was performed to measure plasma metabolites at baseline in a prospective nested case-control of 762 incident cases of CHD (fatal CHD and nonfatal myocardial infarction) and 762 matched controls identified over 10-14 years of follow-up time in NHS. An MRS of CHD risk was created based on metabolites that were selected through conditional logistic regression with the elastic net procedure. The POUNDS Lost trial included adults with overweight/obesity who consumed weight-loss diets with different macronutrient intakes. We measured untargeted plasma metabolomics signatures at baseline, 6 months, and 2 years to calculate changes in response to the dietary interventions. The primary outcome in the POUNDS Lost trial was the reduction of 10-year ASCVD risk scores calculated by the validated pooled cohort equations. Results: Various plasma metabolites (such as gut-microbiota-related and others in the pathways of ceramides, phospholipids, and polyamine metabolism) were associated with the risk of incident CHD ( P FDR &lt;0.05). We developed MRS for CHD combining 122 metabolites and found that the highest quartile (Q4) was associated with 11.3 times (95% CI: 6.88, 18.6) higher risk of CHD, as compared to the lowest quartile (Q1), even after adjusting for covariates including common CHD risk factors (such as a family history of MI, lifestyle factors, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia). Every 1 SD increment of MRS was associated with an adjusted RR of 3.23 (95% CI 2.62, 3.97) for CHD events. In the POUNDS Lost, diet-intervention-induced changes in CHD-related metabolites, particularly those in ceramide pathways, were significantly associated with reductions in the ASCVD risk score at 6 months and 2 years. Conclusions: Comprehensive metabolomic scores were strongly related to the risk of incident CHD among women without prior CHD. Dietary interventions may modify the unfavorable relations between CHD-risk-related metabolites and ASCVD risk. Further studies in other populations are warranted to validate the performance of MRS in predicting ASCVD events.

Abstract 21: Ultra-Processed Food Consumption is Associated With Higher Coronary Heart Disease Risk in United States Women From Two Large Prospective Cohorts

Introduction: Ultra-processed foods (UPF) are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in European populations. Evidence is limited from U.S. populations, for specific UPF subgroups, and in the diet quality context. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that U.S. women with higher UPF intake have higher CVD risk and evaluated this association by UPF subgroup and diet quality. Methods: Women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; n=75,639; 30-55y) and NHSII (n=90,770; 25-42y) with complete dietary intake data and without CVD/cancer at baseline were prospectively followed (1984-2014 and 1991-2015). Diet, demographics, lifestyle, and medical history were assessed every 2-4y using validated food frequency questionnaires and follow-up questionnaires. NOVA-classified UPF (% of energy) included ten subgroups: bread and cereals; sauces, spreads, and condiments; sweet snacks and desserts; savory snacks; sugar-sweetened beverages; animal-based products; ready-to-eat/heat dishes; yogurt and dairy desserts; hard liquors, and artificially sweetened beverages. The Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) measured diet quality. Primary outcomes were non-fatal myocardial infarction, fatal coronary heart disease (CHD), and non-fatal/fatal stroke. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression estimated the associations of cumulatively-averaged UPF and subgroup intake quintiles with CVD risk. Each cohort was analyzed separately, and data were meta-analyzed (fixed effects models). Results: We identified 7,659 CVD cases (CHD=3,889; stroke=3,855) in NHS during 2,002,986 person-years of follow-up, and 1,588 CVD cases (CHD=807; stroke=786) in NHSII during 2,308,569 person-years. Pooled multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios [HRs (95%CIs)] of CVD, CHD, and stroke for the highest quintile of UPF intake ( vs. lowest) were 1.11 (1.04, 1.19; p-trend =0.002), 1.18 (1.08, 1.30; p-trend &lt;0.001), and 1.05 (0.95, 1.15; p-trend =0.37), respectively. Positive associations remained for participants with higher diet quality (AHEI above the sample median): CVD [HR=1.15 (1.05, 1.25; p-trend =0.009)] and CHD [HR=1.24 (1.09, 1.41; p-trend =0.007)]. Values of I 2 were non-significant. For UPF subgroups, intake for the highest quintile of sugar-sweetened beverages and animal-based products was significantly associated with higher risk of CVD, CHD, and stroke. Significant inverse associations were noted for bread and cereals and yogurt and dairy dessert with CVD, CHD, and stroke, for savory snacks with CHD, and for ready-to-eat/heat dishes with stroke. Conclusion: U.S. women with long-term higher total UPF intake had a higher CHD risk, even with a high-quality diet. Sugary drinks and animal-based products were predominant for CVD risk. Some UPF subgroups may contain beneficial components, warranting more nuanced food subgroup analyses. Replication is needed in racially/ethnically-diverse populations.

Abstract P667: Association of Number of Calcified Coronary Arteries and Cardiovascular Outcomes Stratified by Calcification Volume: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Data suggests number of vessels with CAC independently improves risk prediction but impact by CAC volume remains unknown. Methods: Using data from 3256 MESA participants with CAC&gt;0 and clinical follow-up, we evaluated the association between number of arteries with CAC and risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction (MI), and CVD events stratified by CAC volume (above/below median) using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Mean age was 63.3 years (SD 9.5) with 1363 (41.9%) women. There were 1079 (33%) with single-vessel, 822 (25%) with 2-vessel, and 1355 (42%) with 3-4 vessel CAC. Median CAC volume was 84.7 [IQR 24.5, 267.2] mm 3 . CAC in 3-4 vessels was independently associated with higher CHD risk ( Figure ) compared to 1-vessel (HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.1-3.6; p=0.018) and 2-vessels (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.0-2.8; p=0.04) for lower CAC volumes, with similar findings for MI and CVD outcomes ( Table ). Conclusions: Number of arteries with CAC independently increases risk for ASCVD events only for those with lower CAC volumes.

The association between meat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in Korean men using the Framingham risk score: A prospective cohort study

Background and aimsResearch suggests that meat intake may increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but most studies take place in Western countries, where the types and amount of meat products consumed differ from those in Asian countries. We aimed to identify the association between meat intake and CHD risk in Korean male adults, using the Framingham risk score. Methods and resultsWe used data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) Health Examinees (HEXA) study, including 13,293 Korean male adults. We estimated the association of meat intake with ≥20% 10-year CHD risk using Cox proportional hazards regression models to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subjects with the highest total meat intake had a 53% (model 4: HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.05–2.21) increased 10-year CHD risk compared to those with the lowest intake. Those with the highest red meat intake had a 55% (model 3: HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.16–2.06) increased 10-year CHD risk compared to those with the lowest intake. No association was observed between poultry or processed meat intake and 10-year CHD risk. ConclusionsConsumption of total meat and red meat was associated with a higher risk of CHD in Korean male adults. Further studies are needed to provide criteria for the appropriate meat intake by meat type to reduce CHD risk.