High Risk Of Venous Thromboembolism Research Articles

Risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in cancer patients after discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy

Anticoagulant therapy is recommended for cancer-related venous thromboembolism (VTE). Recurrent VTE prevention is the main goal of this treatment. The majority of evidence-based practice guidelines recommend anticoagulant treatment for at least 6 months. Based on individual assessment of potential benefits and risks, tolerability, drug availability, patient preference, and cancer activity, active cancer patients should continue anticoagulant treatment beyond the 6-month course. When cancer is no longer active or the risk outweighs the benefit, anticoagulant therapy is usually stopped after 3-6 months. Until recently, there was little data on the risk of recurrent VTE in cancer-associated VTE patients after stopping anticoagulants. New results and evidence synthesis have emerged in the last 3 years. Recurring VTE occurs in over 30% in the 5 years after treatment discontinuation. In the first six months, recurrence rates are 10-15%. Recurrences reach 31% at 2 years and stabilize between 2 and 5. Duration of prior anticoagulation does not affect cumulative recurrence. The high risk of recurrent VTE after discontinuing treatment supports guidelines to continue anticoagulant treatment if cancer is active. Stopping anticoagulants after 3-6 months may not be ideal, so randomized clinical trials should be conducted quickly. This review highlights the need to improve cancer patients' primary VTE prevention efforts.

Audit of VTE prophylaxis risk assessment and prescribing for general medical inpatients

Venous thromboembolism is a significant cause of morbidity and mortalityamongst hospitalised patients. The aim was to review the current level ofcompleteness of venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis risk assessmentdocumentation at Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust. TheVTE prophylaxis risk assessment form is provided on Cerner and all doctorsare prompted to complete this when opening a patient record. The riskassessment proforma ensures that all patients who are assessed as either atmoderate or high risk of VTE during their admission receive pharmacologicalVTE prophylaxis or if contraindicated mechanical prophylaxis. Usingthe Trusts thromboprophylaxis guideline, six standards were defined. Thetarget for each standard is set at 100% and complies with national auditstandards for preventing hospital acquired VTE and PE. Results are shown further in the text:Ninety three per cent of admissions had documented assessments onadmission to hospital. 0.03% had VTE risk reassessed within 24 h- and some of these patients would have gone to other wards first, 12.5% had24 h reassessment documented which did not meet national targets.Limitations faced included: limited timeframe of data collection, smallsample size and prophylaxis could have been prescribed, but the clinicianhad not recorded the assessment on the electronic record (Cerner).These findings have been presented to our local general internal medicinedepartment. We plan to reaudit VTE compliance on another GIM ward.We expect findings to be similar; therefore we plan to implement a changeto improve compliance rates to the national standard. We will then reauditwithin 6 months to see if we have improved. I’m looking forward tothe results!

Risk Assessment Models for Venous Thromboembolism in Medical Inpatients

Thromboprophylaxis is recommended for medical inpatients at risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Risk assessment models (RAMs) have been developed to stratify VTE risk, but a prospective head-to-head comparison of validated RAMs is lacking. To prospectively validate an easy-to-use RAM, the simplified Geneva score, and compare its prognostic performance with previously validated RAMs. This prospective cohort study was conducted from June 18, 2020, to January 4, 2022, with a 90-day follow-up. A total of 4205 consecutive adults admitted to the general internal medicine departments of 3 Swiss university hospitals for hospitalization for more than 24 hours due to acute illness were screened for eligibility; 1352 without therapeutic anticoagulation were included. At admission, items of 4 RAMs (ie, the simplified and original Geneva score, the Padua score, and the IMPROVE [International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism] score) were collected. Patients were stratified into high and low VTE risk groups according to each RAM. Symptomatic VTE within 90 days. Of 1352 medical inpatients (median age, 67 years [IQR, 54-77 years]; 762 men [55.4%]), 28 (2.1%) experienced VTE. Based on the simplified Geneva score, 854 patients (63.2%) were classified as high risk, with a 90-day VTE risk of 2.6% (n = 22; 95% CI, 1.7%-3.9%), and 498 patients (36.8%) were classified as low risk, with a 90-day VTE risk of 1.2% (n = 6; 95% CI, 0.6%-2.6%). Sensitivity of the simplified Geneva score was 78.6% (95% CI, 60.5%-89.8%) and specificity was 37.2% (95% CI, 34.6%-39.8%); the positive likelihood ratio of the simplified Geneva score was 1.25 (95% CI, 1.03-1.52) and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.58 (95% CI, 0.28-1.18). In head-to-head comparisons, sensitivity was highest for the original Geneva score (82.1%; 95% CI, 64.4%-92.1%), while specificity was highest for the IMPROVE score (70.4%; 95% CI, 67.9%-72.8%). After adjusting the VTE risk for thromboprophylaxis use and site, there was no significant difference between the high-risk and low-risk groups based on the simplified Geneva score (subhazard ratio, 2.04 [95% CI, 0.83-5.05]; P = .12) and other RAMs. Discriminative performance was poor for all RAMs, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ranging from 53.8% (95% CI, 51.1%-56.5%) for the original Geneva score to 58.1% (95% CI, 55.4%-60.7%) for the simplified Geneva score. This head-to-head comparison of validated RAMs found suboptimal accuracy and prognostic performance of the simplified Geneva score and other RAMs to predict hospital-acquired VTE in medical inpatients. Clinical usefulness of existing RAMs is questionable, highlighting the need for more accurate VTE prediction strategies.

Pharmacologic Anticoagulation Is Associated With a Lower Risk of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolic Events During Janus Kinase Inhibitor Use for Patients With a Prior Thrombosis.

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors tofacitinib and upadacitinib are effective therapies for inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatologic disorders but currently possess a warning for increased venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk. Some patients with a history of VTE may benefit from a JAK inhibitor, but the risk of recurrent VTE with JAK inhibitor use is unclear. Our goal was to observe rates of new VTE events after starting JAK inhibitor therapy in patients with a prior VTE, and observe whether concurrent anticoagulation (AC) reduces this risk. We conducted a review of adults prescribed tofacitinib or upadacitinib between January 1, 2000, and June 30, 2023, with a prior history of VTE. Patient charts were reviewed for demographic data, disease type, and VTE date(s), and to verify duration of JAK inhibitor use along with any concurrent AC. VTEs following JAK inhibitor initiation were identified by International Classification of Diseases-Tenth Revision code and verified by physician documentation and imaging. We identified 79 patients with a documented VTE history before initiating JAK inhibitors, 47 of whom began a JAK inhibitor with concurrent AC. Of these, 15 patients discontinued AC while receiving JAK inhibitors. In total, 5 new VTE events were observed during 55.42 patient-years of JAK inhibitor treatment without concurrent AC (9.0 events per 100 patient-years), while no new VTE events occurred during 65.2 patient-years of JAK inhibitor treatment with concurrent AC, demonstrating a lower risk of recurrent VTE (P = .020). These results suggest that for patients with a prior VTE history there is a high risk for recurrent VTE while receiving JAK inhibitors. Concurrent use of AC with JAK inhibitors appears to be protective against recurrent VTEs in this population.

The fatty liver index and risk of incident venous thromboembolism: the Tromsø Study

BackgroundFor the relationship between obesity and venous thromboembolism (VTE), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (recently termed metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease) is of interest given the hepatic role in hemostasis. ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the association between the fatty liver index (FLI), as a proxy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and VTE risk in a population-based cohort. MethodsData from the Tromsø 4 (1994-1995) and 6 (2007-2008) surveys were used to calculate the FLI in 9870 participants. All VTEs were recorded up to December 31, 2020. We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios for VTE with 95% CIs by FLI groups defined according to clinical cut-offs (<30, 30-59, and ≥60). Because waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) are main determinants for FLI calculation, we assessed the potential contribution of FLI to VTE risk beyond these body fat measures. ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 13.1 years, 507 incident VTEs occurred. Compared with the reference group (FLI < 30), the hazard ratios for VTE were 1.5 (95% CI, 1.1-1.9) and 1.8 (95% CI, 1.4-2.3) for the FLI 30-59 and ≥60 groups, respectively, in models adjusted for age, sex, alcohol intake, educational level, and physical activity. The association of FLI with VTE was no longer observed, with risk estimates close to unity, when participants were stratified by clinical categories of waist circumference and BMI. ConclusionHigher values of the FLI were associated with a higher VTE risk. This association was explained by waist circumference and BMI, which reflect excessive body fat deposition and are determinants of the FLI.

Primary prevention of venous thromboembolism in ambulatory cancer patients: recent advances and practical implications.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication in ambulatory cancer patients receiving anticancer therapies. Many patient-, cancer-, and treatment‑related factors along with specific biomarkers can be associated with an increased risk of VTE in patients with cancer. Risk assessment models, such as the Khorana score, serve as valuable tools to aid in the identification of patients with cancer who are at high risk of VTE. Two randomized controlled trials have evaluated the efficacy of primary thromboprophylaxis with low‑dose direct oral anticoagulants, apixaban and rivaroxaban, to reduce the risk of VTE in ambulatory patients with cancer who are at intermediate to high risk of VTE identified by the Khorana score. This narrative review summarizes the literature on the risk factors and risk assessment process for VTE, and the use of primary thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory cancer patients. We also outline important practical considerations for initiating primary thromboprophylaxis in this population.

Bleeding risk from anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis in patients with multiple myeloma: a MarketScan analysis

BackgroundMultiple myeloma (MM) is associated with high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Anticoagulant prophylaxis is frequently recommended but underutilized partly due to the absence of studies assessing bleeding risk. ObjectivesTo determine the rate of severe (hospitalized) bleeding from thromboprophylaxis in patients treated for MM and identify clinical risk factors for bleeding in this population. MethodsUsing the MarketScan database, we analyzed 6656 patients treated for MM between 2013 and 2021. Concomitant thromboprophylaxis was defined using prescription claims. Hospitalized bleeding was identified through the Cunningham algorithm. Bleeding rates were compared by thromboprophylaxis status, and Cox regression identified risk factors for bleeding. ResultsAnticoagulant thromboprophylaxis was used in 6.6% (436) patients treated for MM. Patients on thromboprophylaxis had a higher rate of immunomodulatory-based therapy (63.8% vs 46.7%; P < .01) and lower rate of antiplatelet use (2.1% vs 4.7%; P < .01). Bleeding occurred in 1.4% of them during median follow-up of 1.3 years. Rate of severe bleeding was not different between those on prophylaxis (7.8 per 1000 person-years) and those not on prophylaxis (10.1 per 1000 person-years). No association was identified between thromboprophylaxis and bleeding. Factors associated with increased bleeding included age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.38 per 10 years increase in age), comorbidity index (HR, 1.18 per SD increase), history of bleeding (HR, 1.54), hypertension (HR, 1.87), and renal disease (HR, 1.56). ConclusionRisk of serious bleeding from thromboprophylaxis in patients treated for MM was low, and concomitant anticoagulant therapy did not result in increased bleeding risk. Clinical risk factors for bleeding included age, comorbidity index, bleeding history, hypertension, and renal disease.

D-dimer and risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence: Comparison of two studies with similar designs but different laboratory and clinical results

BackgroundD-dimer testing may help deciding the duration of anticoagulation in subjects at high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurrence. Two management studies on this issue have been published (DULCIS in 2014 and APIDULCIS in 2022). They had similar designs but had important different results. Aim of this article is to compare their results. MethodsBoth studies were finalized to extend anticoagulation [with vitamin K anticoagulants (VKAs) in DULCIS or apixaban 2.5 mg BID (kindly provided by BMS-Pfizer Collaboration) in APIDULCIS] only in patients with positive D-dimer results. ResultsMore D-dimer assays resulted positive in APIDULCIS than in DULCIS (61.1 % vs 47.7 %, respectively; p < 0.0001). While only 4 (0.5 %) refused low dose apixaban in APIDULCIS, the 22.6 % of patients with positive D-dimer refused to resume VKAs in DULCIS; their rates of recurrence were 187 and 8.8 per 100 person-years, respectively (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 21.2). The incidence of bleeding was low in those receiving apixaban vs those who resumed VKAs (0.4 vs 2.3 per 100 person-years, respectively; IRR 0.17;). While the recurrence rate was low and similar in the studies in subjects who resumed anticoagulation, it was significantly higher in APIDULCIS than in DULCIS in those who stopped anticoagulation for negative D-dimer (5.6 vs 3.0 per 100 person-years, respectively; IRR 1.9). ConclusionThe low dose Apixaban for extended VTE treatment is effective and safe, and well accepted by patients. Why subjects who stopped anticoagulation for negative D-dimer had a higher recurrence rate in APIDULCIS than in DULCIS remains to be explained.

114 Burn Specific VTE Prophylaxis: Higher Enoxaparin Dose and Anti-Xa Adjustments Is Safe and Potentially Beneficial

Abstract Introduction Burn and trauma patients are at high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolus (PE). VTE prophylaxis guidelines for trauma patients recommends a higher standard dose of enoxaparin and anti-Xa level adjustments in select patients; however, no guidelines specific to burn patients exist. We hypothesize that higher standard doses of enoxaparin and anti-Xa level adjustments will be safe and effective at reducing VTE complications in burn patients. Methods This retrospective review included patients admitted to a regional burn center six months prior to and after the initiation of a VTE prophylaxis quality improvement protocol. The protocol doubled the standard dose of enoxaparin, 40 mg daily to 40 mg twice a day, for all burn patients who were &amp;gt; 50 kg and had creatinine clearance &amp;gt; 60mg/dl. Peak anti-Xa level monitoring was indicated if a high-risk factor (TBSA ≥20%, inhalation injury, burn shock, BMI ≥40) was present. Patients on therapeutic anticoagulation or anti-platelet therapy, had a history of chronic kidney disease, decompensated cirrhosis, coagulation disorder, heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), or were admitted for polytrauma were excluded. Efficacy was evaluated by rates of VTE within 31 days of discharge. Safety was evaluated by bleeding complications, including estimated blood loss (EBL), number of transfusions and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding events. Differences between groups were compared using a two-sample t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A p-value of &amp;lt; 0.05 signified statistical significance. Results The pre-protocol group included 217 patients and the post-protocol group included 207 patients. There were no significant differences in age (45 vs 44 years), BMI (27 vs 26.4 kg/m2), TBSA (5.9 vs 5.3%), IHI (4.6 vs 7%), number of procedures (3 vs 3), mortality (4.1 vs 3%), or ICU length of stay (1.9 vs 1.6 days) between groups. No significant difference in EBL (50 vs 25 cc), number of transfusions (3.3 vs 2.4 units), or GI bleeding events (1 vs 1) was noted between groups, and no patient developed thrombocytopenia or HIT. There were 5 patients (2.3%) with a VTE within 31 days of discharge in the pre-protocol group compared to 1 patient (0.4%) in the post-protocol group (p=0.19). There was not enough power to determine statistically significant VTE prevention. Conclusions A lack of VTE prophylaxis recommendations for burn patients leads to variability in protocols among burn centers. These protocols are infrequently studied. This protocol, which doubled the standard dose of enoxaparin and adjusted based on anti-Xa levels for high-risk patients, was safe. Efficacy and applicability to other centers needs further elucidation. Applicability of Research to Practice Enoxaparin 40mg twice a day with anti-Xa level adjustments is safe and a promising strategy to reduce the rates of VTE in the burn population without increasing bleeding complications.

The plasma miRNome and venous thromboembolism in high-grade glioma: miRNA Sequencing of a nested case-control cohort.

Patients with high-grade gliomas are at high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs with multiple roles in tumour biology, haemostasis and platelet function. Their association with VTE risk in high-grade glioma has not been comprehensively mapped so far. We thus conducted a nested case-control study within 152 patients with WHO grade IV glioma that had been part of a prospective cohort study on VTE risk factors. At inclusion a single blood draw was taken, and patients were thereafter followed for a maximum of 2 years. During that time, 24 patients (16%) developed VTE. Of the other 128 patients, we randomly selected 24 age- and sex-matched controls. After quality control, the final group size was 21 patients with VTE during follow-up and 23 without VTE. Small RNA next-generation sequencing of plasma was performed. We observed that hsa-miR-451a was globally the most abundant miRNA. Notably, 51% of all miRNAs showed a correlation with platelet count. The analysis of miRNAs differentially regulated in VTE patients-with and without platelet adjustment-identified potential VTE biomarker candidates such as has-miR-221-3p. Therewith, we here provide one of the largest and deepest peripheral blood miRNA datasets of high-grade glioma patients so far, in which we identified first VTE biomarker candidates that can serve as the starting point for future research.

Caprini versus Padua venous thromboembolism risk assessment scores: A comparative study in hospitalized patients at a tertiary center.

To assess and compare the Caprini and Padua risk assessment models (RAMs) for predicting venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients. We retrospectively reviewed 28 VTE and 450 non-VTE patients hospitalized at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in 2019. Their baseline medical, demographic, and radiological reports were recorded. We compared Caprini scores (defined at admission) and Padua scores (calculated retrospectively) for their ability to predict VTE. A cumulative risk score was created by adding the individual scores for each risk factor. We also analyzed the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the RAM scores. Major differences in risk factors were shown between patients with and without VTE. Previous VTE was significantly associated with a higher risk of VTE (28.6%), as was reduced mobility (57.1%), acute infection (25%), high Caprini score (50%), and high Padua score (64.3%, p<0.05). The sensitivity of the Caprini score (96%) was higher than that of the Padua score (64.3%), as was the specificity (92.1% vs. 46.9%), positive predictive value (93% vs. 7%), and accuracy (94.1% vs. 47.9%). The specificity of the Caprini score was higher than that of the Padua score in Critical Care, Gynecology/Obstetrics, and Surgical departments. The Caprini RAM showed the lowest level of specificity in the medical department. The Caprini RAM demonstrated higher sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracy than did the Padua RAM and thus distinguished low and high VTE risk in hospitalized patients.

Thrombosis Rates and Genetic Thrombophilia Risk Among Patients With Advanced Germ Cell Tumors Treated With Chemotherapy

IntroductionMen with advanced germ cell tumors (GCT) treated with chemotherapy are at high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Predictors of VTE may identify patients who would benefit from prophylactic anticoagulation. Patients and MethodsMen with advanced GCT (Stage IS, II, III) treated with chemotherapy were identified at 2 centers. High genomic risk was defined from a 5 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) germline panel. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the impact of genomic risk on VTE within 6 months of chemotherapy initiation. Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to build models to predict VTE based on clinical variables and an 86 SNP panel. ResultsThis 123-patient cohort experienced a VTE rate of 26% with an incidence of high genomic risk of 21%. Men with high genomic risk did not have a significantly higher VTE rate (31%, 8/26) than men with low genomic risk (25%, 24/97), unadjusted OR 1.4 (95% CI 0.5-3.5, P = .54). Incorporation of clinical variables (Khorana score, N3 status and elevated LDH) resulted in adjusted OR 2.1 (95% CI 0.7-6.5, P = .18). A combined model using clinical variables and 86 SNPs performed similarly (AUC 0.77) compared to clinical variables alone (AUC 0.72). ConclusionsA previously established 5-SNP panel was not associated with VTE among patients with GCT receiving chemotherapy. However, multivariable models based on clinical variables alone warrant further validation to inform prophylactic anticoagulation strategies.

Risk factors for venous thromboembolism after primary total joint arthroplasty: An analysis of 7511 Taiwanese patients.

The need for thromboprophylaxis in Asian patients after primary total joint arthroplasty (TJA) remains inconclusive. We aimed to identify the risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) events following primary TJA in a Taiwanese population. From January 2010 to December 2019, we studied 7511 patients receiving primary TJA from a single surgeon. We validated the incidence and risk factors for 30- and 90-day symptomatic VTE events, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking, medical comorbidities, VTE history, presence of varicose veins, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) vs total hip arthroplasty (THA), unilateral vs bilateral procedure and receipt of VTE prophylaxis, transfusion, and length of stay. The incidence of 30- and 90-day symptomatic VTE events was 0.33% and 0.44%, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis showed that BMI ≥30 (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 4.862, 95% CI, 1.776-13.313), bilateral TJA procedure (aOR: 2.665, 95% CI, 1.000-7.104), and presence of varicose veins (aOR: 9.946, 95% CI, 1.099-90.024) were associated with increased odds of 30-day symptomatic VTE events. Age ≥77 years (aOR, 2.358, 95% CI, 1.034-5.381) and BMI ≥30 (aOR: 2.832, 95% CI, 1.039-7.721) were associated with increased odds of 90-day symptomatic VTE events. Age ≥77 years, BMI ≥30, bilateral TJA procedure, or presence of varicose veins may require pharmacological thromboprophylaxis because such patients have a higher risk of VTE after primary TJA.

Joint effect of ischemic stroke and obesity on the risk of venous thromboembolism: the Tromsø Study

BackgroundPatients with ischemic stroke have increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Obesity is prevalent in stroke patients and a well-established risk factor for VTE. Whether obesity further increases the VTE risk in patients with stroke remains unclear. ObjectivesWe investigated the joint effect of ischemic stroke and obesity on the risk of incident VTE in a population-based cohort. MethodsParticipants (n = 29,920) were recruited from the fourth to sixth surveys of the Tromsø Study (1994-1995, 2001, and 2007-2008) and followed through 2014. Incident events of ischemic stroke and VTE during follow-up were recorded. Hazard ratios (HRs) of VTE with 95% CIs were estimated according to combined categories of ischemic stroke and obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2), with exposure to neither risk factors as reference. ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 19.6 years, 1388 participants experienced ischemic stroke and 807 participants developed VTE. Among those with stroke, 51 developed VTE, yielding an incidence rate of VTE after stroke of 7.2 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 5.5-9.5). In subjects without stroke, obesity was associated with a 1.8-fold higher VTE risk (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.47-2.11). In nonobese subjects, stroke was associated with a 1.8-fold higher VTE risk (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.27-2.46). Obese subjects with stroke had a 2-fold increased VTE risk (HR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.37-4.36). ConclusionThe combination of obesity and ischemic stroke did not yield an excess risk of VTE. Our findings suggest that obese subjects with ischemic stroke do not have a more than additive risk of VTE.

Thrombosis and Bleeding Risk Scores Are Strongly Associated with Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Background: Internationally established guidelines mention pharmacological prophylaxis for all hospitalized COVID-19 patients. However, there are concerns regarding the efficacy and safety of anticoagulants. This study investigated the associations between thrombosis/bleeding risk scores and clinical outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of adult patients admitted to two hospitals between 2021 and 2022. We analyzed clinical data, laboratory results, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) use, thrombosis, bleeding, and 30-day survival. Results: Of the 160 patients, 69.4% were female, and the median age was 59 years. The rates of thrombotic complications and mortality were 12.5% and 36.3%, respectively. LMWH prophylaxis was administered to 73 of the patients (45.6%). The patients with high Padua prediction scores (PPS) and high IMPROVEVTE scores had a significantly higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to those with low scores (30.8% vs. 9.0%, p = 0.006 and 25.6% vs. 7.7%, p = 0.006). Similarly, elevated IMPROVEVTE and IMPROVEBRS scores were associated with increased mortality (hazard ratios of 7.49 and 6.27, respectively; p < 0.001). Interestingly, LMWH use was not associated with a decreased incidence of VTE when stratified by risk groups. Conclusions: this study suggests that COVID-19 patients with high thrombosis and bleeding risk scores have a higher mortality rate.

The pathogenesis of cancer-associated thrombosis.

Patients with cancer have a higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), compared to the general population. Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) is a thrombotic event that occurs as a complication of cancer or cancer therapy. Major factors determining VTE risk in cancer patients include not only treatment history and patient characteristics, but also cancer type and site. Cancer types can be broadly divided into three groups based on VTE risk: high risk (pancreatic, ovarian, brain, stomach, gynecologic, and hematologic), intermediate risk (colon and lung), and low risk (breast and prostate). This implies that the mechanism of VTE differs between cancer types and that specific VTE pathways may exist for different cancer types. This review summarizes the specific pathways that contribute to VTE in cancer patients, with a particular focus on leukocytosis, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), tissue factor (TF), thrombocytosis, podoplanin (PDPN), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the intrinsic coagulation pathway, and von Willebrand factor (VWF).

Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in Asian patients with severe COVID-19: A prospective cohort study

The severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) triggers various coagulation cascades, culminating in the manifestation of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The efficacy of anticoagulant prophylaxis in averting VTE occurrence in severe COVID-19 cases in Thailand remains uncertain. We aimed to determine the prevalence of symptomatic VTE in patients with severe COVID-19 who received a standard dose of anticoagulants and to evaluate the risk factors. Our prospective cohort study included patients with severe COVID-19 who received anticoagulant prophylaxis. VTE, bleeding events and mortality were monitored until 60 days after VTE prophylaxis initiation. Of the 250 study patients, pulmonary embolism was observed in 7.2% of patients. In a multivariate Cox regression model, endotracheal intubation [hazard ratio (HR) = 13.75; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.87–65.82; p = 0.001] and high D-dimer levels [HR = 1.052; 95% CI = 1.023–1.081; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with higher VTE risk within 60 days of VTE prophylaxis. Bleeding and major hemorrhage occurred in 35 (14%) and eight (3.2%) patients, respectively. These findings indicated that a standard dose of anticoagulant may not be sufficient for preventing thrombosis in patients who require intensive care. Further research on the appropriate dose is necessary.

Venous Thromboembolism in Peritoneal Mesothelioma: Uncovering the Hidden Risk.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication in patients with abdominal malignancies. Despite known associations between pleural mesothelioma and increased VTE risk, the characteristics of VTE in patients with peritoneal mesothelioma (PeM) remain undescribed. Patients treated for PeM were retrospectively identified from our institutional database. The frequency of VTE was assessed and logistic regression modeling was employed to assess VTE risk factors. The association between VTE and overall survival was also ascertained. Recommended thromboprophylaxis for patients who underwent surgery at our institution comprised a single preoperative dose of prophylactic anticoagulation, followed by daily dosing for fourweeks postoperatively. Among 120 PeM patients, 26 (21.7%) experienced VTE, including 19/91 (20.9%) surgical patients, 4/23 (17.4%) patients who received systemic therapy, and 3/6 (50%) patients who underwent observation (p=0.21). Most events were symptomatic (n=16, 62%) and were attributable to pulmonary emboli (n=16, 62%). The 90-day postoperative VTE rate was 4.4% (4/91), including 1 of 60 patients who underwent index surgical intervention at our institution and 3 patients with surgery elsewhere. A low serum albumin concentration was associated with VTE in non-surgical patients (odds ratio 0.12, confidence interval [CI] 0.02-0.72; p=0.03). No significant difference in overall survival was observed between patients with and without VTE (median 46.0 months [CI 24.9-67.0] vs. 55.0 months [CI 27.5-82.5]; hazard ratio 0.98 [CI 0.54-1.81], p=0.98). A high risk of VTE was observed in PeM patients, warranting suspicion throughout the disease trajectory. Postoperative VTE rates were within acceptable limits with 4-week thromboprophylaxis.

(389) Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism and Hematoma Following Placement of Inflatable Penile Prosthetic: Safety of Perioperative Subcutaneous Heparin

Abstract Introduction Patients undergoing inflatable penile prosthetic (IPP) surgery are generally at a higher risk for cardiovascular (CV) complications such as venous thromboembolism (VTE) following surgery, due to pre-existing comorbidities, such as age, obesity, smoking status, and vascular disease, which are associated with erectile dysfunction (ED). The use of perioperative subcutaneous heparin (SqH) along with a surgical drain was shown to be effective in preventing VTE in IPP patients, without increasing hematoma formation. Not all prosthetic surgeons utilize surgical drains postoperatively and this is an unaddressed area of perioperative IPP surgical management. The American Urologic Association (AUA) and European Association of Urology (EAU) perioperative VTE guidelines do not address VTE risk with IPP surgery. Objective In this study we aim to assess the safety and efficacy of perioperative SqH in preventing VTE in IPP patients without the use of a surgical drain. Methods This was a retrospective review from January 2021-July 2023 of patients who underwent IPP placement or revision and replacement at a single institution. Patient demographics, comorbidities, Caprini risk factor scores, VTE risk factors, hematoma incidence, and 90-day post-operative complications were reviewed. Statistical analyses were performed comparing these variables in men who received SqH and those who did not. Results We reviewed data for 240 patients. Of the 240, 53% (n=127) received perioperative SqH. The incidence of VTE was 0.9% (1/113) in the non-SqH group, no VTE was recorded in the group receiving heparin. There was no statistical difference in hematoma formation between groups (SqH 5.5% vs. non-SqH 6.2% p=.898). Hypertension prevalence was found to be higher in the SqH group (p=.045). There was no statistical significance between other comorbidities including diabetes (p=.343), average BMI (p=.078), vascular disease (p=.155), immunosuppressed status (p=.604), smoker status (p=.530), history of malignancy (p=.513), COPD (p=.084), MI (p=.820), CVA/TIA (p=.158), hyperlipidemia (p=.157), and heart failure (p=.244). Average operative time was found to be slightly higher in the non-SqH group (SqH 78.1 minutes vs. non-SqH 85.9 minutes p=.032). Caprini risk factor scores were similar (SqH 6.79 vs. non-SqH 6.82 p=.474) between groups. 94% of the patients in this study were considered high risk for VTE (≥5 Caprini Risk factor score). Conclusions Perioperative SqH use without placement of a surgical drain was found to be safe and effective in preventing VTE in patients undergoing IPP surgery. There was no increased risk of hematoma formation or post-operative complications between the groups. Perioperative SqH should be considered in all patients undergoing IPP surgery. Disclosure No.

Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies

BackgroundThrombotic events, such as venous thromboembolism (VTE) are a major health complication linked to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the risk of VTE, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), in adults with RA compared to the general population.MethodsMEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched from inception to April 2022 to identify publications meeting the following criteria: (1) prospective and retrospective original data from cohort or case-control studies; (2) pre-specified RA definition; (3) clearly defined VTE outcomes; (4) reported risk estimate and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs); (5) at least sex- and age-matched to comparison group; and (6) English language. Of 372 studies screened, 14 were included (602,760 RA patients, 123,076 VTE events) and their quality was assessed by an adaptation of the STROBE quality scoring scale.ResultsThe pooled risk ratios of VTE, DVT and PE in patients with RA were 1.57 (95% CI 1.41–1.76), 1.58 (95% CI 1.26–1.97) and 1.57 (95% CI 1.30–1.88), respectively. The I2 value of 92%, 94% and 92% for VTE, DVT and PE analyses, suggesting considerable heterogeneity. There were no significant differences in risk estimates among the five subgroup analyses: quality score (P = 0.35, I2 = 0%); sex (P = 0.31, I2 = 1.7%); study year (P = 0.81, I2 = 0%); population source (P = 0.35, I2 = 0%); study design (P = 0.62, I2 = 0%).ConclusionsResults show that patients with RA are at a higher risk of VTE, DVT and PE compared to the general population.