High Rates Of Overweight Research Articles

Obstructive sleep apnea combined dyslipidemia render additive effect on increasing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases prevalence.

BackgroundCurrent study was designed to investigate the effects of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) combined dyslipidemia on the prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD).MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study and subjects with documented dyslipidemia and without previous diagnosis of OSA were enrolled. Polysomnography was applied to evaluate apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Based on AHI value, subjects were classified into four groups: without OSA, mild, moderate and severe OSA groups. Clinical characteristics and laboratory examination data were recorded. Relationship between AHI event and lipid profiles was analyzed, and logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the effects of OSA combined dyslipidemia on ASCVD prevalence.ResultsTotally 248 subjects with dyslipidemia were enrolled. Compared to the other 3 groups, subjects with severe OSA were older, male predominant and had higher smoking rate. In addition, subjects with severe OSA had higher body mass index, waist-hip ratio, blood pressure, and higher rates of overweight and obesity. Serum levels of fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, LDL-C and CRP were all significantly higher. ASCVD prevalence was considerably higher in subjects with severe OSA. AHI event in the severe OSA group was up to 35.4 ± 5.1 events per hour which was significantly higher than the other groups (P < 0.05 for trend). Pearson correlation analysis showed that only LDL-C was positively correlated with AHI events (r = 0.685, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that in unadjusted model, compared to dyslipidemia plus no-OSA group (reference group), OSA enhanced ASCVD risk in subjects with dyslipidemia, regardless of OSA severity. After extensively adjusted for confounding variables, the odds of dyslipidemia plus mild-OSA was reduced to insignificance. While the effects of moderate- and severe-OSA on promoting ASCVD risk in subjects with dyslipidemia remained significant, with severe-OSA most prominent (odds ratio: 1.52, 95 % confidence interval: 1.13–2.02).ConclusionOSA combined dyslipidemia conferred additive adverse effects on cardiovascular system, with severe-OSA most prominent.

Influence of the Bolsa Família program on nutritional status and food frequency of schoolchildren

ObjectiveTo evaluate the food frequency and nutritional status among students according to participation in the Bolsa Família program funded by the government. MethodsCross-sectional study carried out with students from the fourth grade of elementary school in the municipal capital of the southeastern region of Brazil. Food consumption and anthropometry were investigated by a questionnaire administered in school, while participation in the Bolsa Família program and other socio-economic information was obtained through a protocol applied to mothers/guardians. Statistical analysis included the Mann–Whitney test, the chi-squared test, and Poisson regression with robust variance, and the 5% significance level was adopted. ResultsThere were 319 children evaluated; 56.4% were male, with a median of 9.4 (8.6–11.9) years, and 37.0% were beneficiaries of Bolsa Família program. Between the two groups, there was high prevalence of regular soda consumption (34.3%), artificial juice (49.5%), and sweets (40.3%), while only 54.3% and 51.7% consumed fruits and vegetables regularly, respectively. Among participants of Bolsa Família program, a prevalence 1.24 times higher in the regular consumption of soft drinks (95% CI: 1.10–1.39) was identified compared to non-beneficiaries. The prevalence of overweight was higher in the sample (32.9%), with no difference according to participation in the program. ConclusionThe study found increased consumption of soft drinks among BFP participants. The high rate of overweight and poor eating habits denote the need to develop actions to promote healthy eating, especially for the beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família program, to promote improvements in nutritional status and prevent chronic diseases throughout life.

Wasting and stunting are still prevalent in children with sickle cell anaemia in Lagos, Nigeria

BackgroundSickle cell anaemia (SCA) is associated with growth failure. However, recent reports indicate high rates of overweight or obesity among children with SCA in developed countries. It is unclear whether overweight or obesity is also common in children with SCA in developing countries. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of overweight or obesity, wasting and stunting and identify predictors of wasting and stunting among children with SCA in Nigeria.MethodChildren with SCA attending a public-funded tertiary hospital clinic were studied. Weight, height, haemoglobin, haemoglobin fractions and white cell count were measured. Anthropometric values were converted to z scores and referenced to the WHO Child Growth Standards and WHO Reference 2007. The proportions with wasting, stunting and overweight or obesity were determined. Regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of wasting and stunting.ResultsTwo hundred and thirty-three children [mean (±SD) age of 9.0 (±4.0) years, 60.9 % males] participated in the study. Wasting, stunting and overweight or obesity rates were 22.7 %, 11.6 % and 1.7 %, respectively. Boys and children from low socioeconomic class were 3.25 (1.45-7.29) and 2.42 (1.14-5.18) times more likely to be wasted respectively, while both wasting and stunting were more common with increasing age [adjusted OR of 1.33 (1.18-1.51) and 1.15 (1.01-1.32) respectively]. Sickle cell-related complications and intake of oral penicillin and hydroxyurea were not associated with wasting and stunting.ConclusionOverweight or obesity is uncommon while wasting and stunting are still prevalent in children with SCA in Lagos. The strongest predictors of wasting and stunting were older age, male gender and low socioeconomic status.

Hemodialysis outcomes in a global sample of children and young adult hemodialysis patients: the PICCOLO MONDO cohort.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to describe the experience of pediatric and young adult hemodialysis (HD) patients from a global cohort.MethodsThe Pediatric Investigation and Close Collaborative Consortium for Ongoing Life Outcomes for MONitoring Dialysis Outcomes (PICCOLO MONDO) study provided de-identified electronic information of 3244 patients, ages 0–30 years from 2000 to 2012 in four regions: Asia, Europe, North America and South America. The study sample was categorized into pediatric (≤18 years old) and young adult (19–30 years old) groups based on the age at dialysis initiation.ResultsFor those with known end-stage renal disease etiology, glomerular disease was the most common diagnosis in children and young adults. Using Europe as a reference group, North America [odds ratio (OR) 2.69; CI 1.29, 5.63] and South America (OR 4.21; CI 2.32, 7.63) had the greatest mortality among young adults. North America also had higher rates of overweight, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hospitalizations and secondary diabetes compared with all other regions. Initial catheter use was greater for North American (86.4% in pediatric patients and 75.2% in young adults) and South America (80.6% in pediatric patients and 75.9% in young adults). Catheter use at 1-year follow-up was most common in North American children (77.3%) and young adults (62.9%). Asia had the lowest rate of catheter use. For both age groups, dialysis adequacy (equilibrated Kt/V) ranged between 1.4 and 1.5. In Asia, patients in both age groups had significantly longer treatment times than in any other region.ConclusionsThe PICCOLO MONDO study has provided unique baseline and 1-year follow-up information on children and young adults receiving HD around the globe. This cohort has brought to light aspects of care in these age groups that warrant further investigation.

Adverse family experiences during childhood and adolescent obesity.

To evaluate the association between adverse family experiences (AFEs) during childhood and adolescent obesity and to determine populations at highest risk for AFEs. A cross-sectional analysis was performed of the 2011-2012 National Survey of Children's Health, including children aged 10-17 years. Weighted estimates of 31,258,575 children were based on interviews with 42,239 caregivers. Caregiver reports of nine psychosocial risk factors measured AFEs during childhood. Adolescent overweight and obesity were derived by caregiver-reported child height and weight. Nearly one-third (30.5%) of children had experienced ≥2 AFEs, with geographic variation by state. The prevalence of obesity among children experiencing ≥2 AFEs was 20.4%, when compared with 12.5% among children with 0 AFEs. Adjusted survey regression models were controlled for child, parent, household, and neighborhood characteristics. Children with ≥2 AFEs in childhood were more likely to have obesity (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.47-2.17; P < 0.001) than those with no AFEs, with Non-Hispanic, White children most affected. Adolescents in this national sample who were exposed to greater numbers of AFEs in childhood also had higher rates of overweight and obesity. Geographic variation and differential associations based on race/ethnicity identified children at greatest risk.

Physical Activity of Mexican-origin Children: Examining Parental Support.

Objectives Mexican-origin children living along the US-Mexico border in colonias communities are medically underserved, at great risk for obesity-related diseases, and rarely meet physical activity guidelines. This study examined the roles of parental social support and social norms for physical activity among these children. Promotora-researchers conducted one-on-one interview-administered surveys with 99 Mexican-origin mother-child dyads (n=198). Survey items examined perceptions of familial social support and norms relating to physical activity. Parental social support for physical activity received by children was low, and gender differences were detected. Discrepancies between mother and child perceptions were also detected. High rates of overweight and obesity and low familial social support indicate a need for improved parental social support to increase physical activity levels and combat obesity among underserved Mexican-origin children residing in Texas border colonias.

Мониторинг вторичной профилактики ишемической болезни в России и Европе: результаты российской части международного многоцентрового исследования EUROASPIRE IV

The results of the Russian part of the EUROASPIRE IV study show that we have a large room for improvement of traditional risk factors management in CAD patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndromes, PCI or CABG (at average in 1.7 years of follow-up after index events). It is also true for other European countries, although certain differences exist between Russian and whole study population. In some respects, the results of secondary prevention in Russian patients were even more successful: e.g. effective blood pressure control was achieved in 73.4% of our patients taking antihypertensive drugs vs 53.5% in whole study population. In contrast, smoking was more prevalent among Russian patients (22.2% vs 15.0% in other countries). Obviously, it was related to lower frequency of smoking cessation support offered to our patients: only 1.1% were referred to a smoking cessation program, 3.2% were prescribed nicotine replacement therapy, none were prescribed varenicline (vs 18.6, 22.9, 6.2%, respectively, in whole study population). The Russian cohort had the highest rate of overweight and obesity compared to other European countries (93.1 vs 82.1% in whole study population). 74.9% our patients received lipid lowering drugs (vs 86.6% in Europe), although the LDL-C goal was achieved only in 15.9% of our patients taking lipid lowering drugs (vs 21.1% in whole study population).

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among preparatory school adolescents in Urban Sharkia Governorate, Egypt

BackgroundObesity has become an important public health problem in children and adolescent because of the rapid increase in its prevalence rate and its severe co-morbidities. ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among preparatory school adolescent in urban Sharkia Governorate, aged from 12 to 15years and to explore the associated risk factors. MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out at Sharkia Governorate during academic year 2014–2015 (from October 2014 to 30th of May 2015). All the children were subjected to a prepared questionnaire that included questions related to socio-demographic characteristics, life style (physical activity and eating habits) and anthropometric measurements including height, weight and body mass index. ResultsNine hundred students participated in this study. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 20% and 10.7% respectively. The highest rate of overweight was at the age of 13–14years (grade 2) while the highest rate of obesity at the age of 14–15years (grade 3). Risk factors of obesity were low parent education level, skipping breakfast, snack taking, fast food consumption, >2h per day of television watching, eating while watching television and low level of physical activity. ConclusionThis study found a relatively high prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents aged 12–15years in urban Sharkia Governorate. Risk factors of overweight and obesity were low level of parent education, faulty feeding habits and physical inactivity.

The Impact of a 24 Month Housing First Intervention on Participants' Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference: Results from the At Home / Chez Soi Toronto Site Randomized Controlled Trial.

Research suggests that individuals experiencing homelessness have high rates of overweight and obesity. Unhealthy weights and homelessness are both associated with increased risk of poor health and mortality. Using longitudinal data from 575 participants at the Toronto site of the At Home/Chez Soi randomized controlled trial, we investigate the impact of receiving a Housing First intervention on the Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference of participants with moderate and high needs for mental health support services. The ANCOVA results indicate that the intervention resulted in no significant change in BMI or waist circumference from baseline to 24 months. The findings suggest a need for a better understanding of factors contributing to overweight, obesity, and high waist circumference in populations who have histories of housing precarity and experience low-income in tandem with other concerns such as mental illness and addictions.Trial RegistrationInternational Standard Randomized Control Trial Number Register ISRCTN42520374

EP07.06: Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in monochorionic twin pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilisation

To investigate obstetric and perinatal outcomes in monochorionic(MC) twin pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilisation(IVF) or spontaneously. The retrospective cohort study was conducted in 384 women with MC twin pregnancies delivered in Seoul National University Hospital between Jan. 2004 and Dec. 2014. Patients with monoamniotic twin pregnancy and with delayed interval delivery of a second twin were excluded in this study. Patients whose data on the methods for conception and chorionicity were also excluded. Study population was divided into 2 groups according to the methods for conception: IVF versus spontaneous conception (SC). Obstetric and perinatal outcomes were evaluated. This study consisted of 47 twin pregnancies conceived by IVF and 337 twin pregnancies conceived spontaneously. IVF group had a higher median maternal age and higher rate of overweight or obesity than SC group (p < 0.05, for each). The rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)(OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.03–6.23) and preterm labour (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.07–3.32) were significantly higher in IVF group than in SC group after adjusting for maternal age and body mass index (p < 0.05, respectively). Other obstetric and perinatal outcomes were not different between the two groups, although congenital anomalies were found more frequently in SC group than in IVF group (p < 0.05). We found that the rates of GDM, preterm labour and congenital anomaly were different in MC twin pregnancies according to the methods for conception. No significant differences in other obstetric and perinatal outcomes were found between both groups.

Waist circumference cut-off in relation to body mass index and percentage of body fat in adult women from Merida, Mexico.

Waist circumference (WC) as an index of central obesity is related to body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (PBF). Waist circumference data were analyzed to identify a WC cut-off for adult women with respect to BMI-based obesity (≥ 30 kg/m²) and PBF. The sample was 138 women aged 22 to 41 years with Maya ancestry (based on surnames) in Merida, Yucatan, measured during 2011 - 2013. Anthropometric parameters included height, body weight (BW), and BMI. The PBF was estimated by bioelectrical impedance. Estimated cut-offs per centimeter WC (80 - 99 cm) were predicted by BMI for obesity (≥ 30 kg m⁻²; binomial: Yes = 1, No = 0) and PBF (continuous variable) using binary logistic regression analyses. Mean age was 32 years, mean BMI was 29 kg m(-2) and mean WC was 89 cm. The sample exhibited high PBF (44 %), and high rates of overweight (44%) and obesity (40%). The threshold WC (≥ 93 cm) had high sensitivity (80%), specificity (82%), Youden Index value (0.62), and correct classification rate (82%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 88 %. The WC ≥ 93 cm cut-off had corresponding values for mean BMI (34 kg m⁻²) and PBF (47%). The optimal WC cut-off at 93 cm significantly identified central obesity for BMI ≥ 30 kg m⁻² and PBF for this sample.

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN ADOLESCENTS.

changes in lifestyle are related to early exposure of adolescents to comorbidities associated with cardiovascular disease. These conditions may have consequences in adulthood. to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk and its associated factors in the three phases of adolescence. a cross-sectional study involving adolescents 10-19 years old in the city of Viçosa distributed in three stages. We evaluated laboratory tests, body mass index classified into Z-score according to gender and age, and the percentage of body fat classified by gender. We used the chi-square test, chi-square partition with Bonferroni correction and Poisson regression. The significance level was α < 0.05. The project was approved by the UFV Committee of Ethics and Research with Humans. overweight, excess body fat, lipid profile, sedentary behavior, and history of CVD in family were the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents. The adolescents had higher rates of overweight and excess fat. As for the stages, the first one showed a higher percentage of individuals with sedentary behavior, overweight, total cholesterol and LDL in comparison with other stages. Individuals with changes in nutritional status were more likely to develop hypertension, changes in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, insulin, HOMA and low HDL when compared to healthy individuals. the cardiovascular risk factors have been observed in younger and younger individuals and are important factors to identify a population at risk.

Effectiveness of popular weight loss diets on cardiovascular risk reduction.

Effectiveness of popular weight loss diets on cardiovascular risk reduction.

Malnutrición por exceso: alta frecuencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares chilenos con síndrome de Down

Overweight and obesity in Down syndrome (DS) is a common problem. Chile has a high prevalence of DS. To determine overweight and obesity rates in students with DS and evaluate the concordance of three different growth charts. Seventy nine students with DS aged between 6 and 18 years (56% males), from three different schools, were included. Weight and height were measured and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The nutritional diagnosis was made according to BMI. Myrelid SDM/2002, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/2000, World Health Organization (WHO)/2007 charts for people with DS were used. Thirty percent of participants had hypothyroidism, 22.8% congenital heart disease and 5% asthma. Overweight and obesity rates according to SDM/2002, NCHS/2000 and WHO/2007 were 43, 57 and 66% respectively. The concordance between WHO/2007 and NCHS/2000 was almost perfect, but not with SDM/2002. A high rate of overweight and obesity was found in this group of children with DS, independent of the charts used or their comorbidities.

The Intricate Network of Adipokines and Stroke.

Cerebrovascular disorders, particularly ischemic stroke, are one of the most common neurological disorders. High rates of overweight and obesity support an interest in the role of adipose tissue and adipose tissue releasing cytokines in inducing associated comorbidities. Adipokines can serve as a key messenger to central energy homeostasis and metabolic homeostasis. They can contribute to the crosstalk between adipose tissue and brain. However recent research has offered ambiguous data on the network of adipose tissue, adipokines, and vascular disorders. In our paper we provide a critical insight into the role of adipokines in evolution of ischemic stroke.

Risk factors of overweight and obesity among preschool children with different ethnic background.

In this study, we evaluated the risk factors associated with overweight and obesity in 2,640 preschool children in Italy taking into account the ethnic background of the parents. Height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Personal and lifestyle data for the children (birth weight, type of breastfeeding, sleep duration, skipping breakfast, snacking, physical activity) and parents (ethnicity, educational level, occupation, weight, height) were collected by means of a questionnaire. Italian and Other European children generally showed the highest percentage of normal weight, while the other ethnic groups presented a greater imbalance. Overweight and obesity were high in African males, who also presented high birth weight. Breastfeeding was most common, although formula feeding was significantly higher in Italians than in immigrants. Immigrants, particularly males, tended to skip breakfast more than Italians. Physical activity was significantly higher in Italians than in immigrants. In the parents, underweight was particularly high in Italian and Other mothers. African parents had high rates of overweight and obesity and a low educational level. The most common profession was worker for the fathers and housewife for the mothers, with the exception of Italians in which clerical work prevailed. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the BMI of children was closely related to the BMI of the parents and the birth weight. Hence, these are the most informative parameters in preventing obesity.

Proyecto MercadoFRESCO: a multi-level, community-engaged corner store intervention in East Los Angeles and Boyle Heights.

Urban food swamps are typically situated in low-income, minority communities and contribute to overweight and obesity. Changing the food landscape in low income and underserved communities is one strategy to combat the negative health consequences associated with the lack of access to healthy food resources and an abundance of unhealthy food venues. In this paper, we describe Proyecto MercadoFRESCO (Fresh Market Project), a corner store intervention project in East Los Angeles and Boyle Heights in California that used a multi-level approach with a broad range of community, business, and academic partners. These are two neighboring, predominantly Latino communities that have high rates of overweight and obesity. Located in these two communities are approximately 150 corner stores. The project used a community-engaged approach to select, recruit, and convert four corner stores, so that they could become healthy community assets in order to improve residents' access to and awareness of fresh and affordable fruits and vegetables in their immediate neighborhoods. We describe the study framework for the multi-level intervention, which includes having multiple stakeholders, expertise in corner store operations, community and youth engagement strategies, and social marketing campaigns. We also describe the evaluation and survey methodology to determine community and patron impact of the intervention. This paper provides a framework useful to a variety of public health stakeholders for implementing a community-engaged corner store conversion, particularly in an urban food swamp.

Empieza con Fuerza Tu Día (Kick Start Your Day)

The Latino population in the United States is increasing, and has high rates of overweight and obesity. Hence, innovative health education materials are needed to promote obesity prevention efforts in this population. This article discusses the conceptualization and contents of Empieza con Fuerza Tu Día (Kick Start Your Day), a comic book written in Spanish, which promotes healthy eating habits. Key constructs of the health belief model (HBM) were included in various storylines depicted in the comic book. Twenty Latina health educators, promotoras, read the comic book and participated in one of two focus group interviews. Their feedback indicated that with some modifications, the comic book would be appropriate for Latino families. Hence, a health belief model comic book approach towards obesity prevention for Latino families is feasible.

Dietary and Supplement Intake of HIV-Infected Children and Young Adults

Objective. To describe the dietary intake of HIV-infected urban children and young adults and to evaluate their diet quality. Methods. Participants were children and youth with both perinatally and behaviorally acquired HIV infection participating in a study of vitamin D supplementation. Data collected included dietary intake, anthropometrics, and HIV status, with medical history abstracted from participants’ medical records. Results. Of 55 participants, 38 were male, 46 were African American, with a mean age of 20.7 ± 3.8 years. Growth and nutritional status were comparable to reference norms. Only 22% either met or exceeded their estimated energy requirement at low-active and 40% at sedentary activity levels. Fiber, potassium, and intakes of vitamins D and E were &lt;50% of recommended dietary allowance/adequate intake (RDA/AI), whereas vitamins A and K, choline, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were ≤75% of RDA/AI. Sodium intake exceeded the dietary reference intake upper limit in 92%. Vitamin D intake was significantly and positively associated with CD4% HIV status indicator. Conclusion. Dietary intake was inadequate for multiple micronutrients, particularly vitamin D, calcium, and potassium. Overall poor dietary quality was observed (in terms of intake of sodium, sugar, saturated fat, cholesterol, and fiber). Participants had high rates of overweight and obesity. These dietary and body weight concerns were similar to those seen in healthy American peers. The vitamin D intake and immunological status correlation deserves further investigation. HIV-infected individuals may benefit from routine dietary assessment and counseling.

Design and development of culture-specific pictograms for type 2 diabetes mellitus education and counselling.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels resulting in significant microvascular and macrovascular complications (1). Type 2 diabetes is an epidemic among Canadian First Nations. There are more than 800 000 First Nations people who live in Canada (2), with approximately 40% living on reserves. The growth rate of First Nations people is faster than the rest of the Canadian population, with a population increase of 29% between 1996 and 2006, 3.5 times the growth rate of 8% for the non-Aboriginal population (3). The proportion of First Nations with diabetes is especially marked among people who live on reserves, with a prevalence of 17.2% compared with 10.3% for First Nations off reserves and 5.0% in the general Canadian population (4). The high prevalence of diabetes in the First Nations population, especially among those who live on reserves, may be secondary to a combination of genetic (5) and lifestyle (6) factors leading to higher rates of overweight and obesity (7). The rapid rate of sociocultural changes has strongly impacted the lifestyles of First Nations people over the last 50 years, moving away from their traditional ways of life as hunters and food gatherers tomore sedentary activities and poorer eating habits, and also influenced by the high cost of imported fresh, healthy food. Furthermore, geographical remoteness often translates into lower access to healthcare and education opportunities, also contributing to the burden of disease (4). The factors that negatively affect the health of First Nations people in Canada are consistent with those reported for many indigenous populations worldwide (8,9). The higher prevalence of diabetes in First Nations communities on reserves makes the need for better patient education especially urgent, and should take into account their First Nations culture, language and literacy of English or French that may constitute barriers to efficient patient information, given the lack of education tools adapted to this situation. In Canada, patient information about diabetes is mainly available in text format (10), in English or French. This type of patient