High Proportion Of Water Research Articles

First Vesicular Self-Assembly of an Apocarotenoid Bixin in Aqueous Liquids and Its Antibacterial Activity.

Bixin 1 is the major constituent of the reddish carotenoids present in the seed-coat of Bixa orellana. The use of the extract of the seed-coat of Bixa orellana in food, cosmetics and garments is well known. The nano-sized long 24 C chain molecule has nine conjugated double bonds having extended conjugation with the '-COOH' and '-COOMe' groups present at the two ends of the molecule. Herein, we report the first self-assembly of bixin in several aqueous liquids. The molecule undergoes spontaneous self-assembly in several liquids yielding vesicular self-assembly. Characterizations of the self-assemblies of bixin were carried out by various microscopic techniques, X-ray diffraction and FTIR studies. The critical vesicular concentrations (CVCs) of the compound carried out in DMSO-water in three different solvent ratios as 2: 1 (v/v), 1: 1 (v/v) and 1: 4 (v/v) were determined to be 100 μM, 90 μM and 60 μM respectively indicating lower CVC values at higher proportion of water. Utilization of the vesicular self-assemblies of bixin have been demonstrated in the entrapment and release of fluorophores including the anticancer drugs doxorubicin and curcumin. Self-assembled bixin and curcumin loaded self-assembled bixin showed significant antibacterial activity with both Gram positive as well as Gram negative bacteria.

THIN LIGNOCELLULOSIC LINERS BASED OF SPRUCE SHAVINGS

The article is devoted to determining the basic physical and mechanical properties of sheet materials up to 1.5 mm thick based on wood shavings and PVAc glue with a high proportion of water, pressed under high pressure up to 25 MPa and a temperature of around 190°C, so that the softening of lignin caused by the generated steam, allow to create a compact and non-crumbling surface. In order to characterize the physical-mechanical properties of the new wood-based sheet material with minimum thickness and characteristic elasticity, tests according to the CEPI (Confederation of European Paper Industries) standards were adopted. Procedures for tensile strength according to ISO 1924-2 (2008), Burst strength according to ISO 2758 (2014), puncture according to ASTM D781-68 (1973), water absorption according to ISO 5637 (1989) and porosity according to TAPPI Test method T460 were applied.

Modified surfatron device to improve microwave-plasma-assisted generation of RONS and methylene blue degradation in water

Microwave-induced plasmas generated at atmospheric pressure are very attractive for a great variety of applications since they have a relatively high electron density and can generate large amounts of reactive species. Argon plasmas can be sustained inside dielectric tubes but are radially contracted and exhibit filamentation effects when the diameter of the tube is not narrow enough (over 1.5 mm). In this work, we describe a new approach for creating microwave (2.45 GHz) plasmas under atmospheric pressure conditions by using a surfatron device and power from 10 W. This modified design of the reactor enables the sustenance of non-filamented argon plasmas. These new plasmas have a higher gas temperature and electron density than the plasma generated in the original surfatron configuration. The new design also allows for the maintenance of plasmas with relatively high proportions of water, resulting in the generation of larger quantities of excited hydroxyl radicals (·OH*). Thus, this novel configuration extends the applicability of microwave-induced plasmas by enabling operation under new conditions. Finally, the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solutions has been assessed under different initial dye concentrations and argon flow conditions. The new plasma produces a substantial increase in hydrogen peroxide and nitrate concentrations in water and leads to a noteworthy enhancement in MB degradation efficiency. The introduction of water into the plasma produces a minor additional improvement.

Antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of Camellia oleifera seed dreg extract and its application in cosmetics.

Cosmetic care products contain a high proportion of water and nutrients. Therefore, preventing bacterial growth is an important issue to ensure product quality and safety. The application of antibacterial natural ingredients derived from plants is considered to have the potential to maintain product quality and reduce the use of chemicals in formulations. Additionally, chemically synthesized antiseptic and antibacterial agents are widely used in the industry at present. However, some preservative ingredients have been reported that may cause skin irritation, redness, allergies, and even dermatitis. This study aimed to prepare extract from Camellia oleifera tea seed dregs (CTSD), investigate the antibacterial effects on two pathogenic bacteria and evaluate the product preservative ability. Ethanol extraction was prepared and subjected to characterize their triterpenoid contents. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) were determined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The product's stability and preservative qualities, along with its ability to scavenge free radicals through antioxidant activity, were also assessed. The gram-positive S. aureus showed greater susceptibility to the treatment. In additional, CTSD possessed significant free radical scavenging activity invitro and cultured normal human skin fibroblast CCD-966SK cells under nontoxic concentration. The challenge test and accelerated storage test confirmed the CTSD containing formulated emulsion is eligible for commercialization. CTSD has the potential to be developed as an alternative agent to control microbial biofilm formation, or can be used as an adjuvant compound for infectious disease control.

The effect of milk fat content on microstructure and rheological properties of rennet casein gel emulsions

Cheese is described as an emulsion gel, in which the dispersed phase comprises milk fat globules while the continuous phase consists of a casein gel network. By embedding fat into the casein network, it is possible to tailor the viscoelastic and physiochemical properties of casein emulsion gels and design customized cheese products. In this study, we incorporated 0.1, 7, 11, and 18% (w/w) milk fat in casein gels made from renneted skimmed milk curd and investigated its effect on microstructure, rheological properties, and melting behavior of the gels. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images revealed the presence of larger fat globules and serum pockets in samples with a fat content >11%, which also led to a more porous protein gel network structure. A higher proportion of water with high mobility, observed by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, confirmed the presence of more or larger serum pockets in gels with the highest fat content. Rheological analysis showed that casein gels exhibited a behavior typical of weak solid viscoelastic materials. Increasing fat content increased gels strength, as revealed by a rise in storage modulus, but made them more susceptible to deformation. The gel-sol transition temperature increased from 65.5 ± 0.7 to 71.9 ± 0.2 °C with increased fat content due to the relatively lower moisture content in gels with a fat content >11%. The results obtained provided a better understanding of the possibility to modulate structural and rheological properties of casein emulsion gels emulsified with milk fat.

Managing sample introduction problems in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography

Sample injection can cause serious problems in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) when the injection solvent has higher elution strength than the mobile phase (mp). It can lead to asymmetric peak shapes and poor efficiency. The problem can occur when the mp contains a high proportion of organic e.g. 95% acetonitrile (a weak solvent) whereas the injection solvent contains a higher proportion of water (a strong solvent) that is necessary to dissolve polar samples. We investigated different strategies to overcome this problem. A simple method is pre-column dilution where the injector is programmed to deliver a plug of weak solvent (e.g. pure acetonitrile) along with the sample dissolved in a solvent with higher water content than the mp. Another option is to use alternative organic solvents to acetonitrile in the injection solvent, e.g. isopropanol, acetone or tetrahydrofuran, that may give enhanced sample solubility. The role of the volume of injection solvents was investigated as well as the possible effects of mass overload on the results. The use of small sample volumes is always recommended to reduce mismatch effects.

Morphological and Chemical Attributes of Mustard Varieties Affect the Abundance and Infestation of Aphid

Morphological and chemical traits of host plants play a vital role in the abundance and infestation of herbivore insects. The study was carried out to know the abundance and infestation of aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on selected mustard varieties namely BARI-14, BARI-15 and Tori-7, and to find out the relationship of the abundance and infestation of aphid with plant morphological and chemical traits. The percent plant infestation was lowest on BARI-15 and highest on BARI-14. Similarly, leaf and pod infestations per affected plant were less on the BARI-15, followed by Tori-7 and BARI-14. Aphid abundance on the plants and pods was minimal on BARI-15, followed by the Tori-7 and BARI-14. Aphid infestations were positively correlated with the percent water content and diameter of stems and pods. Likewise, percent nitrogen and organic carbon in the stems and pods were influential in elevating aphid abundances. Therefore, BARI-15 was the least preferred variety to aphids than Tori-7 and BARI-14. The higher proportion of water, nitrogen and organic carbon in the plants, stems and pods and the larger diameter of stems increased aphid abundance.

Effects of chronic exposure to arsenic on the fecal carriage of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli among people in rural Bangladesh.

Antibiotic resistance is a leading cause of hospitalization and death worldwide. Heavy metals such as arsenic have been shown to drive co-selection of antibiotic resistance, suggesting arsenic-contaminated drinking water is a risk factor for antibiotic resistance carriage. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and abundance of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (AR-Ec) among people and drinking water in high (Hajiganj, >100 μg/L) and low arsenic-contaminated (Matlab, <20 μg/L) areas in Bangladesh. Drinking water and stool from mothers and their children (<1 year) were collected from 50 households per area. AR-Ec was detected via selective culture plating and isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance, arsenic resistance, and diarrheagenic genes by PCR. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis was done for 30 E. coli isolates from 10 households. Prevalence of AR-Ec was significantly higher in water in Hajiganj (48%) compared to water in Matlab (22%, p <0.05) and among children in Hajiganj (94%) compared to children in Matlab (76%, p <0.05), but not among mothers. A significantly higher proportion of E. coli isolates from Hajiganj were multidrug-resistant (83%) compared to isolates from Matlab (71%, p <0.05). Co-resistance to arsenic and multiple antibiotics (MAR index >0.2) was observed in a higher proportion of water (78%) and child stool (100%) isolates in Hajiganj than in water (57%) and children (89%) in Matlab (p <0.05). The odds of arsenic-resistant bacteria being resistant to third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics were higher compared to arsenic-sensitive bacteria (odds ratios, OR 1.2-7.0, p <0.01). WGS-based phylogenetic analysis of E. coli isolates did not reveal any clustering based on arsenic exposure and no significant difference in resistome was found among the isolates between the two areas. The positive association detected between arsenic exposure and antibiotic resistance carriage among children in arsenic-affected areas in Bangladesh is an important public health concern that warrants redoubling efforts to reduce arsenic exposure.

Divergent roles of deep soil water uptake in seasonal tree growth under natural drought events in North China

Understanding the ecophysiological mechanisms underlying tree adaptation in drought-prone regions is crucial for predicting forest health in the face of future climate changes. However, little is known about how tree hydraulic adaptations modulate the responses of seasonal tree growth to water deficits along a large climate gradient. In this study, the spatially divergent responses of tree growth to natural drought events were assessed through observations of water uptake patterns, leaf water potentials, sap flow rates, and tree stem radial variations in Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantations along a climate gradient in North China. Higher proportions of water were absorbed from the middle and deep soil layers during dry spells compared to the growing season across all study sites. However, at the semiarid and subhumid sites, increased water uptake from deeper soil layers did not completely alleviate drought stress. Instead, the trees adopted strong stomatal control over transpiration at the expense of reduced growth. In contrast, at the humid site, seasonal shifts in water uptake effectively compensated for the negative impacts of seasonal drought on tree growth. Given that intensified climatic droughts are expected under climate warming, the establishment of an early warning drought system is increasingly urgent for plantations in regions prone to drought stress.

INV-FLOW: New Possibilities to Evaluate the Technical Condition and Function of Extraction Wells

The declining supply of available groundwater resources is increasing the importance of extraction wells. To maximize the yield of extraction wells, the operators do not always respect the sustainable use of groundwater resources. These efforts can affect water quality and impact the service life of an extraction well, mainly through the clogging process. As part of the INV-FLOW project, an apparatus for evaluating the functionality of an extraction well by measuring the vertical water flow through its screen and filter was designed and tested. The apparatus consists of two electromagnetic induction flowmeters, two pneumatic seals, and a pump with the possibility of regulation. After an initial laboratory verification of the fundamental concept, the apparatus was successfully tested in real conditions. Two extraction wells, HJ-3 and HJ-4, intended for water supply to an agricultural production plant, were measured at a pilot site in the Czech Republic using the INV-FLOW apparatus. Although the HJ-3 extraction well is at the end of its service life, the HJ-4 extraction well is a newly installed well. In the new extraction well, HJ-4, a high proportion of water flowing through the gravel pack relative to the total pumping flow (93–97%) was measured using the INV-FLOW apparatus at different pumping rates. In the case of the HJ-3 extraction well, screen and filter clogging contributed significantly to the limited water flow through the gravel pack. In the most affected parts of the extraction well (15–20 m b.g.l.), the proportion of water flowing through the gravel pack relative to the total pumping flow ranged from 10 to 20%. The pilot tests confirmed the functionality of the apparatus and the possibility of using it to evaluate the degree of clogging and incrustation of an extraction well. The pilot tests thus demonstrated the usability of the INV-FLOW apparatus. The extraction well operator can assess the level of clogging or incrustation of the extraction well and decide on the need for the rehabilitation of an extraction well, or the termination of its operation.

Quantitative Photoacoustic Reconstruction of the Optical Properties of Intervertebral Discs Using a Gradient Descent Scheme

The intervertebral discs (IVD) are among the essential organs of the human body, ensuring the mobility of the spine. These organs possess a high proportion of water. However, as the discs age, this content decreases, which can potentially lead to various diseases called degenerative disc diseases. This water content is therefore an important indicator of the well-being of the disc. In this paper, we propose photoacoustic imaging as a means of probing a disc and quantitatively recovering its molecular composition, which should allow concluding on its state. An adjoint-assisted gradient descent scheme is implemented to recover the optical absorption coefficient in the disc, from which, if spectroscopic measurements are performed, the molecular composition can be deduced. The algorithm was tested on synthetic measurements. A realistic numerical phantom was built from magnetic resonance imaging of an actual IVD of a pig. A simplified experiment, with a single laser source, was performed. Results show the feasibility of using photoacoustics imaging to probe IVDs. The influences of exact and approximate formulations of the gradient are studied. The impact of noise on the reconstructions is also evaluated.

Analytical model of incremental oil recovery as a function of WAG ratio and tapered WAG ratio benefits over uniform WAG ratio for heterogeneous reservoir

The water-alternating-gas (WAG) operating scheme and reservoir permeability heterogeneity are the main crucial parameters, which highlyaffect WAG displacement process. The novelty of this article lies in the development of an analytical model for WAG incremental oil recovery as function of WAG ratio, viscous gravity ratio and mobility ratio for the stratified heterogeneous reservoir. We have investigated the effect WAG ratio on WAG incremental oil recovery with variation horizontal permeability heterogeneity, vertical permeability anisotropy and dip angle of the reservoir. The critical operating parameters investigations were carried to optimize WAG displacement process in both homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoirs. Finally, we have estimated all the benefits of the most suitable techno-economical WAG operating scheme as tapered WAG (TWAG) over uniform WAG (UWAG). The developed analytical model showsreasonably similar results as numerical simulation. The results of the analytical and numerical analysisshow that the incremental oil recovery accelerated bya decrease WAG ratio. However, this effect is more noticeable at high viscous gravity (VGR). The increase in reservoir dip angle subsequently increases vertical and displacement sweep efficiencies compared to the horizontal reservoir for different WAG ratio. While increasing WAG ratio decreases vertical sweep and increases displacement sweep of inclined reservoir compared to the horizontal reservoir. The increase of oil recoverywas observed by higher Kv/Kh with a lower WAG ratio. However, this effect is less evident at lower Kv/Kh. The WAG ratio with a higher proportion of water is beneficial for the heterogeneous reservoir. The infill implemented before WAG start shows faster oil recovery compared to WAG start first then infill implemented in the heterogeneous reservoir. The TWAG incremental recovery over water flood was 18% in homogeneous and 8% in heterogeneous reservoirs, while EUR was approximately similar to UWAG. The TWAG shows more efficient techno-economic benefits over UWAG due to better economics, faster oil recovery rate, more efficient use of injected gas and reduces response time in both homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoirs.

Indicators of site loss from a migration network: Anthropogenic factors influence waterfowl movement patterns at stopover sites

A network of connected wetlands supports migratory movements of waterfowl. These networks are rapidly changing due to intensive human activities around natural habitats. Quantifying how anthropogenic factors change waterfowl movements via a reduction of habitat availability and quality can facilitate a better understanding of the dynamics of these migration networks, and provide early-warning signals for network collapse. Using satellite tracking data for greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, we tested how environmental factors (i.e., anthropogenic and ecological factors) influence geese movement patterns at stopover sites. We found that these factors, e.g., percentage of farmlands in the landscape, and proximity index of wetland patches, accurately predicted percentage of flying time and the median movement distance of tracked geese at stopover sites. Farmlands may increase energy consumptions in stopover sites because the geese flew more frequently, made longer movements, and switched their behaviour more frequently in landscapes with a higher proportion of farmlands. Goose movements were constrained in natural habitats, as a higher proportion of water and wetlands increased their movements, and thereby increased flying time and median movement distances. We suggest that using environmental factors monitored by remote sensing techniques to predict bird movement patterns is a powerful quantitative tool to measure quality of stopover sites. The changes in environmental factors in these stopover sites can be used as an indicator for the probability of losing a site from a migration network, and thereby generates insights for setting priorities in conservation planning of migratory birds.

The influence of the rocks material composition on the reservoir properties of the reservoir

High oil reserves characterize most fields in Western Siberia. However, along with this, zones of the productive formation that are poorly involved in development and production wells, in which products with a high proportion of water are produced, are distinguished within limits. For understanding the causes of this problem, it is important to consider the material composition of the reservoirs. In particular, it is necessary to consider the clay content, which is associated with the reservoir properties of rocks, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity and, accordingly, with wettability. The article examined and analyzed a representative sample of core study of two wells in the Gubkinsky oil and gas region, which suggested the possible reasons for the lack of oil reserves.

Effects of land use on streams: traditional and functional analyses of benthic diatoms

Agriculture and urbanisation, the two forms of land use, represent serious threats to the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems, especially in the case of small streams at low altitudes. In this study, 75 Hungarian streams were analysed to explore the effects of these land use types on the composition of benthic diatom communities and their richness. In the Carpathian region, species and trait composition, as well as species richness, varied primarily according to the local environmental variables followed by the shared effects of the environmental factors and land use types. At the same time, functional richness was chiefly explained by the pure effects of land use. However, the difference in trait composition between areas dominated by forest (low profile guild, small cell size) and agriculture (motile ecological guilds with middle size, linear-lanceolate shape) was obvious. Higher proportion of water and artificial surfaces might support the spread of diatom species with specific traits: low profile guild with a slightly elongated outline. Nevertheless, no effect of urbanisation on the set of traits, species composition and richness was detected at either local or catchment scale, which might be due to the relatively small portion of artificial surfaces in the watersheds as a whole.

A numerical approach for fish fillet modeling during freezing process _ Case study from Vietnamese catfish fillets

Freezing is one of the most complicated treatment in food processing due to the dependence of food properties on temperature. In addition, many kinds of food contain a high proportion of water which has some special thermal characteristics. In this study, the freezing process for a fish fillet from Vietnamese catfish fillets is considered using the Finite Element Method. The coupled heat and mass transfer problem is investigated in a discretized computational domain. Numerical results obtained from COMSOL solver then are compared with the experimental data to prove the efficiency of the proposed method.

Effect of isopropanol on crystal growth and photocatalytic properties regulation of anatase TiO2 single crystals

ABSTRACTAnatase TiO2 crystals with different morphologies were synthesised through a solvothermal route and characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). Characterisation results show that anatase TiO2 single crystals with high activity (001) facets could be synthesised by using hydrofluoric acid as the crystal plane controlling agent. Experiments on the effect of isopropanol (i-PrOH) on crystal growth show that isopropanol can accelerate hydroxylation and substitution of (001) facets under solvothermal conditions, resulting in corrosion of (001) facets. Besides, we proposed and discussed a plausible effect mechanism of isopropanol on crystal growth. Research on the regulation of photocatalytic properties proposed that the solvents properties are the critical factors in controlling the redox reaction process. The stronger acidic conditions and higher proportion of water in solvents are more conducive to oxidation reaction. Anaerobic environment is more conducive to reduction reaction.

Evaluation of HZSM-5 Zeolite as Cracking Catalyst for Upgrading the Vapours Generated in the Pyrolysis of an Epoxy-Carbon Fibre Waste Composite

In this paper the performance of HZSM-5 zeolite in the thermo-catalytic treatment of the vapours and gases evolved from the pyrolysis of a carbon fibre-epoxy waste composite has been evaluated. The experiments have been carried out in a laboratory-scale installation consisting in a 3.5 L tank reactor, where pyrolysis of the waste happens, and a 0.5 m long tubular reactor placed in series, where the thermo-catalytic treatment of the gases and vapours coming from the tank reactor takes place. The catalytic activity of the zeolite has been studied at 700 and 900 °C, in two different placement configurations and in presence and absence of carrier gas. HZSM-5 zeolite is capable of cracking the organic compounds of the liquid phase, generating a liquid fraction with high proportion of water. In the presence of carrier gas, this catalyst also increases the proportion of H2 in gases. In general terms the effect of the catalyst is not very noteworthy, probably due to the large molecules that are involved in the process and due to problems of poisoning and deactivation with coke, sulphur and nitrogen compounds. In any case, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to produce a gas fraction with more than 50 vol.% of H2 in all experiments in which the treatment of gases and vapours is applied.

Towards the development of a novel “bamboo-refinery” concept: Selective bamboo fractionation by means of a microwave-assisted, acid-catalysed, organosolv process

This work addresses a novel microwave-assisted, acid-catalysed, organosolv (EtOH/H2O) system for the selective fractionation of bamboo, examining the effects of the temperature (110–190 °C), solvent system (EtOH/H2O) and catalyst amount (0–5 vol.% formic acid) on the process. The statistical analysis of the results revealed that the operating variables have a significant influence on bamboo fractionation, allowing the selective production of (i) a cellulose-rich solid fraction, (ii) a hemicellulose rich water-soluble fraction and (iii) a lignin rich solid fraction. The yields of each of these fractions varied between 51 and 94%, 2 and 23% and 2 and 32%, respectively. Increasing temperature exerted a positive effect on bamboo decomposition, increasing the overall bamboo conversion and influencing the effect that the solvent system (EtOH/H2O) has on the process. At low temperature (110 °C) the solvent system does not have much influence, while a synergetic interaction between EtOH and H2O took place at higher temperatures, which allowed better results to be obtained with EtOH/H2O mixtures than with the pure solvents alone. The effect of the catalyst was relatively weak, being greatest when using a high temperature (190 °C) and high proportions of water (>85 vol.%) in the solvent system. With respect to the properties of each fraction, the cellulose rich solid fraction was made up of un-reacted cellulose (44–83 wt.%), hemicellulose (0–21 wt.%) and lignin (12–34 wt.%); the water-soluble hemicellulose rich fraction consisted of a mixture of oligomers, sugars, carboxylic acids, ketones and furans; and the solid rich lignin fraction comprised high purity (>95 wt.%) organosolv lignin. The optimisation of the process revealed that by using a temperature of 190 °C, a solvent system consisting of 45 vol.% EtOH and 55 vol.% H2O with a concentration of formic acid of 5 vol.% it is possible to fractionate bamboo into a high purity (84 wt.%) cellulose solid fraction, very pure (>95%) organosolv lignin and a rich water-soluble hemicellulose fraction consisting of a mixture of oligomers (27 wt.%), sugars (56 wt.%) and carboxylic acids (14 wt.%); thus converting this process into a very promising method for the selective fractionation of bamboo.

Optimising the Performance of Cement-Based Batteries

The development of a battery using different cement-based electrolytes to provide a low but potentially sustainable source of electricity is described. The current, voltage, and lifespan of batteries produced using different electrolyte additives, copper plate cathodes, and (usually) aluminium plate anodes were compared to identify the optimum design, components, and proportions to increase power output and longevity. Parameters examined include water/cement ratio, anode to cathode surface area ratio, electrode material, electrode spacing, and the effect of sand, aggregate, salts, carbon black, silica fume, and sodium silicate on the electrolyte. The results indicate that the greatest and longest lasting power can be achieved using high proportions of water, carbon black, plasticiser, salts, and silica fume in the electrolyte and using a magnesium anode and copper cathode. This cell produced an open-circuit voltage of 1.55 V, a resistor-loaded peak current over 4 mA, maintaining over 1 mA for 4 days, and a quasi steady current of 0.59 mA with a lifespan of over 21 days.