High Proportion Of Carbohydrate Research Articles

Value addition and bioprospecting of indigenous ethnic food, Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume (Araceae) for sustainable livelihood

Tripura, a small hilly state in India, harbors a treasure trove of traditional knowledge that revolves around utilizing forest-based resources for sustenance. Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume, which belongs to the family Araceae, is a widely available and preferred food choice for the ethnic communities in Tripura. This study aimed to look at its biochemical potential for adding value and for bioprospecting. Several markets and homes were polled to determine how they could be used for more than one thing and to estimate the wild stock, demand, and supply. The results revealed that the corm is processed to make a food cake known as Batema and has a high market value. Batema is a traditional food that is high in carbs and is sold in the local markets which are alternative to soybeans and tofu. Furthermore, the nutritional content analysis reveals that a higher proportion of carbohydrate (7.73%) is present, followed by protein (3.15%), fat (0.05%), and estimated total calories (43.97 kcal/g). Besides that, the number of micronutrients and minerals, viz., Na (26.08%), Mg (0.94%), Al (1.92%), P (1.21%), K (2.99%), and Ca (4.34%), was also estimated. These findings suggested that Batema could be a resource for dietary supplements, which improve the healthfulness of novel foods for human consumption. Unfortunately, this food product is sold locally, which on the contrary, can be revolutionized from its traditional production into large-scale production at the commercial level. Such an approach will help secure livelihoods and increase the production and trade of this unique product.

New insights on the expression patterns of specific Arabinogalactan proteins in reproductive tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins containing a high proportion of carbohydrates, widely distributed in the plant kingdom and ubiquitously present in land plants. AGPs have long been suggested to play important roles in plant reproduction and there is already evidence that specific glycoproteins are essential for male and female gametophyte development, pollen tube growth and guidance, and successful fertilization. However, the functions of many of these proteins have yet to be uncovered, mainly due to the difficulty to study individual AGPs. In this work, we generated molecular tools to analyze the expression patterns of a subgroup of individual AGPs in different Arabidopsis tissues, focusing on reproductive processes. This study focused on six AGPs: four classical AGPs (AGP7, AGP25, AGP26, AGP27), one AG peptide (AGP24) and one chimeric AGP (AGP31). These AGPs were first selected based on their predicted expression patterns along the reproductive tissues from available RNA-seq data. Promoter analysis using β-glucuronidase fusions and qPCR in different Arabidopsis tissues allowed to confirm these predictions. AGP7 was mainly expressed in female reproductive tissues, more precisely in the style, funiculus, and integuments near the micropyle region. AGP25 was found to be expressed in the style, septum and ovules with higher expression in the chalaza and funiculus tissues. AGP26 was present in the ovules and pistil valves. AGP27 was expressed in the transmitting tissue, septum and funiculus during seed development. AGP24 was expressed in pollen grains, in mature embryo sacs, with highest expression at the chalazal pole and in the micropyle. AGP31 was expressed in the mature embryo sac with highest expression at the chalaza and, occasionally, in the micropyle. For all these AGPs a co-expression analysis was performed providing new hints on its possible functions. This work confirmed the detection in Arabidopsis male and female tissues of six AGPs never studied before regarding the reproductive process. These results provide novel evidence on the possible involvement of specific AGPs in plant reproduction, as strong candidates to participate in pollen-pistil interactions in an active way, which is significant for this field of study.

Monitoring Compositional Changes in Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) Sourced from Different Waste Stream Diets Using Attenuated Total Reflectance Mid Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics.

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, L.) larvae are characterized by their ability to convert a variety of organic matter from food waste into a sustainable source of food (e.g., protein). This study aimed to evaluate the use of attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy to monitor changes in the composition as well as to classify black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) samples collected from two growth stages (fifth and sixth instar) and two waste stream diets (bread and vegetables, soy waste). The BSFL samples were fed on either a soy or bread-vegetable mix waste in a control environment (temperature 25 °C, and humidity 70%). The frass and BSFL samples harvested as fifth and sixth instar samples were analyzed using an ATR-MIR instrument where frequencies at specific wavenumbers were compared and evaluated using different chemometric techniques. The PLS regression models yield a coefficient of determination in cross-validation (R2) > 0.80 for the prediction of the type of waste used as diet. The results of this study also indicated that the ratio between the absorbances corresponding to the amide group (1635 cm−1) and lipids (2921 + 2849 cm−1) region was higher in diets containing a high proportion of carbohydrates (e.g., bread-vegetable mix) compared with the soy waste diet. This study demonstrated the ability of MIR spectroscopy to classify BSFL instar samples according to the type of waste stream used as a diet. Overall, ATR-MIR spectroscopy has shown potential to be used as tool to evaluate and monitor the development and growth of BSFL. The utilization of MIR spectroscopy will allow for the development of traceability systems for BSFL. These tools will aid in risk evaluation and the identification of hazards associated with the process, thereby assisting in improving the safety and quality of BSFL intended to be used by the animal feed industry.

The use of sweet potatoes in the technology of cake dough products

The article highlights the research aimed at proving the prospects of using valuable local raw materials – sweet potatoes to increase the nutritional and biological value, as well as reducing the caloric content of flour products from cake dough. The range of flour confectionery products and the peculiarity of manufacturing technology are analyzed. Cake flour products occupy a significant place in the general structure in terms of production, although the analysis of their physical and chemical composition gives grounds to claim that they do not always have a high degree of nutritional and biological value, balanced chemical composition. This is due to the high proportion of carbohydrates, fats and low content of proteins, vitamins and other biologically active compounds. In addition to nutritional value, the shelf life of products is an important factor. Cake products belong to the fat-containing flour confectionery products, and accordingly they are subjected to oxidative treatment, which encourages the search for new antioxidants of natural origin. The aim of the work is to improve the technology of cake batter with the use of sweet potato puree and to study the influence of additives of local plant raw materials on the structural-mechanical and organoleptic characteristics of finished products. The local raw material of sweet potatoes, which is characterized by a valuable chemical composition as a source of vitamins, micro- and macroelements of pectin and dyes, was chosen as an improver. The main indicators of the quality of sweet potato puree were determined experimentally. The influence of sweet potato puree on the organoleptic characteristics of the finished products was investigated, and it was found that the introduction of 20 % puree by weight of flour is optimal. As the concentration of the puree increases, the taste of the product deteriorates, as well as the porosity decreases and the color changes. The positive effect of sweet potato puree on physico-chemical indicators of the quality of finished products has been established. When adding puree in the amount of 20 % by weight of flour, the porosity is increased by 8 % in comparison with the control sample. The technology of obtaining a cake from sweet potato puree has been developed. The prescription composition and the basic technological scheme of their production are substantiated. It is proved that flour products with the addition of sweet potato puree in the amount of 20 % to the weight of the flour are slower to harden and retain their properties for 9 days of storage. The safety of prolonged storage has been confirmed by microbiological studies. Thus, the expediency of using sweet potato puree in the technology of cake dough products in order to reduce calories, increase the biological value, improve organoleptic characteristics. As well as the possibility of replacing artificial improvers in the structure, taste and aroma of cakes, due to the substances contained in sweet potato puree.

Diet pattern may affect fasting insulin in a large sample of black and white adults.

Dietary modification of insulin resistance may be a strategy for reducing chronic disease. For this study, we tested the hypothesis that higher fasting insulin, a marker for insulin resistance, would be related to diet patterns with a high proportion of carbohydrates, those with a high glycemic index, and those characterized by added sugar and processed starches. Data were analyzed on 13,528 nondiabetic participants of the REasons for Geographic and Ethnic Differences in Stroke (REGARDS), an observational study of adults aged ≥45 years residing in 1855 counties across the continental USA. Information on habitual diet was collected using the Block 98 Food Frequency Questionnaire. Percent energy from carbohydrate, glycemic index, and glycemic load were determined for each participant, as well as adherence to five established diet patterns. Logistic regression was used to examine associations of baseline diet characteristics with odds for high fasting insulin [quartiles 3 and 4 (median = 98.9 pmol/L) vs. quartile 1], after adjusting for covariates. Greater percent carbohydrate, glycemic index, and glycemic load, and adherence to sweets/fat and southern diet patterns, was associated with greater odds for high insulin (P for trend <0.05 to <0.0001), whereas adherence to the plant-based and alcohol/salad patterns was associated with lower odds for high insulin (P for linear trend <0.0001). In conclusion, diet pattern is associated with fasting insulin. Future studies are needed to determine if diet interventions designed to lower insulin, perhaps based on the patterns identified in this study, can improve risk for chronic disease.

Follow-up study in German Hunting Terrier dogs with exercise induced metabolic myopathy

Exercise induced metabolic myopathy in German Hunting Terrier dogs is an autosomal-recessively inherited disorder, caused by a nonsense variant of the gene encoding for the very long-chain acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (VLCAD) enzyme. Clinical signs include exercise- induced fatigue, muscle pain and weakness. In the present study, the long-term course of this disease was investigated over a period of 1 year in 9 affected German Hunting Terriers. The dogs were treated symptomatically with oral L-carnitine, coenzyme Q10 and a special diet characterized by a low content of long-chain fatty acids and a high proportion of carbohydrates. In 9 affected dogs, the phenotype as well as clinical, laboratory parameters, and histopathological findings are described (time point 1) and compared to follow-up examinations 1 year later (time point 2). At both time points clinical and neurological examinations, complete blood cell count, clinical chemistry profile and the concentration of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were investigated. In the follow-up examinations, the same post-exercise clinical signs were present as in the initial presentation of the homozygous dogs. Dark-brownish discoloration of the urine, weakness, myalgia as well as stiff and tetraparetic gait were apparant. All hematological values and the concentration of NT-proBNP were within the relevant reference ranges. Plasma CK and ALT activities were compared between the first presentation and the follow- up examination and no significant differences were detected (pCK = 0.31, pALT = 0.64). Signs of myopathy remained unchanged throughout the examination period. Oral supplementation with L-carnitine, coenzyme Q10 and the special dietary management did not result in any improvement of clinical signs or laboratory parameters. No progression of the disease was observed. The prognosis for affected dogs remains cautious as long-term observations of affected dogs over several years are lacking. Our findings provide further important information on inherited disorders of mitochondrial β-oxidation in dogs, especially focused on the exercise induced metabolic myopathy in the German Hunting Terrier. This may provide new insights for novel treatment modalities in conjuntion with the development of improved breeding guidelines.

Erosion Induced Heterogeneity of Soil Organic Matter in Catenae from the Baltic Sea Catchment

Soil organic matter (SOM) is unevenly distributed in arable fields in undulated landscapes, but the chemical composition resulting from their turnover, transport and deposition processes is insufficiently known. Therefore, we aimed at disclosing the molecular-chemical composition of SOM in four different catenae at shoulderslope, backslope and footslope positions in arable fields in the Baltic Sea catchment, Europe. The backslope positions always had the lowest organic C-contents (Corg) (1.6…11.8 g·kg−1) and C-stocks (3.8…8.5 kg·m−2) compared to the shoulderslopes and footslopes (1.7…17.7 g·Corg·kg−1, 5.4…15 kg·Corg·m−2). In the SOM-poor backslope positions, the organic matter was characterized by relatively high proportions of carbohydrates, phenols + lignin monomers, alkylaromatic compounds, N-compounds and amides, indicating intensive microbial decomposition. By contrast, the footslopes had the largest Corg-contents (9.3…16.5 g·kg−1) and C-stocks (8.9…15 kg·m−2) in the catenae and particular enrichments in lipids, lignin dimers, sterols and free fatty acids. These relatively stabile SOM compound classes are interpreted as leftovers from erosive downslope transport and concurrent microbial decomposition, e.g., they are pronounced at backslope positions, followed by restricted microbial decomposition. This heterogeneous SOM distribution calls for an adapted soil management that reduces erosion and places amendments to field areas, such as the shoulderslope and backslope.

Effect of hydrothermal pre-treatment on duckweed (Landoltia punctata) biomass for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process

Duckweed has been proposed as a potential raw material to produce renewable biofuels, signified by: its high productivity and low competition with agriculture; its high proportion of carbohydrate (cellulose and starch); a low lignin content, which avoids the likely recalcitrance of cellulose to saccharification. This study has investigated the effect of hydrothermal pre-treatment on structural and chemical changes in Brazilian duckweed (L. punctata) biomass as well as its conversion to bioethanol, focusing on the hydrolysis and fermentation of the cellulose fraction. The biomass was hydrothermally pre-treated over a range of severities (1.9–4.8) and then subjected to simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The best pre-treatment condition was at a severity factor of 3.9; this condition produced the highest ethanol yield (89 wt% of the theoretical potential yield). This represents a 63 wt% increase compared to untreated biomass. Hydrothermal pre-treatment has been shown to be a suitable technology for increasing ethanol yields from L. punctata biomass towards the theoretical maximum.

Promoting minor millets for food and nutritional security

The term millet includes a number of small grained cereal grasses, According to the grain size, millets have been categorized as major millets which include sorghum and pearl millet and several small grained millets which include finger millet (ragi) foxtail millet (kangni), kodo millet (kodo), proso millet (cheena), barnyard millet (sawan) and little millet (kutki). Minor millets are borne on short, slender and grassy plants. They are mainly grown in arid, semi-arid or mountain zones as rainfed crops in marginal and sub-marginal soils. These cereals have the capacity of growing during adverse soil and climatic conditions and several of their cultivars are of short duration (60-80 days) producing about 0.5 t ha(-1) which is better than no crop. Some of the minor millets are ideal for contingency crop planning to take advantages of late receipt of rains, failure of the first crop due to unexpected long drought or even receding flood situations. They are amazing in their nutritional content. Compared to rice and wheat mineral content in small/minor millets is higher. While finger millet contains 30 times more calcium than rice and wheat, other minor millets contain at least two times more calcium than rice and wheat. Little millet and foxtail millet have a higher amount of iron. They are also have therapeutic qualities. Minor millets, being non-glutanous, therefore are used for people with gluten allergy. The fat content in minor millets not only provides energy but also aids in balanced proportions and is rich in methionine, cysteine and lysine. These are especially beneficial to vegetarians who depend on plant food for their protein nourishment. The grain contains high proportions of carbohydrates and dietary fibre which help in prevention of constipation, lowering cholesterol and slow release of glucose to the blood stream during digestion. Important vitamins viz., thiamine, riboflavin and niacin are present in higher quantities. However, it is also reported that cardiovascular diseases, duodenal ulcers and hypoglycaemia occur rarely in minor millet eaters. In spite of several health and economic benefits, minor millets are disappearing from the people's diet and farm soils due to the shift in food habits, rapid rate of urbanization, time and energy required to prepare minor millet based foods, poor marketing facilities and processing techniques. Mechanical polishing is well-known for rice, wheat and maize but for minor cereals this step is unknown. For instance, large scale imports of rice and wheat and policies to subsidize production of those crops had negative impact on the production of minor millets. Therefore, urgent attention must be given to the production and consumption of these minor cereal crops to ensure food and nutritional security throughout the country.

Carbohydrate-related nutritional and genetic risks of obesity for indigenous northerners

By the end of the 2010-s the prevalence of obesity among the indigenous people of the North approached to the all-Russia one and the speed of the spread of other metabolic disorders exceeded the average all-country levels. Aim of this review is to analyze data on the increase in consumption and variety of sugars coupled with a genetic specificity of regulation of saccharidase activity and their possible impact on the matters. Results. It have been shown that the traditional protein-lipid-based northern type diet has substantially changed and now contains a high proportion of carbohydrates. The carbohydrate per capita consumption among the indigenous people of the North has reached the all-Russia average level (40 kg per year) which exceeds the European average of 36.2 kg per year. The variety of food disaccharides has also considerably increased. The daily consumption of sucrose, at the beginning of the 20th century it was the only sugar contained in the store-bought foods, increased from 30 g in the 1930s to 63-65 g in the 1990s. In addition, the proportion of sucrose dropped to 60-70 per cent, while the contribution of other disaccharides (lactose, trehalose) reached 30-40 per cent. Daily starch consumption has also increased and got close to the national average (males 228.5 g, females 157.5 g per day). Such a diet in itself increases the risk of metabolic disorders and obesity. The high prevalence of the genotypes that determine reduced levels or inability to produce sucrase-isomaltase, lactase, trehalase, salivary and pancreatic amylases among northerners becomes a negative cofactor. The evolutionary driven and embodied in genotype reduced ability of the indigenous Arctic people to digest complex carbohydrates is in a conflict with the growing consumption of sugars and starchy foods in modern conditions. The northern people have a high proportion of carriers of the AG deletion in SI gene (3.5-14.3% against 0.05-0.2% among Europeans) which determines malabsorption of sucrose. The CC/LCT genotype (96.6% in northerners, 36-49% in Russians) presumes lactose intolerance and is associated with the risk of childhood obesity. The occurrence of A allele in the rs2276064 locus of TREH gene (trehalose intolerance; 31.3-58.9% in northerners, 1.9% in Europeans) increases the probability of the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. According to preliminary estimates, 28-52% of the northerners completely lost AMY gene that precludes or drastically reduces the ability to digest starch. A reduction in the number of copies of AMY gene (the average number of copies AMY2A - 4, in, in northerners it is 1.0-1.4) is associated with overweight and obesity. Conclusion. The analysis shows that, in the case of the modern indigenous northerners, nutritional and genetic risks of metabolic disorders accumulate.

Determinants of the Double Nutritional Burden of the Children of the Early Childhood Program of the Municipality of Barranquilla 2016

The objective of this research is to present the determinants of the double nutritional burden in the homes of children of the Early Childhood Program of the Mayor's Office of Barranquilla. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a sample of 295 boys and girls, selected by simple random sampling. The source of information was primary, tabulated and mechanically presented the results. The macro variables studied were the sociodemographic, economic and food characteristics, the anthropometric nutritional status, household food security and the physical activity of the mother or caregiver. The frequency of the double nutritional burden was 26.4%, which prevails in the families of mothers with an average educational level, the female head of household, mothers between 18 and 29 years old with 56.6%, the average Age was 30.0 years with a standard deviation of ±10.2 years. Children between three and four years, the mean age was 2.9 years, with a standard deviation of ±1.2 years and socioeconomic level low. Likewise, it observed that households with a double nutritional burden consume a higher proportion of carbohydrate, fat and empty calorie foods and present a degree of food insecurity in 75%. The double nutritional burden in early childhood shows a complicated situation of deficit and excess that forces us to continue looking for strategies that allow the approach of this problem in a comprehensive and intersectoral manner.

Eating a Balanced Diet: A Healthy Life through a Balanced Diet in the Age of Longevity.

Recently, trends in the Korean diet have favored westernized and unbalanced meals that mainly provide a single nutrient. To stop this unfavorable trend, the Committee of the Ten Guidelines for a Health Life: Korean Medical Association released three best practices to follow for the healthy and balanced diet in 2017. The purpose of these guidelines is to encourage people to eat a balanced diet that meets the recommended caloric intake, thereby reducing the risk of obesity and obesity-related diseases. First, eat a carbohydrate:protein:fat ratio of 55:20:25. Middle-aged and elderly Koreans consume a high proportion of carbohydrates as part of their total caloric intake, and those ≥65 years consume a low proportion of fat as part of the total caloric intake. Second, reduce consumption of soda and sugar-sweetened beverages. The recent World Health Organization recommendation for added sugar is less than 10% of a person’s total daily energy intake (<50 g/day). Koreans currently consume 72.1 g of added sugar per day. Koreans between the ages of 6 and 29 years consume sugar mostly through sodas, and those ≥30 years consume sugar mostly through coffee. Third, maintain the recommended caloric intake for a healthy diet. Rapid weight gain increases blood sugar levels and blood pressure, which can lead to diabetes and hypertension, as well as increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and colorectal cancer. To help prevent these conditions, people should maintain a healthy weight by avoiding overeating and being physically active starting at a young age.

Vertical Distributions of Macromolecular Composition of Particulate Organic Matter in the Water Column of the Amundsen Sea Polynya During the Summer in 2014

AbstractMacromolecular compositions (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) of particulate organic matter (POM) are crucial as a basic marine food quality. To date, however, one investigation has been carried out in the Amundsen Sea. Water samples for macromolecular compositions were obtained at selected seven stations in the Amundsen Sea Polynya (AP) during the austral summer in 2014 to investigate vertical characteristics of POM. We found that a high proportion of carbohydrates (45.9 ± 11.4%) in photic layer which are significantly different from the previous result (27.9 ± 6.9%) in the AP, 2012. The plausible reason could be the carbohydrate content strongly associated with biomass of the dominant species (Phaeocystis antarctica). The calorific content of food material (FM) in the photic layer obtained in this study is similar with that of the Ross Sea as one of the highest primary productivity regions in the Southern Ocean. Total concentrations, calorific values, and calorific contents of FM were higher in the photic layer than the aphotic layer, which implies that a significant fraction of organic matter underwent degradation. A decreasing proteins/carbohydrates (PRT/CHO) ratio with depth could be caused by preferential nitrogen loss during sinking period. Since the biochemical compositions of POM mostly fixed in photic layers could play an important role in transporting organic carbon into the deep sea, further detail studies on the variations in biochemical compositions and main controlling factors are needed to understand sinking mechanisms of POM.

Effects of dietary carbohydrate on 1,5-anhydroglucitol in a population without diabetes: results from the OmniCarb trial.

To determine the effects of dietary changes in amount and type of carbohydrate on 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels. We conducted an ancillary study to a completed, randomized clinical trial in overweight and obese adults without diabetes (N=159). Using a crossover design, participants were fed each one of four diets in turn for 5 weeks, with 2-week washout periods inbetween. The four diets were: high glycaemic index (≥65) with high proportion of carbohydrate (58% kcal) (GC); low glycaemic index (GI≤45) with low proportion of carbohydrate (40% kcal) (gc); low glycaemic index with high proportion of carbohydrate (gC); and high glycaemic index with low proportion of carbohydrate (Gc). Plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels were measured at baseline and after each feeding period. At baseline, participants had a mean age of 53 years (53% women, 52% non-Hispanic black, 50% obese). Their mean fasting glucose and 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels were 97 mg/dl (5.4 mmol/l) and 18.6 μg/mL (113.3 μmol/l), respectively. Compared with baseline, each of the four diets reduced 1,5-anhydroglucitol by a range of -2.4 to -3.7 μg/mL (-14.6 to -22.5 μmol/l); all P <0.001). Reducing either glycaemic index or proportion of carbohydrate lowered 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels. These effects were additive, such that reducing both glycaemic index and proportion of carbohydrates decreased 1,5-anhydroglucitol by -1.31 μg/mL [95% CI: -1.63, -0.99; P<0.001 or -8.0 (-9.9, -6.0) μmol/l]. Furthermore, these effects were confirmed in a subgroup of participants with 12-h glucose monitoring and no documented hyperglycaemia (fasting glucose <160 mg/dl or 8.9 mmol/l). Both type and amount of dietary carbohydrate affect 1,5-anhydroglucitol plasma concentrations in adults without diabetes. This finding contradicts the long-standing notion that 1,5-anhydroglucitol remains at constant concentrations in the blood in the absence of hyperglycaemic excursions. (Clinical trials registry number: NCT00051350).

Cell surface properties and biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria

Cell surface properties of slime production, cell hydrophobicity (CH), colony spreading, auto-aggregation, and biofilm formation (BF) of pathogens were investigated. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Listeria monocytogenes generally formed strong biofilms and were positive slime producers. The extracellular polymeric substances isolated from agar-grown biofilms of Bacillus cereus and P. aeruginosa contained a high proportion of carbohydrates, proteins, and extracellular DNA. High levels of CH were observed for all pathogens when hydrocarbons were combined with ammonium sulfate (AS). Levels of hydrophobicity based on bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbons using nonane with AS were positively correlated with hydrophobic interaction chromatography assay and contact-angle measurement results. BF and CH values of all pathogens, except E. coli O157:H7 and B. cereus, were highly correlated. Levels of pathogen hydrophobicity differed depending on the measurement method. Factors affecting BF were different depending upon the pathogen.

五株北极微藻的藻际细菌多样性分析

As an important primary producer in the marine ecosystem,phytoplankton cells excrete organic compounds.These include high proportions of carbohydrates,amino acids and organic acids,including glycolic acid which forms the base of the marine microbial food web,and affects bacterial growth. Bacteria can live free in the phycosphere and also attached to the surface of algal cells,consuming extracellular products and consequently participate in biogeochemical cycling. Phytoplankton-bacteria interactions range from symbiotic to parasitic interactions,which play an important part in the microbial loop. However,research into phytoplankton-bacterium interactions is limited and yet to be published. The object of this study was to determine the specific associations between dominant algae and associated bacteria in the North Polar Region. We analyzed bacterial diversity in the phycosphere of four Arctic marine microalgae isolates( Micromonas sp.,Fragilariopsis sp.,Attheya septentrionalis and Thalassiosira sp.) and one glacial isolate,Chlorella sp.. Fragilariopsis sp.,Attheya septentrionalis,and Thalassiosira sp. belong to Bacillariophyta,while Chlorella sp. and Micromonas sp. belong toChlorophyta. The 16 S rRNA gene of the attached and free bacteria related to these five microalgae during different growth phases was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The associated bacterial diversity based on DGGE profiles was rich. These bacteria were clustered into Cyanobacteria, CFB, α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria,and γ-Proteobacteria. Bacteria in the phycosphere of marine isolates Micromonas sp.,Fragilariopsis sp.,Attheya septentrionalis and Thalassiosira sp. mainly belonged to cyanobacteria,α-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria. CFB was detected only in the phycosphere of Micromonas sp. and Fragilariopsis sp. With regard to the only glacial isolate Chlorella sp.,cyanobacteria,CFB,α-Proteobacteria,and β-Proteobacteria were detected in the majority. Differences in the dominant bacterial species of each microalgae,were distinguished. Cyanobacteria and α-Proteobacteria were detected in the phycosphere of these microalgae. Cyanobacteria bands from Fragilariopsis sp.,Attheya septentrionalis and Chlorella sp.differed from those of Micromonas sp. and Thalassiosira sp. Sulfitobacter of α-Proteobacteria coexisted with both Fragilariopsis sp. and Thalassiosira sp. β-Proteobacteria was traced only from the glacial isolate Cholrella sp. γ-Proteobacteria was commonly detected in the four marine microalgal cultures except the glacial isolate Chlorella sp..Shewanella was found closely associated with Micromonas sp., Attheya septentrionalis and Fragilariopsis sp., while Pseudoalteromonas was associated with Attheya septentrionalis and Fragilariopsis sp. and Thalassiosira sp. DGGE profiles and clustering analysis showed that the attached and free bacteria associated with Fragilariopsis sp. during the lag phase,exponential phase and stationary phase varied,except that the dominant bacteria was constant. Free bacteria in the phycosphere of the three diatom strains were claded into γ-Proteobacteria,while free bacteria associated with Chlorella sp.was clustered into β-Proteobacteria. Meanwhile,attached bacteria associated with these four microalgae were comprised mainly of cyanobacteria. However,the attached and free bacteria from the other four microalgae strains were invariable,indicating stability of the bacterial community structure in the phycosphere,except for a slight variation in the abundance of the dominant bacteria. The associated bacterial community related to the Arctic microalgae isolations was analyzed and it would help us recognize the mechanism of phytoplankton-bacteria interaction and their coexisting contribution in the Arctic ecosystem.

P4-11-20: Observational Study of Body Weight Changes and Metabolic Syndrome in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Therapy: Characteristics of Dietary Pattern in Korean Breast Cancer Patients.

Abstract Backgroud: Obesity, postdiagnosis weight gain, and presence of metabolic syndrome in breast cancer are reported to adversely affect survival among breast cancer survivors. Most of the studies on weight gain and metabolic syndrome in breast cancer are from Western countries and few information is available on Asian population. We designed this prospective observational study to characterize weight and metabolic changes during adjuvant treatment in women with early breast cancer and to identify factors associated with occurrence of metabolic syndrome, focusing on dietary pattern. Methods: Patients aged 18–75 who underwent curative surgery with stage I-III invasive breast cancer were enrolled from 2008 to 2010. We measured glucose (FBS), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) level in fasting serum samples before starting adjuvant therapy, at 6 months and 12 months after enrollment. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat mass, and percent body fat at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months were also measured. Dietary intake was assessed using valid semi-quantitative Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Results: Total of 63 patients were enrolled. Median age of the enrolled patients were 48 (range, 25–68), with premenopausal/postmenopausal 40 (63.5%)/ 23 (36.5%). Fifty (82.0%) and 10 (16.4%) received adjuvant chemotherapy followed by hormone therapy and hormone therapy alone. Hormone receptor positive (ER+/PR+) and HER2 positive cancer accounted for 52 (83.9%) and 7 (12.1%). Mean FBS, HbA1c, TC, HDL, and TG level was 99.9 mg/dL (range, 83–159), 5.59 mg/dL (range, 4.8−7.5), 197.4 mg/dL (125-298), 51.9 mg/dL (range, 30–90), and 119.7 mg/dL (42-371). Mean height, weight, and BMI was 158 cm (range, 149–169), 61.7kg (range, 46.2−96.0), and 24.7 kg/m2 (range, 18.7−35.7), respectively. According to the WHO and NTH guidelines for Asian, normal (BMI 18.5−22.9), overweight (BMI 23–24.9), and obesity (BMI≥25) was 18 (28.6%), 13 (20.6%), and 32 (50.8%), respectively. Number of patients with metabolic syndrome was 18 (34%). Mean BMI (26.1 vs 24.0, p=0.021) and TG (180.6 vs 92.0, p&amp;lt;0.001) was higher, HDL cholesterol was lower (42.2 vs 57.3, p&amp;lt;0.001) in patients with metabolic syndrome. Composition of daily calorie intake consisted of 13.5% (range 10.7−21.8) of protein, 6.7% (range, 3.3−22.1) of fat, and 70.1% (range, 28.1−79.5) of carbohydrate. The presence of metabolic syndrome was associated with a higher carbohydrate intake (carbohydrate intake per ideal body weight&amp;gt;6.0) (p=0.071). The TG level of patients who indigested high carbohydrate was significantly higher (143.8 vs 102.9, p=0.023). The HDL level of patients who took high fat diet (&amp;gt;20% of total calorie) was lower (45.3 vs 53.5, p=0.045). Conclusion: In our cohort of Korean breast cancer patients, 34% had metabolic syndrome at baseline. Those patients with metabolic syndrome consumed higher proportion of carbohydrate, which resulted in significantly higher level of TG. Our data suggest that composition of calorie intake is different in Asian population compared to Western countries, warranting for reappraisal on the recommendation on life style modification and diet. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-11-20.

건조방법에 따른 매생이의 이화학적 성분

매생이를 열풍, 진공 및 동결건조법을 이용해 건조하고 이들 건조방법이 건조 매생이의 이화학적 성분에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 일반성분 중 가장 많이 함유하고 있는 성분은 건조방법과 무관하게 탄수화물(38.10～41.54%)이었으며, 다음으로 조회분(31.86～33.28%), 조단백질(17.46～23.03 %), 수분(4.14～6.25%) 및 조지방(1.01～1.51%) 순으로 나타났다. 열풍건조 시료의 총당 함량이 19.53%로 가장 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 다음으로 진공건조 시료가 19.22%, 동결건조 시료가 18.18% 순으로 나타났다. 열풍건조 시료의 비타민 C 함량은 진공건조 시료와 유의적인 차이가 없었지 만(p>0.05), 동결건조 시료보다는 유의적으로 낮은 값을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 열풍건조 시료 중 가장 많이 함유하고 있는 아미노산은 glutamic acid, 다음으로 proline, aspartic acid 순으로 나타났고, 이들 세 가지 구성아미노산의 합은 건조방법에 따라 전체 아미노산의 33.34～34.80%를 차지하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 매생이 건조방법별 무기성분 총 함량은 열풍 및 진공건조 시료가 동결건조 시료보다 월등히 많은 무기성분을 함유하고 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05).<BR> 또한 다량 함유하고 있는 무기성분은 건조방법과 무관하게 Na, K, Mg, Ca, P 순으로 나타났고 그 밖에 미량 무기성분으로 Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu 등을 함유하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Glucose homeostasis in rainbow trout fed a high-carbohydrate diet: metformin and insulin interact in a tissue-dependent manner

Carnivorous fish species such as the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are considered to be "glucose intolerant" because of the prolonged hyperglycemia experienced after intake of a carbohydrate-enriched meal. In the present study, we use this species to study glucose homeostasis in fish chronically infused with the hypoglycemic agents, insulin, and metformin, and fed with a high proportion of carbohydrates (30%). We analyzed liver, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue (WAT), which are insulin- and metformin-specific targets at both the biochemical and molecular levels. Trout infused with the combination of insulin and metformin can effectively utilize dietary glucose at the liver, resulting in lowered glycemia, increased insulin sensitivity, and glucose storage capacity, combined with reduced glucose output. However, in both WAT and skeletal muscle, we observed decreased insulin sensitivity with the combined insulin + metformin treatment, resulting in the absence of changes at the metabolic level in the skeletal muscle and an increased potential for glucose uptake and storage in the WAT. Thus, the poor utilization by rainbow trout of a diet with a high proportion of carbohydrate can at least be partially improved by a combined treatment with insulin and metformin, and the glucose intolerance observed in this species could be, in part, due to some of the downstream components of the insulin and metformin signaling pathways. However, the predominant effects of metformin treatment on the action of insulin in these three tissues thought to be involved in glucose homeostasis remain exclusive in this species.

The role of diet and temperature in shaping cranial diversification of South American human populations: an approach based on spatial regression and divergence rate tests

Aim Understanding the importance of ecological factors in the origin and maintenance of patterns of phenotypic variation among populations, in an explicit geographical context, is one of the main goals of human biology, ecology and evolutionary biology. Here we study the ecological factors responsible for craniofacial variation among human populations from South America. Location South America. Methods We studied a dataset of 718 males from 40 South American populations, coming from groups that inhabited different geographical and ecological regions. Cranial size and shape variation were studied using 30 cranial measurements. We first used spatial correlograms and interpolated maps to address spatial patterns. We then regressed the shape (principal component scores) and size variables against ecology (mean annual temperature and diet) using multiple and multivariate spatial regression. Finally, the expected magnitudes of shape and size divergence under the influence of genetic drift and mutations alone were evaluated using neutral expectation for the divergence rate. Results The spatial correlograms showed a cline affecting the entire South American distribution. Interpolated maps showed that size and allometric shape vary from south-east to north-west. Multiple and multivariate regression analyses suggested that diet has the largest and most significant effect on this pattern of size and allometric shape variation. Finally, the results of the divergence rate test suggested that random processes alone cannot account for the morphological divergence exhibited by cranial size and allometric shape scores among southernmost populations. Main conclusions Correlograms, spatial regression and divergence rate analyses showed that although local factors (neutral processes or local environmental conditions) are important to explain spatial interpopulation differentiation in cranial characteristics among these populations, there is significant correlation of cranial size and allometric shape variation with diet. Gene flow among human populations, or local environmental conditions, could explain spatial variation mainly at smaller spatial scales, whereas the large-scale pattern of the South American dataset is mainly related to the high proportion of carbohydrates and low proportion of proteins consumed.