High Prevalence Of Prehypertension Research Articles

IJCM_176A: Prehypertension and its association with anthropometric indices among young adult Bank Employees of a city in coastal district of Andhra Pradesh-A cross-sectional study.

Background: Hypertension is a rapidly emerging modifiable lifestyle disease and is often called as the silent killer. Owing to a steady increase in the prevalence it is of public health concern. Hypertension develops gradually preceded by prehypertension as evidenced by longitudinal studies. Bank employees lead a sedentary and highly stressful life that often leads to developing NCD’s such as hypertension. The study aims to assess the prevalence of prehypertension among them. Objectives: 1. To assess the prevalence of Prehypertension among bank employees. 2. To determine the association between various anthropometric measurements and Prehypertension among bank employees. Methodology: A Cross-sectional Study was carried out among the bank employees of urban Kakinada, during October & November 2023 and their hypertension status was assessed. List of banks in the city was obtained and 32 of them were selected by simple random sampling using lottery method. Sample size was calculated using the formula=z2pq/l2 with an allowable error of 15% of prevalence.Prevalence(55.3%) was taken from the study done by Sira Jam Munira and sample size was 140.Young adults(25-44years) of age from the rank of Clerk and above were included in the study. Modified WHO STEPS questionnaire was used to collect data using Kobo toolbox and the data was analysed using MS Excel 2019 and SPSS 21. Prior approval was taken from Institutional Ethics Committee. Results: A total of 308 respondents constituted the study population. The mean age of the participants was 52.80±10.97 years. Among various domains of QOL, mean scores were found to be maximum for environmental domain (54.08± 14.76). Females have lower scores among various QOL domains as compared to their male counterparts. Age was found to be independent predictor for all the domains of QOL. Literacy, monthly family income, presence of self-reported stress and duration of the diabetes were all significantly associated with majority of domains of QOL on multivariate analysis (P<0.05). Conclusion: Advancing age and duration of diabetes were found to be among important predictors of QOL. Conclusion: Young adult bank employees had high prevalence of prehypertension and it was more prevalent among females.

Evaluating the Pre-Hypertension and Hypertension with Associated Risk Factors in India: Evidence From LASI 2017–2018 Data

India’s cardiovascular conditions and healthcare systems are significantly impacted by hypertension. This study aims to provide estimates of the prevalence of hypertension, and pre-hypertension, in India. Furthermore, it identifies lifestyle modifications to reduce hypertension in age groups of 45–59 and 60+. This study uses data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, 2017–2018, which includes information on 31,197 adults (45–59) and 28,567 older adults (60+). Descriptive, multivariate, and multinomial regression analyses have been performed to ascertain the prevalence and correlation of socioeconomic characteristics and related risk factors. The finding of this study suggests that individuals in the 60+ age group have a higher prevalence of hypertension. In contrast, a higher prevalence of pre-hypertension can be seen in the 45–59 age group. Gender, place of residence, living arrangement MPCE quintile, family history of hypertension, body mass index, self-rated health, and alcohol consumption are significantly associated with pre-hypertension and hypertension. There is a need for public awareness and control since people with age 45–59 are less aware of hypertension; otherwise, unintentionally, they can develop more risk with aging. Methods of modifying one’s lifestyle and dietary changes have a significant impact on the prevention of hypertension; that is why there is a great need for people to be aware of all these.

PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF HYPERTENSION AND PRE-HYPERTENSION AMONG THE ADULT POPULATION: FINDINGS FROM THE DUBAI HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, 2019

Objective: Hypertension prevalence has risen over the last decades around the world. The latest estimates showed that nearly one-third of the adult world population is having hypertension (31.1%, 1.39 billion). Minimal data is available on the prevalence and correlates of hypertension (HTN) and pre-hypertension (PHTN) among adults in Dubai. [1,2]. The study aims to measure the prevalence of HTN and PHTN, and the associated socio-demographics, behavioral risk factors and comorbidities among the adult population of Dubai. Design and method: This study used data from the Dubai Household Health Survey, 2019. A cross-sectional population survey based on a complex multistage stratified cluster sampling design. The sample frame of the survey is the population of Dubai. Sampling weights were used for this study to account for sampling design. The total eligible sample included 2,530 adults (include both Emirati and non-Emirati who are 18+). HTN and PHTN were operationally defined according to the diagnostic cut-off points of the WHO criteria [3]. Binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with HTN and PHTN. Results: The overall prevalence of HTN in adults was 32.5% (38.37% in males and 16.66% in females). PHTN was prevalent in 29.8% of adults in Dubai (28.85% in males and 32.31% in females). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age groups, gender, occupations, and high Body Mass Index of the participants were significantly associated with a higher risk of HTN. Males, obese and participants enrolled in skilled and service works had higher risk of HTN, compared with the reference groups. For the correlates of PHTN in the present analysis, skilled and service workers and overweight individuals were associated with a higher prevalence of PHTN. Conclusions: his study showed a high prevalence of HTN and PHTN among adults in Dubai. Some socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors were identified as correlates of HTN and PHTN. Interventions aiming at increasing public awareness about such risk factors are essential. It is important to reallocate the healthcare services and resources to the groups of higher need among adults in Dubai.

Hypertension in Quilombola children and adolescents.

To determine the prevalence of prehypertension (PH) and hypertension (AH) in quilombola children and adolescents, as well as to analyze sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics.Prevalence study conducted in random samples of quilombola children and adolescents from 06 to 19 years of age, in remaining quilombo communities in Cachoeira-Bahia. Identification, sociodemographic, behavioral, anthropometric, and blood pressure (BP) data were used. Descriptive analyses of the variables of interest were performed based on absolute (N) and included frequencies (percentage, prevalence). Pearson's Chi-square (χ2) and Fisher Exact tests determined possible differences.Of the 668 participants, 54.3% were children, 51.2% were male, and 29.4% presented alterations in BP. PH and AH were found in 12.7% and 14.3% of the children, respectively; for adolescents, these values were 12.5% and 15.4%, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the prevalence of AH in the 2 population groups, nor between the PH measurements. Most families reported a low socioeconomic status. Among children, 6.6% were underweight, 14.6% were overweight, 10.7% were obese, 12.7% presented a Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR) > 0.5; 70.1% were inactive and 88.4% had a sedentary lifestyle; 5.6% of the adolescents were underweight, 12.8% were overweight, 9.2% were obese, 11.5% presented a WHtR > 0.5; 78% were inactive and 92.1% had a sedentary lifestyle. Normotensive children and adolescents, and those with alterations in BP differed only in terms of the Body Mass Index (P = .007) and WHtR (P < .001). The consumption of unhealthy foods was high.The high prevalence of PH and AH, as well as of exposure to potential risk factors for AH in quilombola children and adolescents, reveals a worrisome situation, and demands further studies to identify risk factors for this disease and the need for interventions beyond the health sector, especially as regards disease prevention and control in the early stages of life, aiming to reduce its prevalence as adults.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension and pre-hypertension among the adult population: findings from the Dubai Household Survey, 2019

BackgroundMinimal data is available on the prevalence and correlates of hypertension and prehypertension in Dubai. The study aims to measure the prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension and the associated socio-demographic characteristics, behavioral risk factors and comorbidities among the adult population of Dubai.MethodsThis study used data from the Dubai Household Health Survey, 2019. A cross-sectional population survey based on a complex stratified cluster random design. The total eligible sample included 2530 adults (18+). Sociodemographic and behavioral factors were considered as independent covariates. The main study outcome variables, pre-hypertension and hypertension, were ordinal, with normotension as the reference group.ResultsThe overall prevalence of hypertension in adults was 32.5% (38.37% in males and 16.66% in females). Prehypertension was prevalent in 29.8% of adults in Dubai (28.85% in males and 32.31% in females). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age groups, gender, occupation, and high Body Mass Index were significantly associated with a higher risk of hypertension at the level of P < 0.05. No clear trend toward a higher correlation of hypertension was noted with the increase in age, except after the age of 50 years. Males were five- times more likely to be hypertensive than females. Participants enrolled in skilled and service works had a five times higher risk of hypertension, compared with the reference group (professionals). Obese subjects had a 5.47-times greater correlation of hypertension compared with normal-weight subjects. Physically active individuals were less likely to develop hypertension. For the correlates with prehypertension in the present analysis, skilled and service workers and those working in elementary jobs had a higher risk of prehypertension, compared with the reference group (professionals) Individuals with a status of overweight were associated with a higher prevalence of prehypertension compared with people of normal weight.ConclusionsThis study showed a high prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among adults in Dubai. Some socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors were correlated with prehypertension and hypertension among the studied population. Interventions aiming at increasing public awareness about such risk factors are essential.

Blood Pressure in Relation to Age, Body Mass Index and Socioeconomic Status among the Khasi Women of Sohra (Cherrapunji) of Meghalaya, India

The present community study describes the nature of relationship between blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) in relation to sociodemographic factors among the Khasi mothers of Sohra (Cherrapunji), Meghalaya, India. It was found that older mothers were significantly heavier than younger mothers in terms of both body weight (p &lt; 0.01) and BMI (p &lt; 0.01), and the relation between age and BMI was positively significant (p &lt; 0.01). The prevalence of underweight was about 15% and 12% among the younger and older mothers, respectively; whereas the prevalence of overweight exceeded that of underweight, and it was statistically higher (p &lt; 0.01) in older mothers (34%) than in their younger counterparts (25%). The prevalence of hypotension was about 16% among mothers below 30 years old, which was significantly higher than among older mothers (p &lt; 0.001). However, older mothers had a higher prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension compared to younger mothers (p &lt; 0.001). The marginal effects of socioeconomic status on age-adjusted blood pressure in terms of household income and educational levels were not statistically significant. The regression analysis indicated a non-linear relationship between BMI and blood pressure. It was found that younger women had on average lower age-adjusted blood pressure than those with normal BMI. However, the effect of being underweight on age-adjusted blood pressure disappeared when overweight was included in the model, indicating that overweight women had on average higher age-adjusted blood pressure than underweight women in the present study. Therefore, it is likely that the positive correlation between BMI and blood pressure may predominantly be due to elevated blood pressure at higher BMI levels, especially in populations with decreasing proportion of underweight due to a rapid increase in overweight and obesity. Our findings may also have certain implications for the relation between underweight and other adverse health outcomes of undernutrition in less developed countries.

Prevalence and risk factors for pre-hypertension and hypertension amongst school going adolescents in a rural area: an observational study

Background: Hypertension seen in childhood can progress into adulthood thereby increasing morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. Younger the age of onset of hypertension, the greater is the reduction of life expectancy if left untreated. With increase in incidence of elevated blood pressure and hypertension in children; it is important to measure and record blood pressure along with weight and height at least once a year as recommended by National Institute of Health (NIH) task force of USA. Aims and objectives was to determine the prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension and to identify the associated risk factors for them in school going adolescents.Methods: An observational/cross-sectional study conducted among adolescents studying between Std 5th to Std 9th. A total 507 students belonging to the age group of 10-17 years were examined. Anthropometric measurements were taken to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI) and Blood pressure was measured by using mercury sphygmomanometer. Gender, age and height were considered for determining hypertension.Results: Amongst the 507 children, prevalence of pre-hypertension was 15.4% and that of hypertension was 10.85%. The study also revealed statistically significant higher prevalence of hypertension in males than in females. Family history of hypertension and dietary habits, obesity were positively correlated with higher prevalence of hypertension. A higher prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension was seen in the present study group compared to the similar studies in the state.Conclusions: The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension among adolescent school children was 15.38% and 10.8% respectively. Possible risk factors for this current trend may be the increasing sedentary life style, faulty eating habits, and increased fat/salt contents of diet. The results suggest the need for more public awareness and prevention programs for childhood obesity and hypertension.

Association of fried food intake with prehypertension and hypertension: the Filipino women's diet and health study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESFew epidemiological studies examined the association between fried food intake and hypertension. This study examined whether fried food intake was associated with higher prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension combined in a cross-sectional study of the Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study (FiLWHEL).SUBJECTS/METHODSThis study included a total of 428 women aged 20–57 years who have ever been married to Korean men. Prehypertension was defined as 120 - < 140 mmHg of SBP or 80 - < 90 mmHg of DBP and hypertension as SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg. Fried food intake was assessed using one-day 24-hour recall. Fried foods were categorized into total, deep/shallow and pan/stir fried foods. The odds ratio (OR)s and 95% confidence interval (CI)s were calculated using multivariate logistic regression.RESULTSThe prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension combined was 41.36% in this population. High fried food intake was associated with high prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension combined. The odds of having prehypertension and hypertension was higher in the 3rd tertile of fried food intake among fried food consumers compared to non-fried food consumers (OR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.24, 4.87; P for trend = 0.004). Separate analysis for types of frying showed that deep and shallow fried food intake was associated with prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension combined for comparing the 3rd tertile vs. non-fried food consumers (OR = 2.93; 95% CI = 1.57-5.47; P for trend = < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSThis study showed the evidence that high fried food intake was significantly associated with high prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension combined among Filipino women married to Korean men.

High Prevalence of Prehypertension and its Association with Modifiable Risk Factors: Findings of Household STEPS Survey from Urban Puducherry, South India.

Background:Prehypertension increases the likelihood of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and renal failure, and it is amenable to control if it is detected early. The burden of prehypertension prevalent in the community is not much explored. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and to identify the socio-behavioral and dietary factors related to prehypertension in South India.Methods:A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out where data related to socio-demographic status, substance use, dietary patterns, physical activity, and associated comorbidities were assessed using the WHO STEPwise survey tool. Adults aged >=18 years who were not previously diagnosed and treated for hypertension were assessed for prehypertension. Prevalence of prehypertension is reported as percentage with 95% CI. Association was reported as adjusted prevalence ratio obtained through multivariable log binomial regression adjusted for potential confounders.Results:Among 2399 participants, 2213 underwent screening. Among 2213 adults, 810 (36.6%, 95% CI: 34.6–38.6%) were in the prehypertension range. The adjusted prevalence for prehypertension was 36.2% among males and 37.2% among females, respectively. Being in the age group of 45–54 years aPR-1.36, body mass index (BMI) >23 Kg/m2 aPR-1.25, consumption of more than 6 grams of salt per day aPR-1.15 times were more likely to be associated with prehypertension. The comorbid conditions such as diabetes are less likely to be associated with prehypertension aPR-0.54 (0.41–0.72).Conclusions:This community-based surveillance showed 36% of prehypertension among adults which would have been missed if we were to follow the routine cares such as opportunistic and high-risk-based screening. Since prehypertension increases the risk for various end organ failures, there is an impending need to focus on screening and promote healthy lifestyles.

Prehypertension and hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adult population in Republic of Serbia: A cross-sectional study

Background/Aim. Prehypertension and hypertension are an important public health problem worldwide and although they can be modified, they are often a risk for cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension and associated risk factors in the adult population (15+ years) of Serbia. Methods. The cross-sectional study covered 14,623 adult respondents, but 14,422 volunteered to measure their blood pressure according to a pre-defined protocol. A stratified two-stage national representative random sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample. Results. In 2013, 17.7% of Serbian population, aged 15 and over, was normotensive, every third (33.1%) person had prehypertension, and every second (49.3%) had hypertension. The standardized prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension was 40.6% and 34.5%, respectively; 57.8% of the hypertensive population were receiving medical treatment. Among those receiving medical treatment, 35.2% (36.4% males and 33.2% females) had a blood pressure within the normal range. According to the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis, independently significant risk factors for hypertension compared to persons with normotension were older age (50 and more) (p &lt; 0.001), overweight (p &lt; 0.001) and obesity (p &lt; 0.001), moderate (p &lt; 0.001) and large (p &lt; 0.001) waist circumference in both sexes, and nonurban place of residence in females (p = 0.006). In females, independently significant risk factors for prehypertension compared to persons with normotension were older age (50 and more) (p &lt; 0.001), overweight (p &lt; 0.001) and obesity (p &lt; 0.001), moderate (p &lt; 0.001) and large (p &lt; 0.001) waist circumference, but high level of physical activity was significantly protective (p = 0.014). In males, overweight (p &lt; 0.001) and obesity (p &lt; 0.001) were independently significant risk factors for prehypertension. Conclusion. Serbia belongs to countries with a high prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension. Our results emphasize the need for a new public health strategy for the prevention, detection and treatment of prehypertension and hypertension.

Prevalence and socioeconomic determinants of prehypertension and hypertension in Aligarh

Introduction: High blood pressure is the commonest risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is a major contributor to avoidable death and disease in India. The present study was carried out with an objective to study the prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension and sociodemographic correlates in rural and urban areas. Materials and Methods: The present community based cross sectional study was conducted in the field practice areas of the Urban Health Training Centre (UHTC) and Rural Health Training Centre (RHTC), Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Systemic random sampling to include subjects was used. Six hundred and forty subjects were chosen for the study. The study was carried out for one year. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 13. Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension in our study was 19.7% and 53.7% respectively. The prevalence of high blood pressure showed a significantly increasing trend with increasing age in both males and females. Significant association of hypertension with sociodemographic variables such as occupation, income, locality and social class was noted. Conclusion: High prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension calls for urgent preventive and treatment measures which are cost effective for early diagnosis and improve the availability of basic diagnostics at primary health care level. Keywords: Hypertension, Pre-hypertension, Prevalence, Socio-demographic factors.

The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: An Age-matched Analysis from FiLWHEL (2014–2016), NNS (2008), KNHANES (2013–2015) and NHANES (2013–2016) Data (P18-088-19)

ObjectivesCardiovascular disease (CVD) is accountable for major cause of deaths among women worldwide. We aimed to assess the prevalence of CVD risk factors among Filipino women in Korea, Filipino women in the Philippines, Korean women in Korea and US women in the US. MethodsWe randomly selected a sample of 504 women from each study using a 1:1 age-matching analysis. Age range from 20–57 years old. We analyzed anthropometry, blood pressure and biomarkers data from the Filipino Women’s Health and Diet Study (FiLWHEL), the Philippine National Nutrition Survey (NNS), Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We used the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) criteria to categorize blood lipids. We assessed the prevalence of CVD risk factors using proportions, means and standard deviations. ResultsWe found that high BMI (≥25 kg/m²) and high waist circumference (WC: ≥85 cm) were prevalent in NHANES (65.6%, mean BMI = 29.48 ± 8.18 and 70.8%, mean WC = 96.16 ± 18.19, respectively) than in FiLWHEL (30.9%, 26.4% respectively), NNS (29.0%, 23.9% respectively) and KNHANES (19.8%, 12.0% respectively), p-value = <.0001. NHANES also exhibited higher prevalence for high cholesterol (≥200 mg/dL), high triglyceride (≥150 mg/dL) and high glucose (≥110 mg/dL) with 32.3%, 25.4% and 10.8% respectively. However, compared with NHANES (28.3%) and KNHANES (21.6%), NNS and FiLWHEL had higher prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension combined (47.6% and 43.8%, respectively), p-value = < .0001. Also, high prevalence of low HDL-c (<50 mg/dL) was striking in NNS (39.84 ± 5.75) than in FiLWHEL (58.19 ± 14.06), NHANES (57.44 ± 16.76) and KNHANES (56.97 ± 11.35). ConclusionsOur study suggest that the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease were different across Filipino women in Korea and in the Philippines, Korean women and US women. Funding SourcesHandok Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

A comparative study of hypertension and obesity with reference to risk factors in school children aged 6-12 years in urban and rural area

Background: Childhood obesity and hypertension are on the rise and limited data are available regarding the profile of childhood obesity and hypertension from India. We studied the prevalence of childhood obesity and hypertension in a representative sample of school children to find out the relationship between obesity and hypertension in study population.Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics, Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College, Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India and data were collected from urban and rural primary schools of Yavatmal from 1489 children between ages 6-12years, selected randomly. Anthropometric measurements were taken to calculate BMI and blood pressure was taken. Data was analyzed using CDC guidelines and statistically using contingency coefficient. Overweight and obesity were defined by body mass index for gender and age. Gender, age and height were considered for determining hypertension. The hypertensive children were followed up at 3 monthly intervals, 3 times, to look for persistent hypertension.Results: Amongst the 1489 children, prevalence of hypertension was 4.49% and that of pre-hypertension was 1.47% and that of overweight was 1.74% and obese was 0.87%. In girls and boys both, increasing BMI was associated significantly (p&lt;0.0001) with average SBP and average DBP in both pre-hypertension and hypertension groups in rural and urban areas. A higher prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension seen in the present study group compared to similar studies in the state. Children with higher BMI were associated with pre-hypertension or hypertension.Conclusions: Prevalence of sustained hypertension overweight and obesity is on rise in children in this part of world. Possible related factors for this current trend may be the increasing sedentary life style, altered eating habits, and increased fat content of diet. The result suggests the need for more public awareness and prevention programs for childhood obesity and hypertension.

Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among primary and secondary schools adolescents in AL Diwaniya province

Abstract High blood pressure in children and adolescents is a growing health problem that is often overlooked by doctors. Hypertension in children can progress into adulthood and contributing to the increase in the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adults. To determine the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among primary and secondary schools adolescents in Al Diwaniya province.also to determine the association between hypertension and BMI for age in both genders in the adolescents. A cross sectional study was conducted on adolescents from primary and secondary schools in Al Diwaniya province from November 2014 to march 2015. A total of 754 students was participated in the study,of them 387 males and 367 females between age 10-18 years. Subjects with a history of disease,including diabetes,heart disease,kidney disease,gastrointestinal disease,or use of any medications,were excluded from the study. Data about age, sex, height, weight, BMI, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were collected. We classified BMI into 4 categories (underweight,normal,overweight, obese )according to specific tables chart as we did with blood pressure which classified into 3 categories (normal, prehypertension,hypertension ). Mean SBP (111.4mmHg ± 11.8) and DBP (64.5mmHg ± 9.1) in males were (111.9mmHg±10.9) and (63.9mmHg±8.9) and in females were (111mmHg±12.6) and (65.1mmHg ±9.2) respectively. With no statistically significant differences between them. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were (15.1% and 6.5% respectively ) it was higher in females (16.3% and 8.7%) than males (14% and 4.4%) respectively. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension were 15.5% and 4.9% respectively again it was higher in females (16.6% and 6.8%) than males (14.5% and 3.1%) respectively. There was significant association between hypertension and BMI in both genders, 45.9% from hypertensive adolescents were obese (25% males,56% females ), p-value &lt; 0.0005.]2[ High prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among adolescents, it was more common in females than in males, there were strong association between blood pressure and BMI.

Prevalence of prehypertension and its association with levels of stress and anxiety among students of various disciplines in Chennai - A cross-sectional study

Background: Assessment of the prevalence of prehypertension among the student population and its association with risk factors such as stress and anxiety is very essential to plan preventive programs. This cross-sectional study was carried out among medical, engineering, and arts students to assess the prevalence of prehypertension and its association with stress and anxiety. Aims and Objectives: The objectives are as follows: (1) To find the prevalence of prehypertension, stress, and anxiety and to assess their association and (2) to find out the association of prehypertension among various courses. Materials and Methods: A total of 323 students from various courses such as medicine, engineering, and arts from a deemed university in Chennai participated in the study. After obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee approval and informed consent, details on their personal identity were collected. Blood pressure was measured. Anxiety and stress were assessed using generalized anxiety disorder-7 and Cohen’s stress scale self-administered questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of prehypertension was highest (55.6%) among medical students. Stress and anxiety levels are almost similar in all courses with a negligible difference. However, stress is highest among B. Tech students (58.9%) and anxiety levels highest among the medical students (20.3%). The prevalence of pre-hypertension was 1.42 times more among people with high stress, 1.8 times more among people with anxiety and 1.5 times more among medical students which were statistically significant. Conclusion: The high prevalence of prehypertension and its association with stress and anxiety in this adolescent population indicates an urgent need for goals to reduce the cardiovascular risk.

Prevalence of arterial hypertension and its association with anthropometry and diet in children (6 to 9 years old): ANIVA study

Introduction: recent studies warn of changes in dietary habits and an increase in overweight children as possible risk factors for early hypertension. Objectives: to know the prevalence of normotension, rehypertension and hypertension in the children studied, and to evaluate its possible association with diet and anthropometric indicators. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out within the Project "Anthropometry and Child Nutrition of Valencia" (ANIVA), where diet, blood pressure, and anthropometry were evaluated in 652 children between six and nine years old. The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria to identify normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive were applied. Results: there is a higher prevalence of normotensive (83.9%, p < 0.05). The prevalence of prehypertensive and hypertensive patients is 8.1% and 8.0%, respectively. Boys have higher levels of hypertension (8.4%), while girls have a higher prevalence of prehypertension (9.3%). In boys, significantly higher values are identified for the weight, height and hip circumference. Girls present significantly higher percentage of fat mass, bicipital fold, suprailiac fold, and heart rate. Significant correlations were found between the anthropometric indicators and blood pressure by sex, highlighting the waist circumference-blood pressure correlation in boys. Significant differences are observed between the nutrients ingested in the diet and blood pressure. Conclusions: a prevalence of hypertension of 8% in children aged 6-9 years of the province of Valencia is identified. The blood pressure values increase according to the body mass index, percentage of fat mass, waist circumference and the set of folds. A dietary pattern associated with hypertension in children is identified.

Prevalence of prehypertension among medical students and its correlation with anthropometric indices

Background: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Prehypertension acts as a warning sign, in younger age group which indicates the risk of developing hypertension in later life. Obesity is another important public health problem that has assumed epidemic proportions in developing countries and acts as a major independent risk factor for the development of hypertension. Objectives: The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of prehypertension and its relation with body mass index (BMI) and neck circumference (NC) among young medical students. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional was conducted among 192 medical students. The participants were examined for various anthropometric parameters such as height, weight, and NC. BMI was calculated. Blood pressure (BP) was recorded using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. The correlation between BMI, NC, and BP was assessed by calculating the Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and P > 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence of prehypertension among the participants was 21.35%. The prevalence was higher among the overweight medical students (45.48%). Mean BMI and mean NC were higher among prehypertensives compared to normotensives. A positive significant relation was found between BPs and both BMI and NC. Conclusion: Our study revealed a high prevalence of prehypertension among medical students which was significantly associated with BMI and NC.

Prehypertension and psychosocial risk factors among university students in ASEAN countries

BackgroundExisting evidence suggests that the cardiovascular morbidities are increasing among pre-hypertensive individuals compared to normal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of prehypertension, hypertension and to identify psychosocial risk factors for prehypertension among university students in Association of South East Asian Nation (ASEAN) countries.MethodsBased on a cross-sectional survey, the total sample included 4649 undergraduate university students (females = 65.3%; mean age 20.5, SD = 2.9, age range of 18–30 years) from 7 ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam). Blood pressure, anthropometric, health behaviour and psychosocial variables were measured.ResultsOverall, 19.0% of the undergraduate university students across ASEAN countries had prehypertension, 6.7% hypertension and 74.2% were normotensives. There was country variation in prehypertension prevalence, ranging from 11.3% in Indonesia and 11.5% in Malaysia to above 18% in Laos, Myanmar and Thailand. In multivariate analysis, sociodemographic variables (male gender, living in an upper middle income country, and living on campus or off campus on their own), nutrition and weight variables (not being underweight and obese, having once or more times soft drinks in a day and never or rarely having chocolate or candy), heavy drinking and having depressive symptoms were associated with prehypertension.ConclusionThe study found a high prevalence of prehypertension in ASEAN university students. Several psychosocial risk factors including male gender, obesity, soft drinks consumption, heavy drinking and depression symptoms have been identified which can help in intervention programmes.

Prehypertension and cardiometabolic risk factors (data of the ESSE-RF study)

Theobjectiveof our work was to assess the prevalence of prehypertension (PHT) and the relationship with cardiovascular risk factors in the population sample of the inhabitants of the Russian Federation.Design and methods.The ESSE-RF study was carried out in 12 regions of the Russian Federation (Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Vladivostok, Ivanovo, Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk, Orenburg, Tomsk, Tyumen, St Petersburg, and North Ossetia (Alania)) with different climatic, geographic, economic and demographic characteristics. A stratified random sample was formed in each region. In total, 20652 inhabitants of the Russian Federation aged 25–65 years were examined. All participants signed informed consent and completed approved questionnaires regarding behavioral risk factors, socioeconomic status and concomitant diseases/therapy. Anthropometry, fasting blood sampling, measurement of blood pressure (BP) were performed. BP was measured by the OMRON device (Japan) twice on the right arm in the sitting position with calculation of the mean BP. The optimal blood pressure corresponds to the BP level &lt; 120/80 mm Hg. The normal BP is 120–129/80–84 mm Hg. High normal BP is 130–139/85–89 mm Hg. PHT is diagnosed in case of BP 120–139/80–89 mm Hg. Hypertension is diagnosed case of BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg or antihypertensive therapy. PHT includes groups of normal and high normal blood pressure. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS Statistics 20.Results.Data of 20607 participants were analyzed, among them 7806 men (37,9 %) and 12801 women (62,1 %). The optimal BP was registered in 3848 (23,4 %), normal BP in 3551 (20,1 %), high normal BP in 2861 (14,9 %), PHT — in 6412 (35,0 %), hypertension — in 10347 (41,6 %). The prevalence is standardized according to the age structure of the World Health Organization (2000). Among men, compared with women, PHT was significantly more frequent (41,2 % and 30,1 %, respectively). The probability of PHT, adjusted for sex, age and obesity is associated with hypercholesterolemia &gt; 4,9 mmol / l (OR 1,27 [1,15, 1,39]), increased HDL &gt; 3,0 mmol / l (1,25 [1,14, 1,37]), triglycerides &gt; 1,7 mmol / l (OR 1,39 [1,23, 1,58]), hyperglycemia ≥ 5,6 mmol / l (OR 1,46 [1,28, 1,67], p &lt; 0,05). The presence of higher education reduced the likelihood of PHT, behavioral risk factors were not significant predictors.Conclusions.The results demonstrate the high prevalence of PHT and the association of metabolic abnormalities with the transformation of optimal blood pressure in PHT, which emphasizes the importance of timely diagnosis of PHT and correction of cardiometabolic risk factors in the Russian population.

The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension and their related metabolic or anthropometric parameters in rural elderly population in Northwest of Iran

Methods: Data from the 248 elderly subject (n = 110 for men and 138 for women) were obtainedfrom the routinely collected health- center records in four health centers in rural areas in East Azarbayjan, Iran. Data on anthropometric and demographic variables were extracted from the health records. Joint National Committee ( JNC)-7 criteria were used to classify hypertension in participants. Results: There was a high prevalence of overweight and obesity (44.6% in men and 53.7% in women) and pre-hypertension (16.36% of men and 22.46% of women). Prevalence of hypertension in men and women was 30.90% and 34.04% respectively. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.3; P = 0.019) and fasting serum glucose (FSG) (r = 0.3; P = 0.03) in men and women respectively. Conclusions: High prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension in the present study reinforced the need for routine evaluation of blood pressure for detecting the subjects at high risk of cardiovascular events and referring of vulnerable elderly subjects to other health care providers.