High Poverty Rates Research Articles

Spatiotemporal analysis of HPV vaccination and associated neighborhood-level disparities in Texas-an ecological study.

HPV is responsible for most cervical, oropharyngeal, anal, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. The HPV vaccine has decreased cervical cancer incidence, but only 49% of Texas adolescents have initiated the vaccine. Texas shows great variation in HPV vaccination rates. We used geospatial analysis to identify areas with high and low vaccination rates and explored differences in neighborhood characteristics. Using Anselin's Local Moran's I statistic, we conducted an ecological analysis of hot and cold spots of adolescent HPV vaccination coverage in Texas from 2017 to 2021. Next, we utilized a Mann-Whitney U test to compare neighborhood characteristics of vaccination coverage in hot spots versus cold spots, leveraging data from the Child Opportunity Index (COI) and American Community Survey. In Texas, there are 64 persistent vaccination coverage hotspots and 55 persistent vaccination coverage cold spots. The persistent vaccination coverage hot spots are characterized by ZIP codes with lower COI scores, higher percentages of Hispanic residents, higher poverty rates, and smaller populations per square mile compared to vaccine coverage cold spots. We found a more pronounced spatial clustering pattern for male adolescent vaccine coverage than we did for female adolescent vaccine coverage. In Texas, HPV vaccination coverage rates differ depending on the community's income level, with lower-income areas achieving higher success rates. Notably, there are also gender-based discrepancies in vaccination coverage rates, particularly among male adolescents. This knowledge can aid advocates in customizing their outreach initiatives to address these disparities.

Kajian Peranan Indeks Indeks Kesehatan, Indeks Pendidikan, Dan Indeks Daya Beli Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan Kabupaten Sidoarjo Tahun 2010-2023

Regional economic development needs to be planned and the benchmark is economic growth. Development in developing countries still prioritizes unemployment and poverty. Development in Indonesia to date still focuses on efforts to reduce the unemployment rate or open up job opportunities to reduce poverty. The level of poverty can be measured through the HDI (Human Development Index) which has three main indicators, namely health indicators, education level and economic indicators. There are many factors that hinder the development of an area, one of which is the high poverty rate. The problems of unemployment and poverty are still major issues that never end. Sidoarjo Regency has a decreasing number of poor people starting from 2021 at 137 people, in 2022 at 125 people and in 2023 at 119 people from a population of 2,238,069 people in 2021, 2,266,533 people in 2022, 1,996,825 people in 2023. The causes of poverty are the large number of children who have dropped out of school, limited public services (schools) which are difficult to reach, difficulty in getting health costs and the difficulty of people getting the necessities of life such as clothing, food and shelter. The aim of making a Study on the Role of the Health Index, Education Index and Purchasing Power Index on the Poverty Level of Sidoarjo Regency for 2010-2023, is to see the contribution of these three indices to changes in poverty levels in Sidoarjo Regency, both directly and indirectly, which will have an impact on change in poverty (number of poor people). It is hoped that this research can be used as consideration for Sidoarjo district in future community development so that they can live prosperously.

Trends and structure of regional poverty: The Samara Oblast case study

Subject. This article discusses the issue of determining the subsistence minimum, as well as the variety of approaches to assessing the poverty rate. The article considers the Samara Oblast as a case study. Objectives. The article aims to develop recommendations for reducing poverty. Methods. For the study, I used dynamic, structural, and comparative analyses, as well as the SWOT and PEST analyses methods. Results. The article finds that the Samara Oblast is characterized by a high poverty rate among single-parent families, as well as a significant percentage of poor and extremely poor living in rural settlements. The transition to a subjective concept of poverty measurement can help reduce poverty in the Samara Oblast. Conclusions. The results of the study can be taken into account when developing regional programmes for overcoming poverty.

Impact of Minimum Wage, Inflation, and Economic Growth on Poverty in Yogyakarta Province

Poverty is a very complex problem caused by many factors. Poverty itself means that individuals lack the ability to fulfill the basic needs of life. Regional autonomy established by Indonesia requires regional governments to manage their respective territories. Yogyakarta Province has the highest poverty rate on the island of Java. Poverty occurs due to microeconomic factors. Minimum wages, inflation rates, and economic growth are among the macroeconomic factors that cause poverty. The aim of this research is to find out how Yogyakarta Province's minimum wage, inflation rate, and economic growth affect the province's poverty level. Panel data regression models are used in this type of quantitative research. Cross-sectional data from districts and cities in Yogyakarta Province for 2009–2023 were used in this study. Based on research findings, the poverty level of DI Yogyakarta Province is largely determined by the minimum wage and economic growth variables, while it is not influenced by the inflation variable.

Spatial inequality in the accessibility of healthcare services in the Philippines

Ensuring equitable access to healthcare is important for universal health coverage (UHC). Using the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method, we found disparities in the spatial accessibility of outpatient and inpatient healthcare facilities in the Philippines, particularly in the central and southern regions of the country. Municipalities with a higher proportion of older people had better spatial accessibility to outpatient care, while municipalities with a higher density of older people had better accessibility to inpatient care. Municipalities with high poverty rates had better accessibility to outpatient care but poorer accessibility to inpatient care. Addressing these disparities is essential for achieving UHC in the Philippines.

Cycles of Contempt: Exploring Argentine-IMF Relations Through Protest Music

Abstract: Argentina has a history of tumultuous agreements with the International Monetary Fund. While the IMF has provided essential economic support, their loan agreements have often caused further economic issues that most profoundly impact the middle and working class, such as high inflation and poverty rates. This has created much frustration among the people, and they have taken these frustrations into music, protesting the damage and harm that is produced by the IMF’s involvement in Argentina. These protest songs can be analyzed through Jeneve Brooks’ EMM- framing theory, with EMM standing for emotive, moral, and mnemonic, to understand how the IMF is negatively represented and how the songs can influence the public’s opinion on the IMF. This paper makes use of this theoretical framework to analyze three examples of Argentine protest songs against the IMF: “Estoy tocando fondo” by Viuda e Hijas de Roque Enroll,“F.M.I. (Sufre Sudamérica)” by Fun People, and “Sinceramente militamos” by La Cámpora. This analysis provides insight into the increasing reactiveness of the Argentine people against the IMF, which was witnessed in 2021 and 2022 when protests broke out over negotiations between the IMF and the Argentine government even though an agreement had yet to be made.

Water and Sanitation Access for Children in Alabama.

Safe drinking water and closed sanitation are fundamental to health and are assumed in the United States, however, gaps remain, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities. We sought to describe household sanitation access for children in rural Alabama and local health provider knowledge of sanitation related health concerns. Data were collected from self-administered surveys obtained from children enrolled in a larger cross-sectional study to determine soil transmitted helminthiasis prevalence in Alabama, from a survey of health providers from local federally qualified health centers and from a baseline knowledge check of Alabama health providers enrolled in an online sanitation health course. Surveys completed on 771 children (approximately 10% of county pediatric population) revealed less than half lived in homes connected to centralized sewers; 12% reported "straight-pipes," a method of discharging untreated sewage to the ground outside the home, and 8% reported sewage contamination of their home property in the past year. Additionally, 15% of respondents were likely to use well water. The local health providers surveyed did not include routine screening for water and sanitation failures or associated infections. Regional healthcare providers have limited knowledge of soil transmitted helminthiasis. A significant number of children from rural counties of Alabama with high rates of poverty reside in homes with water and sanitation challenges that predominantly affect African American families. This is an under-recognized health risk by local health providers, and its contribution to well-documented health disparities in this region is poorly understood.

AHP TOPSIS Analysis in Selecting Waste Processing Technology Based on Energy Justice

The amount of waste in Bantul Regency increased by 4.96% from 2020 to 2021, indicating that the capacity of final disposal sites (FDS) in Piyungan District, Bantul Regency, was decreasing. The peak occurred from 23 July 2023 to 5 September 2023, during which the Piyungan FDS could not provide waste disposal services. The high poverty rate in Bantul Regency forces the government to process waste into energy as a sustainable waste management effort. However, numerous criteria make it difficult to determine which technology is most suitable for this purpose. Energy justice criteria need to be considered when choosing technology and efforts to improve the welfare of Bantul Regency's residents. This research aimed to present an assessment of each alternative technology for processing waste into energy and decide one suitable alternative for sustainable waste management in Bantul Regency using a combination of AHP and TOPSIS methods based on energy justice. AHP was used to assess the level of importance of each criterion, while TOPSIS was used to determine the optimal alternative based on the criteria by considering costs and benefits. The findings showed that the preference value for three alternatives was 0.579, 0.414, and 0.341 for incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification, respectively. According to these preference value, incineration was identified as the foremost viable alternative technology for implementation in Bantul Regency. Gasification and pyrolysis ranked as the subsequent and third alternatives, respectively.

INTER-REGIONAL POVERTY DISPARITIES IN JAVA, INDONESIA: AN ANALYSIS OF KEY INFLUENCING FACTORS (2010-2020)

This study seeks to investigate the evolution of poverty in Java from 2010 to 2020, as well as the regional factors that contributing to disparities in poverty between regions. The results of the analysis indicate a downward trend in the number and proportion of poor people on the island of Java but a rise during the COVID-19 pandemic. There are regional distribution groups with high and low poverty rates. The results of the ANOVA reveal significant differences in the occurrence of urban poverty on the island of Java based on province and regional status but not by zone. Positively and negatively, the majority of the predictors have a very significant relationship with poverty. Six regional variables (level of consumption (expenditure), level of health (life expectancy), income per capita, level of education (number of years of schooling), population density (people/km2), and economic potential (GRDP at current prices)) account for 68.10% of the variation in the number of poor people in Java, while the remaining 31.9% is determined by other variables. The model of variation in Java's poverty is determined by three variables: per capita income, GRDP, and public consumption level.

Gender differences in the economic consequences of life‐long singlehood among older white U.S. adults

AbstractObjectiveDrawing on life course frameworks, this study examines how never married older adults differ from their married, cohabiting, divorced, and widowed peers with respect to three dimensions of late‐life economic security, and gender differences in these associations.BackgroundLifelong singlehood has become increasingly common over the past five decades, although little is known about the economic security of never married older adults relative to their currently and formerly married peers.MethodData are from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), which tracked Wisconsin high school graduates from ages 18 (1957) to 72 (2011). The 2011 analytic sample includes 5269 persons (2498 men and 2711 women). OLS and logistic regressions are used to predict total household income, wealth, and poverty status at age 72, adjusted for covariates.ResultsLifelong single men have higher poverty rates and lower income than men in all other marital categories, although divorced men evidence the lowest levels of wealth. Lifelong single women fare worse than married and cohabiting women but better than divorced women. Older men are more financially secure than women in every marital status category except lifelong singles.ConclusionBy centering the experiences of never married older adults, results reveal the economic precarity of lifelong single men and distinctions among subgroups of unmarried women. We document the persistence of gender inequality, where men consistently fare better than women across marital statuses.ImplicationsPublic policies should recognize growing heterogeneity in older adults' marital statuses and the implications thereof for their late‐life economic security.

Multiple Classifier System for Handling Imbalanced and Overlapping Datasets on Multiclass Classification

The performance of classification models suffer when the dataset contains imbalanced and overlapping data. These two conditions are already challenging separately and even more complex if they occur together. In the research, an ensemble method called a Multiple Classifier System was proposed to address these issues by combining K-Nearest Neighbour and Logistic Regression. The Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) method was also applied to balance the dataset. The One Versus One (OVO) decomposition technique helped the multiclass classification process. A simulation with 18 scenarios proves that the MCS-SMOTE model can handle these problems by providing good performance. The model’s performance is also tested using empirical data on Poverty in West Java in 2021. Empirical data also show that the proposed method performs well, with an accuracy rate of 80.09%, an F1 score of 0.782, and a G-Mean of 0.242. The areas with the highest poverty rates are Bogor, Bekasi City, Bandung City, Bekasi Regency, and Depok City, located near DKI Jakarta, the capital city. Based on existing predictor variables, poor households in West Java are more likely to occur when they do not have access to credit, the number of household members is more than three, multiple families live in one building, and the head of the household has not graduated from elementary school.

Harnessing Curtailed Wind-Generated Electricity via Electrical Water Heating Aggregation to Alleviate Energy Poverty: A Use Case in Ireland

Ireland experiences high energy poverty rates alongside surplus wind energy resources. With 77% of Irish households equipped with electrical immersion heaters for domestic hot water (DHW) generation, this study proposes an Electrical Water Heating Aggregation (EWHA) scheme. The scheme allocates surplus wind-generated electricity to provide DHW to fuel-poor households, thereby alleviating energy poverty through harnessing curtailed wind energy. Through a developed wind-generated electricity allocation model and half-hourly data analysis for a weather year, this research assesses the feasibility and economic viability of the EWHA scheme, focusing on the householder as the primary benefactor from the scheme (as opposed to ancillary grid service provision). The results suggest an optimal aggregation size where maximum curtailment and carbon offset coincide with maximum benefits for participants. The findings indicate that fuel-poor households in Ireland could receive a full DHW tank every three weeks using surplus wind energy, harnessing 89% of overnight curtailed wind energy and offsetting 33 MkgCO2 annually. Moreover, the scheme could potentially save the Irish state approximately EUR 4 million by 2030, increasing to EUR 11 million by 2050, in carbon costs. Overall, this research demonstrates the potential of EWHA schemes to alleviate energy poverty, optimise wind energy utilisation, and contribute significantly to carbon emission reduction targets.

Access to drinking safe water and its associated factors among households in East Africa: a mixed effect analysis using 12 East African countries recent national health survey

BackgroundMore than half of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) faces limited access to safe drinking water. Unimproved water sources can pose risks to the health of entire households, particularly women and children. Despite the fact that East African countries have some of the poorest drinking water infrastructures globally, there is a lack of published data on this issue. Consequently, the objective of this study was to examine access to safe drinking water and its determinants among households in East Africa, utilizing recent nationally representative data.MethodsThis study analyzed data from recent demographic and health surveys conducted in 12 East African nations between 2011 and 2022. Data were gathered from 204,275 households. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling method was employed, with enumeration areas serving as the main sampling units and households serving as the secondary sampling units. Binary and multiple multilevel logistic regression were used to examine the relevant factors associated with the use of different sources of drinking water in the region. In binary regression and multiple regression, P values of ≤ 0.2 and < 0.05, respectively, were used to determine the statistical significance of variables in the final model.ResultsApproximately 72.62% (95% CI = 72.43, 72.83) of households have utilized improved sources of drinking water. Household heads aged 25–35 years (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.14), 36–45 years (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.14), and > 45 years (AOR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.14), those with secondary/higher education (AOR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.20–1.29), and individuals in wealth index categories of poorest (AOR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.18), poorer (AOR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.22), middle (AOR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.24, 0.27), and richer (AOR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.34, 0.38) were associated with improved sources of drinking water. Additionally, female household leaders (AOR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.20, 1.26), > 30 min of time taken to access the water source (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.95, 2.05), improved toilet facilities (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI = 2.19, 2.31), rural residence (AOR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.42, 0.45), high community wealth (AOR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.13–1.51), community media exposure (AOR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.15, 1.51) were associated with improved sources of drinking water, respectively.ConclusionApproximately three-quarters of the population in East Africa has access to improved drinking water, although the quality of water in the region is still considered poor. It is important for relevant organizations to collaborate in order to improve the quality of drinking water, with special attention given to high-risk groups such as communities with high poverty and low literacy rates, poor households, and rural residents. Strengthening women’s empowerment and increasing mass media exposure can also play a crucial role in accelerating the adoption of improved drinking water sources in East Africa.

The Impact of Poverty on Children's Well-Being and Health Behavior Based on the Results of Research Conducted in One of Hungary's Most Disadvantaged Micro-Regions.

This empirical research on children's poverty and the accompanying risk behavior was conducted in the Baktalórántháza micro-region, in one of the most disadvantaged micro-regions of Hungary. The study, completed in 2023, was conducted utilizing three methods, a questionnaire for families, interviews, and focus group interviews with social professionals working in the settlements. The region is one of the ten micro-regions with the highest poverty rate in the country. The majority of the population only has an elementary education, and the proportion of graduates is much lower than the national average. The proportion of households with three or more children is higher than the national average and the proportion of unemployed people in households with children is twice as high as the national average. Based on the experience of social workers working in the area, in addition to smoking and drinking alcohol, the consumption of psychoactive and psychotropic substances has increased among adolescents and young adults. Based on various indicators, children regularly consume illegal drugs. The origin and composition of these drugs are typically unknown. According to the reports by drug users, everyday life is easier, and they can escape from problems when under the influence of drugs. Based on the observations of experts, the consumption of various psychoactive substances has harmful effects on behavior, health, learning, and family life. School performance and the ability to think and learn decrease. Drug users are dissatisfied with their lives, have problems with social relationships, engage in partner violence, and may develop antisocial behavior in their lives.

EFFECTS OF MILITIA ACTIVITIES ON YAM PRODUCTION AMONG RURAL FARMERS IN UKUM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

Overtime, the existence of militia groups and their activities has caused great concern in Nigeria and Benue State in particular. Their activities have constituted threat to human security as well as food production. This study examined the factors that birthed armed militia groups and how the activities of these groups have affected the production of yam, a major staple food in Ukum Local Government Area of Benue State. The study hypothesized that there is no relationship between militia activities and yam production among rural farmers in Ukum Local Government Area. The General Strain Theory was adopted as the study’s theoretical perspective. The study utilized Cross-sectional design whereby the study population of 384 (using Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination formula) was drawn from 216,986 residents of Ukum Local Government Area. However, the study sampled 100 farmers through purposive and snowball sampling technique due to the volatile nature of the area. Findings of the study reveals that high rate of poverty, fear of domination/injustice, failure of law enforcement agencies to tame the activities of militia groups, and resurgence of political thugs that have been abandoned by their political godfathers, accounted for the formation and proliferation of militia groups in the study area. Results of correlation statistics show a positive correlation between the existence of militia activities and production of yam. Thus, ethnic militia activities negatively affect the production yam in the study locale. The study recommends, among other things, that concerted efforts should be made by the State government to fully develop the productive forces; provide avenues where youths will be engaged to alleviate poverty in Ukum and indeed Benue State, security personnel should be proactive in responding to identified threats, arrest and prosecute offenders to deter others, politicians should stop empowering youths with arms and the youths should be actively engaged in political matters as this will remove the tendencies of domination and marginalization between them and the political elites.

The importance of citizen participation in improving comfort and health in obsolete neighbourhoods affected by energy poverty

This study analyses comfort and health in obsolete neighbourhoods in regions with high rates of energy poverty. The Polígono San Pablo in the city of Seville, Spain has been chosen as a case study.The research aims to highlight the importance of including participatory processes in the analysis of human rights issues, such as energy poverty. A hybrid and interdisciplinary methodology is presented which incorporates a citizen participation process. The aim is to use this methodology to identify how an obsolete building stock and lack of access to a basic energy service may be affecting people's health.The main results obtained show the need to include citizen consultation to identify shortcomings and potentialities in obsolete neighbourhoods, especially in terms of energy education. This is expected to contribute to the creation of more effective local energy policies to address the multidimensional problem of energy poverty.

A Roadmap for Sustainable Community-Engaged Partnerships in Athletic Training and Using a Traveling Athletic Training Camp as an Implementation Strategy.

Improving access to athletic trainers and increasing diversity in the profession have been major goals of the Strategic Alliance, with a particular interest in the secondary school setting. Within many marginalized communities, individuals are often faced with a lack of resources, high rates of poverty, and limited access to health care. This social and economic climate often extends to inequitable athletic training services and patterns of disparate health. Widely used and recognized strategies to cultivate diversity and address health inequities include community-engaged partnerships; however, these approaches are not well implemented across the athletic training discipline. Successful community-engaged partnerships link communities and universities, and they are rooted in intentionality to address intermediate and long-term health equity outcomes. Athletic training professionals and scholars frequently encounter gaps in resources and process-oriented methods to participate in community-engaged efforts that could include a roadmap or pathway to follow. To bridge this gap, our aims were 2-fold: (1) to disseminate a roadmap for building sustainable community-engaged partnerships in athletic training with the intent of promoting diversity, equity, inclusion, and social justice across athletic training education, research, and professional service and (2) to demonstrate how the roadmap can be implemented using a community-based athletic training education camp as an example. Implementation of the athletic training camp using the roadmap took place at secondary schools where community-engaged partnerships have been established throughout a geographic region known as the Alabama Black Belt, a region burdened with poor health outcomes, limited athletic trainer presence, and lower quality of life, exacerbated by racial and socioeconomic inequalities. Implementing this roadmap as a strategy to build sustainable community-engaged partnerships offers an innovative, interactive, and effective approach to addressing community needs by exposing secondary school students to the athletic training profession, advancing equitable athletic training research practices, and upholding and promoting the principles of diversity, equity, inclusion, and social justice in athletic training education.

Impact of regional differences and neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation on the outcomes of patients with lower extremity wounds evaluated by a limb-preservation service

ObjectiveManagement of lower extremity (LE) wounds has evolved with the establishment of specialized limb preservation services. Although clinical factors contribute to limb outcomes, socioeconomic status and community factors also influence the risk for limb loss. The Distressed Community Index (DCI) score is a validated index of social deprivation created to provide an objective measure of economic well-being in United States communities. Few studies have examined the influence of geographic deprivation on outcomes in patients with LE wounds. We examined relationships between socioeconomic deprivation and outcomes of inpatients evaluated by a dedicated limb preservation service (Functional Limb Extremity Service [FLEX]). MethodsInpatients referred to FLEX over a 5-year period were included. Wound, Ischemia, foot Infection (WIfI) staging was collected. DCI scores were determined using seven indices based on ZIP Code. Outcomes included any minor or major amputations, any endovascular or open LE revascularization, or wound care procedures. Disease etiology, demographic, and anthropometric data were collected. Associations between neighborhood deprivation and limb-specific outcomes were evaluated in models for the DCI and each of its components separately. ResultsA total of 677 patients were included. Thirty-eight percent were female, with a mean age of 64 years. Sixty percent had WIfI stage 3 or 4 risk of amputation, and 43% had WIfI stage 3 or 4 risk of revascularization. Mean ankle-brachial index and toe pressure were 0.96 (standard deviation [SD], 0.43) and 80 (SD, 57) mmHg. Thirty-five percent were non-White. Amputation was performed in 31% of patients, whereas 17% underwent revascularization. The mean distress score was 64 (SD, 24). Mean DCI scores did not differ across WIfI scores. Likewise, overall DCI distress score was not related to any of the outcomes in univariable or multivariable linear regression models. In univariable linear regression models for amputation, higher poverty rate (odds ratio for SD increase 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.42; P = .025) was significantly associated with the outcome. In multivariable models, neither DCI distress score nor any of its components remained significantly associated with the outcome. ConclusionsDespite known racial disparities in limb-specific outcomes, an aggregate measure of community level distress was not found to be related to outcomes. Although the poverty rate demonstrated a significant relationship with amputation in univariable analysis, this association was not found in multivariable models. Notably, non-White race emerged as a predictor of amputation, underscoring the importance of addressing racial disparities in LE outcomes. Further investigation of potential determinants of LE outcomes is needed, particularly the interaction of such factors with race.

Neighborhood Context as a Barrier to Sport Participation for Girls: Evidence From a Sport Diversity Index.

Evidence suggests neighborhood contexts play a vital role in shaping the availability and diversity of youth sport and participation rates, especially for African American or Black girls. Currently, no index captures interscholastic sport opportunities (eg, sport diversity) within and across school districts and specifically applied to African American or Black girls. To visualize the inequalities present in interscholastic sport opportunities for girls across school districts using a novel index in a selected study area of St Louis City and County, Missouri, and discuss the implications for African American or Black girls. Cross-sectional study. Database secondary analysis. Data for 47 public high schools in the 23 St Louis City and County school districts. We gathered data from the 2014-2018 American Community Survey and Missouri State High School Activities Association. We assessed sport diversity for girls by constructing a sport diversity index (SDI) that uses an entropy index as its foundation. Census-tract data were used to examine the association with neighborhood demographics and contributors to school district income and sport diversity. Descriptive spatial statistics were calculated to evaluate distributions in St Louis City and County, with the bivariate local indicator of spatial autocorrelation used to determine any correlations between variables of interest. The St Louis City school district, which has areas with high rates of renter-occupied housing and poverty and high percentages of non-Hispanic African American or Black students, had the lowest SDI for girls, contrasted with the school districts in St Louis County, which showed an inverse pattern on average. The SDI for girls was correlated with the percentages of renter-occupied housing and poverty. The SDI for girls was also correlated with race: an increasing presence of the non-Hispanic African American or Black population was associated with decreased sport diversity for girls. The SDI for girls demonstrated a spatial association with neighborhood-level determinants of sport-opportunity availability for non-Hispanic African American or Black girls in St Louis. The role of social and political determinants of health in shaping community context and resultant health in athletic training research, policy, and practice should be considered.

Peningkatan Kemampuan Kewirausahaan Ibu-ibu Rumah Tangga Di RW 18 Kalurahan Baciro Kota Yogyakarta Melalui Pembuatan Ecoprint

The high poverty rate in DIY requires efforts to increase people's income. Some things that need to be done are creating jobs for people in the lower classes, increasing farmers' income, and increasing the income of small businesses. Poverty alleviation programs need to be held by the conditions of the target community and their environment. Based on the monographic data obtained, it is known that the majority of residents in RW 18, Baciro Subdistrict, make their living as laborers and small traders, MSMEs in RW 18, Baciro Subdistrict are still not developed, homemakers in RW 18, Baciro Subdistrict are still unemployed, and less productive. Most homemakers need help generating income to help with household finances. For this reason, activities are needed to empower the community, especially homemakers, to earn income to meet family needs. Homemakers need to be encouraged to be more creative by making products that have economic value. This community service activity aims to improve the entrepreneurial abilities of homemakers in RW 18 Baciro Village. Service activities are carried out in the form of counseling about the importance of developing skills in the field of entrepreneurship, followed by training on how to make Ecoprints that are economically valuable. Furthermore, in the third stage, digital content creation and online marketing training were carried out to support promoting and marketing eco-print products. As a result of this PKM activity, homemakers in RW18, Baciro Village, Gondokusuman District, Yogyakarta, know and understand the importance and benefits of entrepreneurship and have skills in making economically valuable eco prints. However, forming an ecoprint business group and entrepreneurship counseling activities are still needed Intense.