High Levels Of Poverty Research Articles

Urban greenspace and neighborhood crime

AbstractUrban greenspace (UGS) has been recently linked to public safety. Criminologists, however, have been largely absent from the discussion about this association, despite having important theoretical tools and empirical findings to contribute. In the current study, we review the prominent criminological perspectives that may be used to explain the association between UGS and crime. Furthermore, we draw from prior work to extend beyond the question of whether UGS affects crime to the more crucial question of when it does. Using a sample of block groups in Washington, D.C., we examine the association between two measures of UGS—tree canopy coverage and noncanopy vegetation coverage—and violent and property crime. We also assess the moderating effects of antecedents to social disorganization (poverty and homeownership) on the association between UGS and crime. Our results suggest that both types of UGS are associated with fewer crimes, even while controlling for a range of criminogenic factors. The effects of tree canopy coverage appear to be crime general, while the effects of noncanopy vegetation coverage only apply to violent crime. The effects of tree canopy, however, are weaker in communities characterized by high levels of poverty and low levels of homeownership.

Kemiskinan Perkotaan dan Angka Partisipasi Pendidikan Tinggi di Indonesia

This research aims to investigate the relationship between urban poverty and higher education participation in Indonesia using time series data during the 1998-2021 period. The analytical model used is simple linear regression which is then estimated using the ordinary least squares (OLS) approach. Through empirical data analysis, this research finds that urban poverty has a significant negative influence on higher education participation, indicating that high levels of poverty in urban environments can be a barrier to higher education access and participation for economically marginalized communities.

Health system inequities in Lao People's Democratic Republic: Evidence from a nationally representative phone survey.

Despite substantial economic growth in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) over the past 20 years, high levels of income inequality and poverty persist and have likely been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we use novel survey data to assess the extent to which socioeconomic status is associated with access to quality care in Lao PDR. We utilised data from the Lao People's Voice Survey (PVS), which was designed to measure health system performance from the perspective of the population. The survey was conducted between May and August 2022. Primary outcomes of interest were having a usual source of healthcare, using a government health centre (rather than a hospital or private clinic) as the usual source for care, receiving preventive health services, experiencing unmet healthcare needs, the quality of recent healthcare visit, and confidence in accessing and affording healthcare when needed. Poverty was measured using household asset ownership. We used logit models to assess the associations between poverty and health system performance measures, and additionally assessed differences between these associations in urban vs. rural areas by interacting urban residence with poverty. Poverty was negatively associated with having a regular provider for care (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.45, 95% CI 0.26-0.78), receiving preventive health services (aOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.37-0.80), and confidence in the ability to receive care (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34-0.72) and afford care (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34-0.73) when needed. Poverty was positively associated with using government managed health centres as a usual source or for care (aOR 2.16, 95% CI 1.35-3.48). Poverty was not significantly associated with user experience or perceived quality of care in the last visit to the health facility. No differences in the associations between poverty and access to quality care were found between rural and urban settings. The results presented in this article suggest socioeconomic disparities in health care access in Lao PDR despite major national efforts to provide universal access to care. Universal health care policies may not be reaching the poor and additional targeted efforts may be needed to meet their healthcare needs.

The influence of cultural factors, on teenage pregnancies among public primary school pupils in Mpeefu Sub County

This study investigated the influence of cultural factors, on teenage pregnancies among public primary school pupils in Mpeefu Sub County. The study was hinged on two theories; Bronfrenbergs Ecological Development theory and Albert Banduras Social Learning Theory. The study employed descriptive survey research design. Target population form three and four pupils’ 5,496, teachers 300 and 9 head teachers the sample size was of 359 (n=359) form three and four pupils and 90 (n=90) teachers, from 20 public primary schools and 9 Head teachers that were selected to participate in the study. Stratified sampling and random sampling were used to pick the respondents. Questionnaires were used to collect data from teachers and the pupils while an interview guide was used to collect data from head teachers in the Sub County. The study established that most parent /parents taking their children to the school are into business. The study also deduced that electronic media influences teenagers to have sex at an early age and those pupils are pressurized to have sex by their friends. This study recommends that efforts on educating people regarding teenage pregnancy should be focused on areas experiencing high levels of poverty. The government with the help of NGOs should also ensure that parents are well educated on the how and when to talk about sex with their children. The study established that parental communication on peer group pressure could reduce chances of teenage pregnancy.

MAIN CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF LABOR MIGRATION OF YOUTH

16-30 years old young citizens of the Republic of Armenia, who applies for the labor migration, are the object for the research of the article. The main goal of the research is to study the causes of the labor migration of young people and its demographic, socio-economic, educational consequences, as well as to receive objective, unbiased and as reliable as possible expert assessments regarding external migration movements for the period of 2021-2023. The main results of the research are the eloquent witness of the fact, that the main reasons for the migration trend of young people in the Republic of Armenia are due to the low levels of the salaries, high levels of poverty, the ongoing alarming military situations and with complaints from the public education sector. As a conclusion, we consider, that it is necessary to emphasize in the revised the none correct, and in some cases, the absense of organizing youth employment. And this causes the apply of many young people (both men and women) for labor migration.

A Summary Prospecting of Possibilities of Providing Public Health Services at the Level of North-East Region of Romania

This paper investigates issues related to the public health system in the North-East Region of Romania, focusing on possibilities for addressing/improving specific deficiencies/difficulties. The concerned region is characterized by the highest and densest population in the country, with a significant proportion of residents in rural areas (55%) and a high level of poverty. Population health indicators are among the weakest nationally, and the healthcare infrastructure is inadequate for the population's needs, with an uneven distribution that generates significant inequalities in access to medical services in the respective counties. Starting from the (statistical) certainty that Romania ranks among EU member states with the highest avoidable mortality, the paper addresses both preventable causes through public health interventions and treatable causes through quality care. After a brief introduction, the overall state of the public health system in Romania is examined, followed by a detailed analysis of the main issue stated in the title, highlighting multiple critical aspects based on data and information from official reports of prestigious institutions. Special attention is given to specific issues in local communities related to healthcare infrastructure and the provision of medical services, as well as possible solutions offered through the implementation of the General Regional Health Services Plan 2021-2027 in the North-East Region. The paper concludes with a section of conclusions, which includes perspectives on the future development of the analyzed sector.

Migration process of Venezuelan women to Brazil: living conditions and use of health services in Manaus and Boa Vista, 2018-2021.

The last decade saw the emergence of a new significant migration corridor due to the mass migration of Venezuelans to neighboring countries in South America. Since 2018, Brazil became the third host country of Venezuelan displaced populations. Little is known about how migratory processes affect needs, access to social programs, and public health services of migrant women. The goal of this study is to shed light on the socio-economic profile, living conditions, and use of health services of Venezuelan migrant women in two main reception cities in Brazil. A survey was conducted using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in the cities of Boa Vista (Roraima), and Manaus (Amazonas). The study included 2012 Venezuelan migrant women aged between 15 and 49 years old who migrated from Venezuela to Brazil between 2018 and 2021. Relative prevalence was calculated, and the χ2 test was used to analyse the homogeneity of proportions. All analyses considered the complex sampling. The main reasons for migrating relate to difficulties obtaining food (54%) and accessing health services (37.8%) in their country of origin. They were young and mixed race (65.7%) and had high school education (69.9%). In Manaus, 3.7% of the interviewees declared that they had no family income in the last month, while in Boa Vista, it was higher (66.2%) (p-value < 0.001). Almost one-third of them sought health care in the last 15 days, and 95% of them received care. The residents of Boa Vista arrived more recently and family income and access to paid work improved with time of residence in Brazil. Given the increasing flow of Venezuelan migrants crossing to Brazil, a reception system was established for the provision of food, shelter, access to health services, and income transfer programs to migrants. This was the case despite high unemployment and poverty levels and income inequality, particularly in the city of Boa Vista. However, the majority had legal migrant status and had access to the public and universal healthcare system in Brazil (SUS). The use of the SUS was similar in both cities, acting as a buffer for the differences in opportunities offered.

The first confirmed outbreak of chikungunya reported in Timor-Leste, 2024.

Timor-Leste is a mountainous, half-island nation with a population of 1.3 million, which shares a land border with Indonesia and is 550 km from Darwin, Australia. Since independence in 2002, Timor-Leste has achieved significant development; however, high levels of poverty remain. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is endemic in over 100 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and in the Americas. It is transmitted by the bite of infected Aedes aegypti or Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, which are present in Timor-Leste and which contribute to annual rainy-season dengue virus (DENV) outbreaks. Symptomatic people typically suffer from acute onset of fever, usually accompanied by severe arthritis or arthralgia. Joint pain can be debilitating for several days, and may sometimes last for weeks, months or years. Unlike DENV infection which has significant mortality, most people recover completely. Between 2002 and 2023, there were 26 cases of CHIKV notified in Australia who acquired their infection in Timor-Leste; however, laboratory testing capability for CHIKV in Timor-Leste only became available in 2021 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The first locally diagnosed case was notified in November 2023. In January 2024, an outbreak of CHIKV was recognised in Timor-Leste for the first time, with 195 outbreak cases reported during 1-31 January 2024; all were PCR positive. There were no cases hospitalised, and no deaths. The median age of cases was 17 years (range 1-76 years); 51% were males. Cases were reported across the country; most (88/195) were from Dili, although the highest incidence was seen in the neighbouring municipality of Ermera (monthly incidence rate of 58.8 cases per 100,000 population). This first reported outbreak of CHIKV in Timor-Leste highlights the need for improved mosquito-borne illness control and response strategies, including minimising breeding sites and promoting early presentation for treatment and differential diagnosis from DENV, and consideration of the deployment of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, particularly as they have shown to reduce the transmission of CHIKV, DENV and Zika virus, all of which pose threats in Timor-Leste.

Passive designs of low-income housing with natural ventilation in tropical region

One of the goals of Sustainable Development goals is sustainable cities and communities. Making cities sustainable means creating career and business opportunities, safe and affordable housing, and building resilient communities and economies. One of the goals of sustainable cities and communities (SDGs 11) is by 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums. Because the level of housing needs in Jakarta is quite high with limited land available, housing prices soar, this is inversely proportional to the high level of poverty in Jakarta so that many people make illegal and slum settlements to overcome the lack of funds they have. One way to achieve this target is to apply bioclimatic architecture to realize sustainable buildings with affordable operational costs so that the housing built becomes affordable. One way to save energy is to use natural ventilation. This paper presents a study of the application of bioclimatic architecture that can provide good air circulation created using natural ventilation. Natural ventilation is the process of exchanging air inside the building through the help of open building elements. This research is motivated by the current development of cheap apartment architecture in Indonesia which does not support good natural ventilation, people are starting to build something that benefits the market and ignores the importance of good air circulation. Therefore, the promotion and application of natural ventilation as part of low-cost energy consumption and avoiding the sick building syndrome with good air circulation, especially after the corona virus pandemic, is an important issue. The research method used is descriptive quantitative method, in the form of research with a case study and simulation approach. The result achieved is that the building can optimize natural ventilation evenly through orientation, building shape, opening design, etc.

Manajemen Pemasaran Outlet Cuci Sepatu Ngumbah Shoes

Entrepreneurship is a creative business that is formed based on innovation to create something new, has added value, provides benefits, creates jobs and the results are useful for other people. Entrepreneurship is always confused with Medium Enterprises, although this is not always the case, because not always the business owned by an entrepreneur is classified as a Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME). Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) can be interpreted in various ways by various sources. The basis for formulating the meaning of MSMEs can be based on the amount of business results/income, the amount of capital, the number of workers and the form of business. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) apparently have an important role in making a positive contribution to overcoming economic, social problems, in the form of high levels of poverty, large numbers of unemployed people, especially among people with low education, inequality in income distribution, uneven development processes between urban and rural areas and the problem of urbanization with all its negative impacts.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Assessment of Informal Settlement in Central Kandahar: A Case Study of Area Within Four Historic Gateways

Afghanistan's post-war recovery, commencing in 2001 following the cessation of hostilities, precipitated rapid urbanization, notably witnessed by a substantial proliferation of informal settlements, primarily concentrated in Kandahar Province. This phenomenon, exacerbated by significant rural-to-urban migration and population expansion, has emphasized the imperative for exhaustive research aimed at comprehensively understanding its definitions, associated types and potential impacts of informal settlement. The proliferation of informal settlements in Kandahar's historic gateways presents a complex challenge necessitating meticulous and nuanced analysis. The research endeavors to undertake a comprehensive exploration of the definitional constructs of informal settlements, encompassing diverse typologies and their ramifications on urban settings. Central to this endeavor are key objectives aimed at scrutinizing squatter settlements, discerning their typologies, including Spontaneous Sheltering, Homeless Encampments, Nomadic Tents, Refugee Camps, Carts and Wagons, Squatter Settlements, Slums, Self-Help Housing, Shantytowns, Informal Subdivisions and Tenement Housing. Furthermore, the research aims to assess the effects associated with informal supplementary settlements, which encompass a broad spectrum of socioeconomic and environmental ramifications, such as Overcrowding, Poor Living Conditions, High Levels of Poverty, Limited Basic Services, Social Marginalization, Health Risks, Inadequate Sanitation Facilities and Vulnerability. Employing a mixed-methods approach integrating field observations, surveys, Case Studies and literature review, the research seeks to comprehensively understand the complexities of informal settlement dynamics, thus providing insights for informed policy formulation and interventions in urban planning.

Minimum acceptable diet and its predictors among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia. A multilevel cloglog regression analysis.

Despite significant progress made previously and the recognized health benefits of optimal feeding practices, ensuring a minimum acceptable diet in developing countries like Ethiopia remains a formidable challenge. Additionally, there is a scarcity of data in this area. Therefore, our study aims to identify predictors of a minimum acceptable diet using a powerful tool called complementary log-log regression analysis. Thus, it contributes to accelerating the pathway of ending child undernutrition thereby promoting optimal child health. A multilevel analysis was conducted among a weighted sample of 1427 children aged 6-23 months using the 2019 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS). The EDHS sample was stratified and selected in two stages. A minimum acceptable diet is defined as a composite of children fed with both minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency. Data extraction took place between August 1 and 30, 2023. We used STATA software version 17 for data analysis. A complementary log-log regression model was fitted to identify significant predictors of the minimum acceptable diet. A p-value of ≤0.05 was used to declare statistically significant predictors. Only 10.44% (95CI: 8.90-12.15) of the children meet the minimum acceptable diet. Child aged (18-23 month) (AOR = 1.78, 95CI:1.14-2.78)], mother's educational level (secondary and above education) (AOR = 279,95CI: 1.51-5.15), number of children three and above [(AOR = 0.78,95CI: 0.53-0.94], institutional delivery [AOR = 1.77,95CI: 1.11-3.11], having postnatal-check-up [AOR = 2.33,95CI: 1.59-3.41] and high community poverty level (AOR = 0.49,95CI: 0.29-0.85) were found to be predictors of minimum acceptable diet. In Ethiopia, only one in ten children achieve a minimum acceptable diet. Which is lower than the global report findings (16%). Enhancing maternal education programs and promoting family planning strategies to reduce household size are essential. Besides, encouraging institutional deliveries and postnatal check-ups are also recommended. It is necessary to implement targeted interventions for poverty reduction in communities to ensure that families can afford nutritious diets for their children.

Poverty Eradication Efforts in Iraq and Its Challenges in the Perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Introduction: Iraq faces high levels of poverty, exacerbated by conflict and political crisis. The sustainable development goals (SDGs) offer a framework for overcoming poverty. This research aims to explore efforts to eradicate poverty in Iraq and its challenges from an SDGs perspective.&#x0D; Methods: This qualitative study uses in-depth interviews with 15 key informants from the government, non-governmental organizations, and academics in Iraq. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.&#x0D; Results: This research found that Iraq has made several efforts to alleviate poverty, including social assistance programs, investment in education and health, and economic reform. However, these efforts face various challenges, such as corruption, weak infrastructure, and political instability.&#x0D; Conclusion: Iraq still has a long way to go to achieve the SDGs regarding poverty alleviation. More targeted and sustainable efforts are needed to overcome existing challenges.

Association between neighborhood poverty and ovarian reserve: the ovarian aging study.

This study aimed to examine the association between neighborhood poverty and ovarian reserve. Among 1,019 healthy premenopausal women in the Ovarian Aging Study, aggregate exposure to neighborhood poverty was examined in relation to biomarkers of ovarian reserve, antimüllerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count (AFC). Specifically, the interaction of age-x-neighborhood poverty was assessed cross-sectionally to determine whether AMH and AFC declines across women may be greater in women exposed to more neighborhood poverty. Neighborhood poverty was assessed by geocoding and linking women's residential addresses in adulthood to US Census data. Independent of covariates, a significant interaction term showed the association between age and AMH varied by degree of exposure to neighborhood poverty in adulthood ( b = -0.001, P < 0.05). AMH declines increased progressively across women exposed to low, medium, and high levels of neighborhood poverty. In addition, main effects showed that higher neighborhood poverty was related to higher AMH in the younger women only ( b = 0.022, P < 0.01). Results related to AFC were all nonsignificant ( P > 0.05). Across women, greater aggregate exposure to neighborhood poverty in adulthood was related to lower ovarian reserve, indexed by AMH. In addition, there was a positive association between neighborhood poverty and AMH in younger women that attenuated in the older women. Together, results suggest that neighborhood disadvantage may have detrimental impacts that manifest as initially higher AMH, resulting in greater ovarian follicle loss over time. However, it remains unclear whether these results examining differences across women may replicate when AMH declines by neighborhood poverty are examined longitudinally.

Multidimensional Poverty Among Women in the Ibadan South West Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT: Poverty remains a serious problem in Nigeria; women are among those mostly affected and are often deprived in many ways. This paper uses the multidimensional approach to examine poverty levels among women in Ibadan South West Local Government Area, Oyo State. Primary data was obtained from a sample of 393 women across the population density areas on socio-economic characteristics and poverty indicators (health, education and standard of living). The Alkire-Foster multidimensional approach was used to estimate the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) for the sampled women. The weights assigned to these poverty dimensions were generated using the multiple correspondence analysis. The MPI for each woman were categorized as abject poor (deprived in at least two dimensions), moderate poor (deprived in one dimension) and non-poor (not deprived in any dimension). The mean age of the women was 30.8±6.7 years. One-third of the respondents were mostly artisans (30.0%) and traders (26.5%), and 52.2% had completed secondary education. About 23.0% of women were deprived in education, 61.0% in health and 70.4% in standard of living. Based on location, the study indicated that the women in the medium and high density areas are mostly deprived in the different dimensions of poverty. When the poverty cut off K= 1, poverty incidence is 94% and 51.7% of the women were multidimensional poor as against 28% poverty incidence and 19.6% poor women when k=3 using the Alkire-Foster Multidimensional methodology. This implies that when women are deprived in at least one dimension; 51.7% are multidimensional poor. More than half of the respondents (51.0%) were categorized as moderately poor, 26.0% were abject poor while 23.2% were non-poor. This study revealed high poverty levels among women in Ibadan South West Local Government Area. Deprivation in standard of living and health in the three areas could be improved upon through the concerted effort of the government with appropriate ministries by initiating more productive and empowerment programs to improve their purchasing power and disseminating educative information that will improve their nutritional status through health talks to reduce the level of multidimensional poverty in urban locations respectively.

Analysis Of Poverty Level Mapping In Riau Province Using The K-Means Method

This research aims to understand the pattern of poverty distribution in Riau Province, identify clusters that reflect similar characteristics and provide a basis for developing more targeted policies. This approach uses machine learning techniques, especially the K-Means algorithm, to form clusters based on poverty level data. The results of the analysis show cluster 0 (C0) with a high poverty level and cluster 1 (C1) with a low poverty level. K-Means proved effective in grouping areas with similar levels of poverty, and provided a strong foundation for further analysis. Evaluation results using the Adjusted Rand Index (ARI), Silhouette Score, Davies-Bouldin Index, and Calinski-Harabasz Index show that the quality of cluster formation is good. This analysis provides detailed insight into poverty patterns in Riau Province and provides an empirical basis for implementing more contextual policies.

Causes of Poverty among Genders in Micro and Small Scale Enterprises in Jalingo, Nigeria

Ending poverty is a key issue of discussion in the world and the first goal of the seventeen sustainable development goals. Nigeria is richly endowed with natural resources, yet her people are severely improvised, trapped in vicious cycle of poverty. High levels of poverty among genders have been found to be detrimental to people’s well-being and economic growth. Previous studies on microcredit were mostly in relation to economic growth with little attention on poverty and genders. This study fills this gap by investigating the relationship between micro-credit and Poverty among genders of micro and small-scale entrepreneurs. The simple unifying neoclassical scarcity-driven poverty theoretical framework and cross-sectional survey research design were adopted. Data analysis was based on the questionnaires retrieved from 186 and 726 small and micro entrepreneurs, a total of 912 obtained from the 229 and 794 samples determined by the Cochran’s simple random sampling formula. The Probit and regression models were estimated using the Maximum Likelihood and Ordinary Least Square techniques respectively. Descriptive analysis was conducted to examine the demographic features of the respondents. The heteroskedasticity robust standard analysis was done and statistical significance at p? 0.05. The mean age of the respondents was 40 years and 63% were with formal education. The FGT poverty rate, depth and severity are 61.95%, 24.67% and 12.92% respectively, while the SST poverty rate is 32.68% and the Gini coefficient is 35.63%, indicating high poverty level of Poverty among the entrepreneurs. Probit results show that respondents who obtain micro-credit from deposit money banks (DMBs), microfinance banks, and relatives are less likely to be poor, with 16.9%, 11.8%, and 6.8% probabilities respectively. Also, respondents with monthly (43.88%), quarterly (48.56%), and yearly (37.08%) access to microcredi

Efektivitas Metode Hibrida ARIMA-MLP untuk Peramalan Nilai Tukar Petani

The agricultural sector remains a crucial pillar of Indonesia’s economy, making the most significant contribution. Still, the situation of farmers, primarily the elderly, indicates physical limitations and low income leading to high poverty levels, coupled with fluctuations in the Farmer Exchange Rate (FER) annually tending to decline in D.I. Yogyakarta, indicating losses due to increased production costs. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of the Hybrid Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) – Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) method in forecasting NTP in D.I. Yogyakarta. This is based on the analysis of comparing the accuracy values of forecasts using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) evaluation or through visualizing the forecast graphs generated between the ARIMA and Hybrid ARIMA-MLP methods. The combination (hybrid) of ARIMA and MLP methods addresses the complexity of time series, where ARIMA anticipates NTP changes by handling linear patterns. At the same time, MLP improves forecast accuracy by managing more complex patterns (both linear and nonlinear). Thus, it can provide more accurate information about the welfare development of farmers. The results show that the Hybrid ARIMA-MLP method is significantly better than the individual ARIMA method, with the obtained model being Hybrid ARIMA-MLP (12-5-10-2) and an accuracy of 99.993%.

Predictors of Criminal Involvement by Teenagers Living in Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya: A Case Study of Kibera Slum

Crime is a multifaceted phenomenon caused by a myriad of factors, including social, economic, and psychological factors. This study examined the predictors of criminal behaviour among teenagers in Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya. Kibera is the largest slums in Africa and is characterized by high poverty levels, high crime rates, unemployment rates, and limited access to basic amenities. The prevalence of crime in Kibera slum is marked by theft as the most reported crime and has drawn many teenagers into engaging in illegality as a way of earning a living. Notably, understanding these socio-economic and individual factors that contribute to teenage delinquency in Kibera is instructive in developing effective intervention and prevention strategies. This study was based on two objectives: examining the socio-economic factors and the individual-level factors that influence the adoption of criminal behaviour amongst teenagers in the Kibera slum. The strain theory was used to understand the relationship between the socio-economic and individual-level factors in the Kibera teenagers' context and the adoption of criminogenic behaviour. The case study design was adopted in which data was collected and analysed using qualitative methods. The data was collected from 19 participants, including teenagers, teachers, parents, guardians, and local administration officers. The sample was generated using purposive and snow-balling sampling with the questionnaire and focus group discussion used to collect the data. The study concluded that socio-economic factors influencing criminal behaviour amongst teenagers included access to education, economic instability, family dysfunction, peer pressure, community support, and school policies, while the individual-level factors included mental health issues, genetic variations, and prenatal and perinatal factors. The study recommended the establishment and implementation of programs to cater to economic impoverishment, educational access, role modelling, and mental health issues as necessary for tackling criminality amongst the teenagers in the Kibera slum

The Dynamics of Inequality and Poverty Among Children in Colombia During the COVID-19 Recession

This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the income, inequality, and poverty levels among Colombian children between 2019 and 2020, using data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database. The income distribution and changes among Colombian children are analyzed using the probability density function and growth incidence curve. The paper utilizes the Foster–Greer–Thorbecke methodology to measure child poverty in Colombia, decomposes the contributions of different subgroups to child poverty and its changes, and conducts a growth-distribution decomposition of changes in child poverty. The study also employs income-source decomposition to examine the contributions of different income sources to child inequality and its changes. The results show that Colombian children experienced a decline in income, an increase in inequality, and higher levels of poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children from households with higher dependency ratios and those living in rural areas were more likely to experience poverty. The main driver of increased poverty among Colombian children was decreased income, and there was a significant worsening of inequality for ultra-poor children. Labor income emerged as the primary source of inequality and its changes, whereas capital income and private transfers played a role in reducing poverty. However, public social benefits slightly increased inequality levels. Overall, the recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is antipoor but pro-ultra-poor. To address similar recessions in the future, the government should expand public transfer payments especially programs targeting children to reduce income inequality and alleviate poverty among children, and bolster the provision of public services essential for children’s development.