Higher Plasma Malondialdehyde Research Articles

Potential association of neutrophil extracellular traps with cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease.

No acceptable biomarker can facilitate the early identification of cognitive impairment associated with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) in the older persons. The neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the inflammation response of circulatory and central systems are essential in destroying the blood-brain barrier. The present study aims to explore the potential associations of plasma NETs with cognitive performance in CSVD. We recruited 146 CSVD patients and 66 healthy controls (HCs), and comprehensive neuropsychological assessments and multimodal magnetic resonance imaging were conducted. Three NETs markers, viz., citrullination of histone H3, neutrophil elastase-DNA, and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA, and four oxidative stress-related indexes in plasma samples were measured. The plasma levels of three NETs markers were more significantly elevated in CSVD patients than in HCs. Significant correlations of the three NETs markers were observed with multiple cognitive domain scores. Furthermore, higher plasma MDA and NETs levels were significantly associated with the worse Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores among CSVD patients. Moreover, plasma MPO-DNA levels significantly mediated the effect of the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation value within the bilateral caudate and the scores of global cognitive function, executive function, and information processing speed. Additionally, a panel of three NETs markers had the highest area under the curve value to distinguish the cognitively impaired CSVD patients from HCs and non-impaired ones. Therefore, plasma NETs may be potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of CSVD-related cognitive impairment. Activated lipid peroxidation in circulation and impaired caudate function support potential associations of plasma NETs in cognitively impaired CSVD patients.

Milk performance and oxidative status responses to rumen protected methionine supplementation in genotyped α-S1 casein lactating dairy goats fed two levels of metabolizable protein diets

In dairy goats, responses to rumen-protected Methionine (RPM) supplementation on milk performance and milk protein synthesis were inconsistent. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of supplemental RPM in diets differing in CP content on milk performance, milk composition, plasma concentration of amino-acids (AA) and parameters of oxidative status in goats genotyped for their genetic variant for alpha-S1 casein (CNS1). Sixteen goats (Body weight = 66.6 ± 8.5 kg, days in milk = 89 ± 5) were grouped into 2 blocks (High vs Low) according to their secretion of CNS1 in milk, and within each CNS1 block, goats were selected to make blocks comparable for milk yield, milk protein content, body weight and days in milk. Goats within CNS1 blocks were allotted to 2 periods cross-over (4 wks for each period with one washout week) nested in 2 × 2 factorial design with dietary CP (LP vs HP, 14 vs 16 % CP in TMR fed ad libitum) and RPM supplementation (CTL vs RPM, 0 vs 4 g/d). Dry matter intake and milk yield were individually recorded daily, whereas milk samples for milk composition determination, and blood samples were obtained individually twice weekly, and once weekly, respectively. Blood was sampled for glucose, NEFA, BHB, urea, insulin, total or oxidized glutathion, superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl. At the end of each period, blood was sampled during two consecutive wks to determine plasma AA profile. Goats fed HP diet had higher CP, PDIE, and LysDi (lysine digestible in intestine) intake than those fed LP diet, whereas goats supplemented with RPM had higher MetDi (methionine digestible in intestine) intake (P < 0.001) than those fed the CTL diet. Goats fed HP diet had similar milk performance, milk composition and yields, and similar feed, energy and PDI efficiencies, but higher milk urea concentration than those fed LP diet. Goats supplemented with RPM had higher milk yield only when fed the LP diet (RPM x dietary CP: P < 0.02). Compared to goats fed CTL diet, those supplemented with RPM had higher milk protein content, but this was observed only in those fed HP diet (RPM x dietary CP: P < 0.008), especially for Low CNS1 goats (RPM x CNS1: P < 0.05; RPM x dietary CP x CNS1: P < 0.11). Efficiencies of PDI, feed and energy were not altered by RPM supplementation, but CNS1 x dietary CP x RPM interaction was significant for these efficiencies. Goats supplemented with RPM tended to have higher plasma MDA (P < 0.07) and total glutathione concentrations (P < 0.09). In conclusion, increasing dietary CP failed to improve DMI, milk performance, milk protein content and protein yield, which suggest that Net Energy for lactation was a limiting factor of our experimental diets. With RPM supplementation, increase in milk production in the low CP group, and increase in milk protein content in the high CP group suggests that changes in metabolic partition of nutrients between milk secretion vs milk protein synthesis occurs according to the level of limitation of methionine in diet, which may affect the methionine requirement for goat milk production.

Plasma malondialdehyde levels related to acne vulgaris severity

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by the formation of open and closed comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts. Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of AV. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), especially lipid peroxides (LPO), plays a role in mediating acne inflammation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one of the byproducts of LPO commonly used as a biomarker of cell damage. Methods: This cross-sectional analytic study consisted of sixty patients with AV . The samples were taken from the blood plasma of AV subjects. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) examination was performed. The normality of data distribution was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the differences of plasma MDA levels based on the severity of AV were determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. P value&lt;0,001 was considered significant. Results: Acne vulgaris was predominantly found in women (70%), age group of 18 &ndash; 25 years old (73,33%), and patients with family history of AV (61,67%). Higher plasma MDA levels were found in women [5,5 (2,53 &ndash; 77,6) nmol/mL], age group of 26 &ndash; 35 years [5,66 (2,73 &ndash; 25) nmol/mL], and subjects with family history of AV [5,49 (2,53 &ndash; 77,6) nmol/mL]. Based on the severity of AV, the severe AV group had highest plasma MDA [ 13,85 (2,69 &ndash; 77,6) nmol/mL], followed by moderate AV group [ 4,46 (2,53-14,3) nmol/mL] and mild AV [ 3,78 (2,47-6,88) nmol/mL]. There were differences in plasma MDA level based on the severity of AV (p&lt;0,001). Conclusion: There were differences in plasma MDA levels based on the severity of AV. &nbsp; Keywords: acne vulgaris, malondialdehyde, severity

Lipid Peroxidation With Implication of Organic Pollution in Autistic Behaviors.

BackgroundLipid metabolism has been associated with the development of autism. The omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) readily undergo lipid peroxidation and conversion to malondialdehyde (MDA). MDA-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) is a marker of lipid peroxidation. However, the association between PUFAs and MDA-LDL in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is unclear.Materials and methodsWe studied the association between PUFAs and MDA-LDL in 16 individuals with ASD (mean age: 11.5 ± 5.7 years) and seven age- and sex-matched healthy controls (mean age: 10.0 ± 4.1 years). The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) was used to assess behavioral symptoms. We overcame the small sample size by using the adaptive LASSO for enhancing the accuracy of prediction and interpretability. We also estimated the coefficient of variation for an appropriate variable selection and compared additional prior studies to support the findings. Thus, we conducted a careful selection of appropriate candidates to account for confounding variables.ResultsThe ASD group had significantly higher plasma MDA levels, eicosapentaenoic acid levels, and a higher ratio of plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/arachidonic acid (ARA) levels than the control group. Plasma levels of the omega-6 PUFA fraction, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, and superoxide dismutase levels were significantly lower in the ASD group than in the control group. Total ABC scores were significantly higher in the ASD group than in the control group. Multiple linear regression and adaptive LASSO indicated that plasma DHA levels and plasma DHA/ARA ratios were significantly associated with total ABC scores and plasma levels of MDA-LDL.ConclusionIncreased plasma levels of DHA and DHA/ARA ratio might be related to organic pollution. These neurobiological bases may induce neuronal deficiency associated with autistic behavioral symptoms in individuals with ASD.

Maternal vitamin D deficiency influences long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and pregnancy outcome in association with alterations in one-carbon metabolism

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder, leading to maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Abnormal placentation has been reported in preeclampsia. Nutrients like vitamin D and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are known to play a role in placental development. In an animal model, we have previously demonstrated that maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the thromboxane/prostacyclin ratio and contributes to inflammation and vasoconstriction. We hypothesize that maternal vitamin D status influences placental LCPUFA metabolism through alterations in one carbon metabolism in women with preeclampsia. To test this hypothesis, we recruited 69 normotensive control (NC) women and 50 women with preeclampsia. Women with preeclampsia had lower placental protein and mRNA levels of cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), higher plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and higher levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and total omega-6 fatty acids in the placenta. Women with preeclampsia also demonstrated higher placental mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as compared to NC women. Maternal 25(OH)D levels were negatively associated with maternal plasma MDA levels. Placental vitamin D receptor (VDR) levels were positively associated with CBS while maternal MDA levels were positively associated with serum levels of thromboxane-B2 (TXB2) levels. Our findings indicate that vitamin D deficiency increases oxidative stress through alterations in one carbon metabolism to influence pro-inflammatory omega-6 metabolic pathway in the placenta. This study demonstrates a possible mechanism through which vitamin D deficiency can result in an imbalance in the LCPUFA metabolites and contribute to placental inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia.

Effects of Cyclic High Ambient Temperature and Dietary Supplementation of Orotic Acid, a Pyrimidine Precursor, on Plasma and Muscle Metabolites in Broiler Chickens.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high ambient temperature (HT) and orotic acid supplementation on the plasma and muscle metabolomic profiles in broiler chickens. Thirty-two 14-day-old broiler chickens were divided into four treatment groups that were fed diets with or without 0.7% orotic acid under thermoneutral (25 ± 1 °C) or cyclic HT (35 ± 1 °C for 8 h/day) conditions for 2 weeks. The chickens exposed to HT had higher plasma malondialdehyde concentrations, suggesting an increase in lipid peroxidation, which is alleviated by orotic acid supplementation. The HT environment also affected the serine, glutamine, and tyrosine plasma concentrations, while orotic acid supplementation affected the aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and tyrosine plasma concentrations. Untargeted gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)-based metabolomics analysis identified that the HT affected the plasma levels of metabolites involved in purine metabolism, ammonia recycling, pyrimidine metabolism, homocysteine degradation, glutamate metabolism, urea cycle, β-alanine metabolism, glycine and serine metabolism, and aspartate metabolism, while orotic acid supplementation affected metabolites involved in pyrimidine metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, the malate–aspartate shuttle, and aspartate metabolism. Our results suggest that cyclic HT affects various metabolic processes in broiler chickens, and that orotic acid supplementation ameliorates HT-induced increases in lipid peroxidation.

Apocynin and catalase prevent hypertension and kidney injury in Cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases including hypertension and renal failure. There is enhanced expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH oxidase) and therefore production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during renal disease progression. This study investigated the effect of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor and catalase, an H2O2 scavenger on Cyclosporine A (CsA) nephrotoxicity in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Rats received CsA (25mg/kg/day via gavage) and were assigned to vehicle, apocynin (2.5mmol/L p.o.), catalase (10,000U/kg/day i.p.) or apocynin plus catalase for 14 days. Renal functional and hemodynamic parameters were measured every week, and kidneys were harvested at the end of the study for histological and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) assessment. Oxidative stress markers and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured. CsA rats had higher plasma malondialdehyde (by 340%) and BUN (by 125%), but lower superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity (by 40%, all P<0.05) compared to control. CsA increased blood pressure (by 46mmHg) and decreased creatinine clearance (by 49%, all P<0.05). Treatment of CsA rats with apocynin, catalase, and their combination decreased blood pressure to near control values (all P<0.05). NOX4 mRNA activity was higher in the renal tissue of CsA rats by approximately 63% (P<0.05) compared to controls but was reduced in apocynin (by 64%), catalase (by 33%) and combined treatment with apocynin and catalase (by 84%) compared to untreated CsA rats. Treatment of CsA rats with apocynin, catalase, and their combination prevented hypertension and restored renal functional parameters and tissue Nox4 expression in this model. NADPH inhibition and H2O2 scavenging is an important therapeutic strategy during CsA nephrotoxicity and hypertension.

Poor Glycaemic Control Is Associated with Increased Lipid Peroxidation and Glutathione Peroxidase Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Glycaemic control is the main focus of managing diabetes and its complications. Hyperglycaemia induces oxidative stress favouring cellular damage and subsequent diabetic complications. The present study was conducted to compare the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and individual antioxidant marker antioxidant status of type 2 diabetics (T2D) with good ((+) GC) and poor ((-) GC) glycaemic control with prediabetic (PDM) and normoglycaemic (NG) individuals. T2D (n = 147), PDM (n = 47), and NGC (n = 106) were recruited as subjects. T2D and PDM had lower plasma TAG than NG subjects. T2D and PDM had significantly higher GPx activity and plasma MDA concentrations than NG. PDM showed the highest SOD activity. T2D (-) GC showed significantly elevated GPx activity and higher MDA level and significantly lower SOD activity among all study groups. Lower plasma TAC and higher plasma MDA indicate the presence of oxidative stress in T2D and PDM. Elevated GPx activity in T2D, PDM, and particularly in T2D (-) GC suggests a compensatory response to counteract excess lipid peroxidation in the hyperglycaemic state. Decline in SOD activity advocates the presence of glycation and excess lipid peroxidation in T2D.

Increased lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Implications for obesity and central obesity

AimBoth diabetes and obesity are a proxidant state by increased generation of reactive oxygen species. Obesity and central obesity is common among most of patient with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to assess the effect of obesity on GPx and SOD activity and lipid peroxidation of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, prediabetes and normoglycaemic healthy controls. MethodsHundred and forty seven type 2 diabetic patients (T2D), forty seven prediabetics (PDM) and hundred and six normoglycaemic controls (NGC) were recruited. T2D, PDM and NGC individuals were further clustered on the presence of obesity and central obesity. Erythrocyte GPx and SOD were determined using enzymatic reagent kits. Lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. ResultsT2D had higher GPx activity and plasma MDA compared to PDM and NGC. PDM showed higher SOD activity than T2D and NGC. Obese and centrally obese T2D had higher GPx activity and plasma MDA with markedly reduced SOD activity. ConclusionObesity and central obesity has further triggered the oxidative stress in T2D as indicated by higher plasma MDA and lower SOD activity. However, rise of GPx activity in parallel to the MDA among obese and centrally obese T2D suggest the induction of “reductive stress”.

The Effects Comparisons of Sauropus androgynous, Moringa oleiefera alone and in combination on iron deficiency in anemia rats

Background: Leaves extract of Sauropus androgynous (Sa) or Moringaoleiefera(Mo) alone has been shown to increase hemoglobin level in iron deficiency anemia. The combination of the two extracts have been known to potentially have a synergistic effect on anemia. The objective of this study is to compare the anti-anemic effect of Sa, Mo alone and their combination on iron deficiency anemia in rats.&#x0D; Methods: Thirty female wistarstrain rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal, iron deficiency anemia, Sa, Mo and the combination of Sa and Mo. Beside the normal group, rats were fed Fe-deficient diet to induce iron-deficiency anemia. Level of hemoglobin, ferritin and plasma MDA were measured on day 8 (after induction of anemia) and day 29. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc test.&#x0D; Result: The rats fed with Fe-deficient diet for 7 days shown significantly had a lower plasma Hb and ferritin levels and higher plasma MDA levels compared to the normal group (p &lt;0.05) After the treatment, the rats given the extracts significantly had a higher mean of Hb and Ferritin and a lower mean of MDA level compared to anemic control. The mean Hb, ferritin and MDA level of the combination group were close to normal group.&#x0D; Conclusion: The combination of the leaves extract of Sauropus androgynous or Moringaoleiefera is more effective against iron deficiency anemia compared to extract alone in rats.&#x0D; Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(1) 2019 p.136-140

Potential Predictive Role of Lipid Peroxidation Markers for Type 2 Diabetes in the Adult Tunisian Population

We evaluated the potential clinical relevance of malondialdehyde (MDA) and autoantibodies to copper oxidized low-density lipoprotein (CuOx-LDL) in type 2 diabetes occurrence. This cross-sectional study enrolled 69 normoglycemic subjects, 18 prediabetic patients and 108 type 2 diabetes patients. MDA concentration was assessed spectrophotometrically. Plasma IgG, IgA and IgM levels to CuOx-LDL were determined by ELISA. Plasma MDA levels were considerably higher in obese, prediabetic and type 2 diabetes subjects compared to controls. In multiple linear regression analysis, both MDA and IgA to CuOx-LDL were significantly associated with glucose metabolism markers (p<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that high plasma MDA and IgA to CuOx-LDL were independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes (OR 1.196, 95% CI: 1.058 to 1.353; p=0.004; OR 1.626, 95% CI: 1.066 to 2.481; p=0.024; respectively). Importantly, elevated IgA to CuOx-LDL predicted incident diabetes in patients with prediabetes (OR 2.321, 95% CI:1.063 to 5.066; p=0.035). From stratified analyses by body mass index (BMI), both MDA and IgA to CuOx-LDL remained independent predictors of type 2 diabetes occurrence in non-obese subjects (p<0.05). More interesting, elevated IgA to CuOx-LDL levels could be predictors of type 2 diabetes in obese prediabetic subjects (p=0.044). Conversely, neither IgG nor IgM to CuOx-LDL was associated with glucose metabolism markers, obesity or type 2 diabetes. Plasma MDA and IgA to CuOx-LDL were significantly associated with blood markers of glucose metabolism. High levels of MDA and IgA to CuOx-LDL could independently predict type 2 diabetes development in normoglycemia and prediabetic subjects.

A Study of Effects of Addition of Coenzyme Q 10 to High Dose Statins in Patients of Coronary Artery Disease with Special Reference to Oxidative Balance

AbstractBackground: Oxidative stress is one of the most potent inductors of endothelial dysfunction and is involved at all stages of atherosclerotic plaque evolution. Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors and are potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. In clinical trials, statins are beneficial in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Statins also possess direct free radical scavenging activity. However, the prooxidant effect of statins has also been reported as statins block the mevalonate pathway and the synthesis coenzyme Q10. This Additional Coenzyme Q10 depletion by statins in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) may be a critical issue as it may reduce absolute benefits of statins.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high dose statins on plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and plasma glutathione levels in CAD patients who underwent recent PCI and to study whether addition of coenzyme Q10 (100 mg/d) has any additional effect on plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and plasma glutathione levels in patients already receiving high dose statin therapy.Methods: Twenty-one consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in Department of Cardiology at our institute were studied. The cases (n = 21) were given high dose statins for first 1 week and then coenzyme Q10 (100 md /day) is added for next 1 week. Plasma Malondialdehyde(MDA) levels and plasma glutathione levels were analyzed at the time of admission before giving statins and at the end of 1 week of statin therapy and again after 1 week of Co-Q therapy.Results: Our results indicate that a relation exists between high plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and low plasma glutathione levels with coronary artery disease. High dose statins decrease MDA levels and increase plasma glutathione levels, even though they decrease coenzyme q levels in the body. It was also shown that addition of Coenzyme Q10 at 100 mg/d enhances plasma glutathione levels and decreases plasma MDA level still further in patients who have CAD, already receiving high dose statin therapy.Conclusions: Addition of Coenzyme Q10 at 100 mg/d has an additive effect with high dose statins in decreasing oxidative stress. Particularly in light of the excellent tolerance and affordability of this natural physiological compound, supplemental Coenzyme Q10 may emerge as an attractive option in future, and merits evaluation in additional large studies.

Role of CYP2E1 and NQO1 polymorphisms in oxidative stress derived cancer in Thais with and without dyslipidemia

Abstract Background Hyperlipidemia can induce the endogenous production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may cause carcinogenesis. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 activity, induced by various factors including polyunsaturated fatty acids, effects the incidence of cancers, whereas NQO1, a flavoprotein, may protect against ROS. Objectives To investigate the effect of CYP2E1 and NQO1 polymorphism on oxidative stress status in Thais with and without dyslipidemia. Methods We included 1380 apparently healthy employees of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand in this study. We determined their CYP2E1 and NQO1 genotypes and related these to blood lipid profiles, and circulating levels of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH). Lifestyle-related factors were determined from questionnaires. Results All tested genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The heterozygous and variant genotype distribution and allele frequency of CYP2E1 *5B were less common than CYP2E1 *6. Heterozygous NQO1 was the most prevalent form. The frequency of the mutated allele CYP2E1 *5B was 0.16, CYP2E1 *6 was 0.22, and NQO1 *2 was 0.43. Significant differences were observed for blood cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol between normolipidemic participants, and those with hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and combined hyperlipidemia. Participants in the hyperlipidemic subgroup who bore any variant alleles of genes had higher plasma MDA and GSH levels, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, but lower catalase activity when compared with normolipidemic participants bearing wild-type alleles. Conclusions Variations in genetic disposition and dyslipidemia can modify oxidative stress status. Relatively more free radicals may be generated in individuals in subgroups with hyperlipidemia bearing any variant alleles.

Combination of vitamin E and vitamin C alleviates renal function in hyperoxaluric rats via antioxidant activity.

Hyperoxaluria and oxidative stress are risk factors in calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formation. Supplement with antioxidant could be effective in prevention of recurrent stone formation. The present study aims to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin E and vitamin C in hyperoxaluric rat. The experiment was performed in rats for 21 days. Rats were divided into 5 groups as follows: control (group 1, n=8), hyperoxaluric rats (group 2, n=8), hyperoxaluric rats with vitamin E supplement (group 3, n=7), hyperoxaluric rats with vitamin C supplement (group 4, n=7) and hyperoxaluric rats with vitamin E and C supplement (group 5, n=7). Hyperoxaluria was induced by feeding hydroxyl L-proline (HLP) 2% w/v dissolved in drinking water. Intraperitoneal 200 mg/kg of vitamin E was given in groups 3 and 5 on days 1, 6, 11 and 16, while 500 mg of vitamin C was injected intravenously in groups 4 and 5 on days 1 and 11. Renal functions and oxidative status were measured. The urinary oxalate excretion was increased in HLP supplement rats, while glomerular filtration rate, proximal water and sodium reabsorption were significantly lower in group 2 compared with a control (P<0.05). Giving antioxidants significantly lower urinary calcium oxalate crystals (P<0.05). Hyperoxaluric rats had higher plasma malondialdehyde (PMDA) and lower urinary total antioxidant status (UTAS), which were alleviated by vitamin E and/or vitamin C supplement. In conclusion, giving combination of vitamin E and vitamin C exerts a protective role against HLP-induced oxalate nephropathy.

Effects of Age and Exercise Training on Oxidation of Skeletal Muscle and Blood in Mature and Yearling Horses

IntroductionThe objective of this study was to determine if yearlings would have higher oxidative stress and lower antioxidant status than mature mares after a single bout of intense exercise before and after training.MethodsSeven Standardbred yearling fillies (18 ± 2.4 mo) and seven mares (13 ± 2.1 yr) ran a repeated sprints exercise test before (RSET1) and after (RSET2) an 8‐wk training protocol. Blood samples and middle gluteal muscle samples were taken before and after exercise, and throughout recovery. Data is presented as mean ± SE and all analyses were done in the context of a linear mixed model with random intercepts for horse.ResultsIn RSET1, mares had higher plasma malondialdehyde than the yearlings (P&lt;0.05), but the yearlings had higher muscle malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase, erythrocyte total glutathione and glutathione peroxidase (P&lt;0.05). In RSET2, yearlings had higher plasma nitric oxide than the mares (P&lt;0.05). In RSET2, the mares had lower plasma malondialdehyde, and higher muscle malondialdehyde, total glutathione and nitric oxide as compared to RSET1 (P&lt;0.05). The yearlings in RSET2 had higher muscle nitric oxide and lower erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase than in RSET1 (P&lt;0.05). Plasma cortisol, creatine kinase and muscle glutathione peroxidase had little difference with age or training.ConclusionsPrior to training, the yearlings had lower lipid peroxidation and higher antioxidants than the mares. Training reduced oxidative stress and improved antioxidant status in the mares, while few effects of training were seen in the yearlings. This suggests that age is an important defense against exercise‐induced oxidative stress.Ethical Animal ResearchRutgers University Institutional Animal Care and Use Review Board approved the study. Sources of funding: none. Competing interests: none.

Low-dose ketamine pretreatment reduces oxidative damage and inflammatory response following CO2 pneumoperitoneum in rats.

The duration of pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic procedures may contribute to post-surgical oxidative stress. Previous studies have shown that low-dose ketamine, an anesthetic with anti-inflammatory properties, protects various organs from ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study investigated the effects of low-dose ketamine on the overproduction of oxidants and the tissue damage caused by intra-abdominal pressure during CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Male Sprague Dawley rats received a CO2 pneumoperitoneum of 15 mmHg and preceded by either low-dose ketamine (KP1, 5 mg/kg; KP2, 10 mg/kg) or 0.9% saline (PR, 3 ml). General anethesia was provided by pentobarbital and sevoflurane. The control group (CR) received an intraperitoneal saline injection and sham surgery. Three hours after pneumoperitoneum, serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (iFABP) were measured and liver, kidney, lung, and intestine were evaluated for tissue damage. The highest plasma MDA, TNF-α, IL-6 and iFABP values were observed at T1 (after 3 hours of pneumoperitoneum) in the PR group, followed by the KP1, KP2, and CR groups (P < 0.01). SOD concentrations showed an opposite trend and were highest in the CR group, followed by the KP2, KP1, and PR groups (P < 0.01). TNF-α concentration was significantly lower in the KP2 than the KP1 group (P < 0.05). Histopathologic scoring of organ sections demonstrated the lowest scores in the KP2 group, followed by the KP1 and PR groups, in an increasing order (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with low-dose ketamine before general anaesthesia protects against potential oxidative damage and inflammatory response caused by CO2 pneumoperitoneum.

Optimal conditions of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on paraquat-induced acute lung injury in rats

To investigate the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation on acute lung injury induced by paraquat (PQ) poisoning in rats, and to identify the optimal transplantation conditions. Two hundred female rats were randomly divided into six groups, i.e., PQ group (n = 15), BMSC treatment group 1 (n = 15 for each subgroup), BMSC treatment group 2 (n = 15 for each subgroup), BMSC control group 1 (n = 15 for each subgroup), BMSC control group 2 (n = 15), and normal control group (n = 5). In the PQ group, each rat was intraperitoneally injected with 20% PQ solution (15 mg/kg). In BMSC treatment group 1, each rat was injected via the caudal vein with 1×10(5), 10(6), 10(7)or 10(8) BMSCs (1 ml) after 6 hours of PQ exposure. In BMSC treatment group 2, each rat was injected via the caudal vein with 1×10(7) BMSCs (1 ml) after 1, 6, 12, or 24 hours of PQ exposure. In BMSC control group 1, each rat was injected via the caudal vein with 1×10(5), 10(6), 10(7), or 10(8) BMSCs (1 ml). In BMSC control group 2, each rat was injected via the caudal vein with 1×10(7) BMSCs (1 ml). In the normal control group, each rat was intraperitoneally injected with an equal volume of 0.9% saline. The lung wet/dry weight ratio and plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured at 1, 3, and 7 days after various treatments. Compared with the normal control group, the PQ group showed significantly higher lung wet/dry weight ratios at 3 and 7 days after PQ exposure and significantly higher plasma TNF-α and MDA levels at 1, 3, and 7 days after PQ exposure (P < 0.01). Compared with the PQ group, BMSC treatment group 1 showed significantly lower lung wet/dry weight ratios at 7 days after injection of 1×10(6) and 10(7) BMSCs, significantly lower plasma TNF-α levels at 3 and 7 days after injection of 1×10(5), 10(6), and 10(7) BMSCs, and significantly lower plasma MDA levels at 3 days after injection of 1×10(6) and 10(7) BMSCs and at 7 days after injection of 1×10(5), 10(6), and 10(7) BMSCs (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Compared with the PQ group, BMSC treatment group 2 showed significantly lower lung wet/dry weight ratios at 7 days after injection of BMSCs following 1, 6, and 12 hours of PQ exposure, significantly lower plasma TNF-α levels at 3 and 7 days after injection of BMSCs following 1, 6, and 12 hours of PQ exposure, and significantly lower plasma MDA levels at 3 days after injection of BMSCs following 6 hours of PQ exposure and at 7 days after injection of BMSCs following 1, 6, and 12 hours of PQ exposure (P < 0.01). BMSCs have a protective effect on the lung in rats with PQ poisoning, and the effect is closely related to the transplantation time and number of transplanted BMSCs. After 6 hours of PQ exposure, intravenous injection of 1×10(7) BMSCs can result in significant decreases in lung wet/dry weight ratio and plasma TNF-α and MDA levels.

The Impact of Senile Cataract Maturity on Blood Oxidative Stress Markers and Glutathione-Dependent Antioxidants: Relations with Lens Variables

The Impact of Senile Cataract Maturity on Blood Oxidative Stress Markers and Glutathione-Dependent Antioxidants: Relations with Lens VariablesOxidative stress is implicated in senile cataract (SC) genesis, although the impact of SC maturity on blood oxidative stress markers is unclear. Total hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were measured in the blood and lens samples of patients having either immature (n=31) or mature SC (n=50), and in 22 blood samples from noncataract controls. Compared to controls, SC patients had higher plasma MDA and serum GST, and decreased plasma GR and GSH levels. Plasma GPx as well as hydroperoxides differed from control values only in patients with mature SC. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the fall of plasma GR activity (OR 5.14; CI 1.82-14.51;p=0.0020), as well as serum GST activity (OR 3.84; CI 1.36-10.83;p=0.0108) were independently associated with the maturity of SC. Lens hydroperoxides, MDA and GST, showed no correlation with correspondent blood values, in contrast to GPx (r=0.715; p&lt;0.001) and GR (r=0.703; p&lt;0.001). This study showed that the severity of SC is associated with increased systemic oxidative stress, which could be due to the fall of GSH-dependent antioxidant enzymes activities.

Validation of a Surgical Technique for Rat Intestinal Irradiation: Potential Side Effects Prevention by Dietary Grape Phenolics

This study evaluates and defines the histological and biochemical consequences of irradiation on the Hauer-Jensen intestinal model and investigates the potential effects of dietary polyphenols. Sprague-Dawley rats were orchiectomized, and an ileal loop was transposed to the left part of the scrotum, then irradiated 2 weeks after surgery with a single dose of 21 Gy (4.49 Gy/min). Four groups of rats received either phenolic extracts from grape seeds (EGS) and from red wine (ACYS, EGT), or pure quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside (Q3G), for 5 days before the irradiation and were sacrificed 2 weeks after. Antioxidant enzyme activities, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activity (GSHPx), and oxidative markers such as myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (MDA) were measured as well as cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant level (CINC-1), a chemokine involved in inflammation. Irradiated rats exhibited a high radiation injury score (RIS) with a thickened serosa, mucosal loss and ulceration, and epithelial atypicality. Intestinal MPO activity and CINC-1 concentration were significantly increased in irradiated animals (60 and 66 %, respectively). Higher plasma MDA levels (58 %) and SOD activity (32 %) were accompanied by a reduced GSHPx activity (79 %). However, feeding phenolic extracts remarkably reduced levels of blood SOD activity (34 % on average), intestinal CINC-1 (25-75 % range) and MPO activity (36-84 %). Except for Q3G, phenolics preserved the intestinal structure. These findings show that irradiation triggers an inflammation, and an oxidative stress by disturbing the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and indicate that phenolics supply exerts preventive effects against radio-induced intestinal impairment.

Changes in the levels of thioredoxin and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase activity in plasma of patients with colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy

Increased oxidative stress and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity have been reported in cancer, but their relationship with chemotherapy remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine wether the chemotherapy treatments used in colorectal cancer had an additional effect on oxidative stress and on IDO activity. Plasma samples were collected from 27 colorectal cancer patients on cytostatic treatment, 27 with cytostatic drugs plus monoclonal antibodies (cytostatic-Mabs) and 15 non-treated patients. All patients with colorectal cancer had high plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), thioredoxin (Trx) levels, and elevated IDO activity in plasma (IDOp) and in dendritic cells (IDOc). This study shows that treatment with cytostatics have an effect on oxidative stress by increasing MDA levels and by decreasing Trx levels and IDO activity. However, treatment with cytostatic-Mabs showed no effect on MDA levels but decreased Trx levels, and the IDO activity showed values similar to the healthy group. Significant correlations between plasma IDO activity and the levels of Trx (r = 0.2062, p < 0.05) and MDA (r = 0.2873, p < 0.005) were observed. Furthermore, our study suggests that IDO activity measured as kynurenine levels could be used as a marker of the response to the chemotherapy treatments, although further studies are necessary.