Higher Percentage Of Oleic Acid Research Articles

Effect of oregano essential oil and benzoic acid supplementation to a low-protein diet on meat quality, fatty acid composition, and lipid stability of longissimus thoracis muscle in pigs

BackgroundConsumers are becoming increasingly interested in food containing appropriately high concentration of intramuscular fat (IMF) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The supplementation of feed with antioxidants decreases degradation of lipids in muscles thereby enhances nutritional and sensory properties of meat. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adding oregano essential oil (OEO) and benzoic acid (BA) to low-protein, amino acid-supplemented diets on meat quality, sensory profile, fatty acid composition, and lipid oxidation of longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle in pigs.MethodsIn Exp. 1, 21 barrows were housed in metabolism cages and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 diets. The three diets were normal protein diet (NPD), medium protein diet (MPD) and low protein diet (LPD) with 1% and 2% less than NPD, respectively. In Exp. 2, 36 barrows were randomly divided into three experimental groups, namely, NPD, LPD, and identical LPD supplemented with blends of OEO (250 mg/kg feed) and BA (1000 mg/kg feed) (LPOB) groups.ResultsNo significant effects of diets on meat quality were observed in Exp. 1. The b*45min, tenderness, and IMF content in LPD muscle were higher than those in NPD and LPOB muscle. The LT muscle in LPD group contained a higher percentage of oleic acid (C18:1n-9) and a lower percentage of linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) than those in NPD group. Dietary LPOB improved oxidative stability, total superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase but decreased drip loss in LT muscle.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that growing-finishing pigs fed with a low-protein, amino acid-supplemented diet show a high content of intramuscular fat in the longissimus thoracis muscle. Dietary LPOB enhances the anti-oxidative status by improving antioxidative capacity but deteriorates the sensory attributes by decreasing IMF content of meat.

Quality, composition, and antioxidant activity of virgin olive oil from introduced varieties at Liangshan

Virgin olive oil from introduced varieties has attracted a lot of attention because it can grow in environments different from where it originated. We used Acid-base titration, oxidation-reduction titration, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to evaluate the quality, composition, and antioxidant activities of four virgin olive oils from introduced varieties at Liangshan. The composition and quality index were comparable to an extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) reference, but the free fatty acid and peroxide values were lower than the EVOO reference. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids that conformed to standards, while Koreniki exhibited a high percentage of oleic acid. We determined the contents of α-tocopherol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol and found that Koreniki had the highest α-tocopherol content, Barnea had the highest stigmasterol content, and Manzanlilla had the highest β-sitosterol content. The total polyphenol ranged from 55.41 to 180.21 mg/kg oil. The polyphenol extracts of oil had excellent anti-oxidation properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) also showed that Manzanilla had the highest score.

Differential fatty acid analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in infants and young children with suspected meningitis

Meningitis is relatively common in infants and young children and can cause permanent brain damage. The aim of this study was to determine whether meningitis is associated with fatty acids in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF samples from children between 3months and 6years of age admitted to the Tabriz public hospitals who met clinical criteria of meningitis were collected at enrollment. A total of 81 samples were analyzed for fatty acid profile by gas-liquid chromatography. Children with a purulent meningitis demonstrated a higher percentage of oleic acid (p<0.05, >10%) and lower percentages of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (p<0.001, <-40%) than aseptic meningitis and nonmeningitis groups did. There was an inverse relationship between CSF long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the total number of leukocytes and differential counts of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the purulent meningitis group. Moreover, significantly lower omega-3 fatty acids (p=0.001, -37%) and higher ratio of n-6/n-3 (p=0.02, -29%) were found in patients with purulent meningitis with sepsis than in those with meningitis and no sepsis. This study provides evidence that purulent meningitis and its complication with sepsis are associated with important disturbances in CSF fatty acids, mainly deficiency in long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Newly isolated yeasts from Tunisian microhabitats: Lipid accumulation and fatty acid composition.

Newly isolated yeasts from different Tunisian microhabitats, such as soil, milk, olive brine, vinegar, and from olive mill wastewater-contaminated biotopes were extensively studied for their biochemical arsenal and morphological features, i.e. cell, ascospore, and lipid body morphology. All strains were classified into the Ascomycota phylum. However, they showed great functional diversity, including different morphological and biochemical features, lipid production ability, and fatty acid profiles. Accordingly, the strains were placed in three different groups: Group I, which includes Candida species; Group II (Pichia and related); and Group III (Kluyveromyces marxianus strain CC1). Group I and II were characterized by a high percentage of oleic acid (41.6-65.3% of total lipids) while in Group III, linoleic acid was the major fatty acid (37.2%). Members of Group I and II were further grouped into subgroups according to their fatty acid composition. Among the newly isolated strains, Pichia etchellsii BM1 was able to accumulate around 25% wt/wt lipid per dry cell mass and thus characterized as oleaginous. Some other strains, such as Candida metapsilosis strain EL2, C. parapsilosis strain LV2, C. pararugosa strain BM24, and K. marxianus strain CC1, which are able to produce extracellular lipases, may be of interest for specific environmental applications and/or for the production of novel lipases.

EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND MAGNETIZED WATER IN GROWTH AND YIELD OF MEDICAL PUMPKIN FROM FIXED OIL AND ITS COMPONENTS

A field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Field of Hort. Dept/ College of Agric .Abu-Ghraib/University of Baghdad during the spring growth season and autumn of 2013, to study effect organic fertilizer and magnetized water on Growth and production of medicinal pumpkin from fixed oil and its components, the experiment included two factors, First was irrigation with normal water(A1), irrigation with magnetized water 500 gauss(A2) and the second factor included six levels of fertilizers are: control (without fertilization) (F1), chemical fertilization (Recommended) (F2) ,fertilization with mushrooms waste 5%(F3), 7.5% (F4), fertilization with poultry manure 5% (F5), 7.5% (F6). The experiment was implemented within Nested design and three replications for spring season (open field) and autumn season (green house). The results showed that the significant increase in plant height at treatments F6 and F4 with A2 in the open field and with A1 in green house (365.1, 312.3, 597.9, 504.9 cm respectively). Reached highest number of branches and dry weight at treatment F6 with A2, leaf area with A1 of open field, (3.2 branch .plant-1 , 113 dsm2 152.1 g respectively) and the highest increase in the leaf area and dry weight at treatment F4 with A1 of green house (498.5 dsm2 , 273.5 g respectively). Highest yield of the fruits was at treatment F2 with A1 and F6 with A2 in open field(40.0, 33.5 ton .h-1 respectively) and treatment F5 with A1in green house (29.7 ton .h-1). Happened highest yield of seeds at treatment F6 and F4 with A1 in open field(240.4, 231.8 kg .h-1 respectively) and at treatment F2 with A1 in green house (401.2 kg .h-1) also a higher yield of oil at F4 and F6 with A1 in open field(58.1, 55.8 kg.h-1 respectively) and at treatments F5, F4 with A1 in green house (142.1, 139.7 kg.h-1 respectively) Reached highest percentage of oleic acid at F1 with A2 in green house (17.0%) while reached higher percentage of linoleic acid at treatment F4 , F2 with A1 (68.3, 68.1% respectively) and the higher percentage of phytosterols at treatments F3 with A2 in open field (1.9%) and the treatment of F1 with A2 in green house (2.3%).

Bioactive Compounds in Virgin Olive Oil of the PDO Montoro‐Adamuz

AbstractVirgin olive oil (VOO) is generally recognized as a healthy fat because of its fatty acid composition and content in minor compounds but a wide range of these substances can be found in commercial oils. The concentration of compounds with attributed health benefits were analyzed in VOO of the PDO Montoro‐Adamuz. Oleic acid represented around 79 % of the total fatty acids, and the mean squalene and tocopherols concentrations were 5800 and 247 mg/kg respectively. Despite the changes found in polyphenols concentration in the oils analyzed for six consecutive crops, these substances accounted for more than 700 mg/kg. Moreover, the effect of irrigation regime and sun radiation on the content in bioactive substances of these oils was also assessed. No significant differences were detected between oils from trees irrigated ad libitum or rain‐feed. In contrast, the level of tree radiation exerted a great effect on the concentration of bioactive substances in oils. Oils from trees cultivated in a sunny area (south orientation) had a higher percentage of oleic acid and concentration in phenolic compounds than those from shady areas (north orientation). The opposite was detected for tocopherols and squalene which were more concentrated in oils from olives of the shady area. The results obtained in this study point out VOO of the PDO Montoro‐Adamuz as a very healthy fat due to their composition in bioactive substances, in particular their richness in phenolic compounds.

Safety and efficacy of Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst (Marula) oil: A clinical perspective

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst (Marula) nut oil is a popular ingredient in cosmetics such as skin lotions, lipsticks and foundations. The demand for this African oil increased tremendously such that in 2008 almost US$ 20 million was spent on Marula oil for cosmetic product manufacturing. The ethnobotanical literature states that the Zulu people in South Africa amongst others applied the oil to maintain a healthy skin. Scientific studies to support the traditional use as well as the inclusion of Marula oil in cosmetic products is lacking. This study evaluated the irritancy potential (safety), the moisturising and hydrating effects as well occlusivity properties (efficacy) of Marula oil after topical application. In addition, the Marula oil used in this study was comprehensively characterised using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Methods and materialsQuantification of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was done using a LECO Pegasus 4D GC×GC–MS. To determine the safety and efficacy of Marula oil healthy caucasian adult female volunteers (n=20) who complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the irritancy patch, moisture efficacy, hydrating and occlusivity tests were recruited for each study. A 2× magnifying lamp (visual observation), Chromameter®, Aquaflux® and Corneometer® instruments were used to evaluate and monitor the irritancy level, skin barrier function, transepidermal water loss, hydrating and occlusive effects of topically applied Marula oil. ResultsThe GC×GC–MS analysis identified several saturated as well as unsaturated fatty acids. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid constituting 69.0% of the oil followed by palmitic acid (15.3%), linoleic acid (9.2%), palmitoleic acid (4.1%) and stearic acid (1.5%). The clinical study revealed that Marula oil is non-irritant (p<0.001), with moisturising and hydrating properties (p<0.001) when applied to a lipid-dry (xerosis) skin. Additionally the oil exhibited occlusive effects (p<0.001) when applied to normal skin. These findings may be linked to the absorption of the oil into the skin due to the high percentage of oleic acid and the presence of palmitic acid which are known to disturb the stratum corneum intercellular lipids. These fatty acids present in Marula oil are very similar to those present in the epidermis, and can be considered biomimetic. ConclusionsMarula oil rich in fatty acids exhibits moisturising, hydrating and occlusive properties. As the oil is non-irritating and provides a moisturising effect with moderate prevention of transepidermal water loss, average moisture retention properties and noteworthy occlusive effects, its inclusion in cosmetic products based on its traditional use may be justified depending on the application.

Classification of Turkish hazelnut oils based on their triacylglycerol structures by chemometric analysis

Triacylglycerol structures of Turkish hazelnut oils were determined to make classification by chemometric analysis. During 2009 and 2010 crop seasons, 50 samples of 19 hazelnut cultivars (Fosa, Sivri, Mincane, Kalinkara, Kara, Yassibadem, Tombul, Allahverdi, Kus, Cakildak, Uzunmusa, Kargalak, Aci, Yuvarlakbadem, Kan, Cavcava, Incekara, Palaz and Bolu) were collected from Giresun, Trabzon, Ordu and Bolu provinces of Turkey. Hazelnut oils were obtained by solvent extraction, and samples were evaluated for their fatty acid, sn-2 fatty acid and triacylglycerol compositions. Results have shown that water and oil content of the hazelnuts were between 3.17–4.32 % and 55.01–64.85 %, respectively. Oleic acid is the major fatty acid in all samples ranged between 81.03 and 86.63 %. Higher percentages of oleic acid were determined at sn-2 position of triglycerides as between 86.57 and 91.45 %, followed by linoleic and palmitic acids. Main triacylglycerols of hazelnut oils were OOO, OOL, OOP, SOO and OLL. Triolein was the major one ranging between 57.86 and 68.99 %. A one-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences between variables in the cultivars. Principle component and hierarchical cluster analyses enabled the classification of varieties based on their triacylglycerol structure. Discriminant analysis separated the samples according to their geographical origin.

Comparison of Physicochemical and Functional Traits of Hanwoo Steer Beef by the Quality Grade.

The physicochemical and functional traits for loin muscles of Hanwoo steers were compared by quality grade (QG). A total of 500 Hanwoo steers were slaughtered, their carcasses were categorized into four groups (QG 1++, 1+, 1, and 2), and the longissimus dorsi muscles were analyzed. QG 1++ group had the highest fat and lowest moisture content (p<0.05). QG 1++ showed higher L* and b* color values, higher cooking loss, and lower shear force values, compared with the other groups (p<0.05). The flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and preference scores by sensory evaluation were highly ranked for premium QG groups (1++ and 1+). Regarding the micro compounds, QG 1 and QG 2 had greater amounts of inosine monophosphate, and QG 2 had greater amounts of anserine, carnosine, and creatine, than QG 1++ (p<0.05). QG 1++ and 1+ had higher percentages of oleic acid (C18:1) than QG 2 (p<0.05). Within premium QG 1++ and 1+, the results of the nucleotides, free amino acids, dipeptides, and fatty acids did not show any distinctive differences. Hanwoo beef as determined by the current grading system was not significantly different in terms of functional components; the only significant difference was in intramuscular fat content.

Improvement of fatty acid profiles in kid meat from Murciano-Granadina goats under semi-arid environment

The present paper shows the results of a comparison of the fatty acid profile of kid meat obtained from extensive management system under semi-arid conditions and conventional systems. Meat samples from 61 Murciano-Granadina goat kids reared in extensive management system (9 females, 12 males) under semi-arid conditions and two variants of conventional managing systems, intensive with natural rearing (9 females, 11 males) and intensive with artificial rearing (10 females, 10 males), were used in the present study. Kids reared under the extensive management system showed (P < 0.05) that their intramuscular fat depots had the lowest percentage of myristic acid (12.31%) and the highest percentage of oleic acid (36.66%). A strong influence of physical activity during grazing in pasture modulated the fatty acid profile in muscle of kids reared under the extensive management system. Kids from this management system show a trend to produce healthier meat relative to intensive with natural and with artificial rearing management systems, as reflected by the fact that the lowest atherogenicity index was measured in intramuscular fat from kids reared under extensive management system.

Extraction of rubber (hevea brasiliensis) seed oil using soxhlet method

Soxhlet extraction which is also known as solvent extraction refers to the preferential dissolution of oil by contacting oilseeds with a liquid solvent. This is the most efficient method to recover oil from oilseeds, thus solvent extraction using hexane has been commercialized as a standard practice in today’s industry. In this study, soxhlet extraction had been used to extract the rubber seed oil which contains high percentage of alpha-linolenic acid. In addition, the different solvents will be used for the extraction of rubber seed oil such as petroleum ether, n-hexane, ethanol and water to study the best solvent to extract the rubber seed oil so the maximum oil yield can be obtained. On the other hands, the natural resource, rubber belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae, the genus is Hevea while the species of rubber is brasiliensis. Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seeds are abundant and wasted because they had not been used in any industry or applications in daily life. The oil of rubber seeds had been found that contained a significant percentage of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids especially alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Alpha-linolenic acid is one of the important elements of omega-3 fatty acids which play important roles in human metabolism, not only playing structural roles in phospholipid bilayers but also acting as precursors to bioactive molecules. Moreover, rubber seed oil also contains a high percentage of oleic acid and linoleic acid, these all are valuable compounds. Thus, rubber seed oil can be regarded as a plant derived oleic-linolenic acid. Rubber seeds can be considered as good sources for human food, animal feed and biofuel with its high content of fat, protein, amino acids and fatty acids. Therefore, it is important to study the method of extraction to extract the valuable components from rubber seeds, purify the extracted seed oil, so that the rubber seeds oil can be utilized into difference industries pharmaceutical, food, oleochemical and cosmetics.

Propagation of Olive Cultivars through Air Layerage

An experiment Propagation of olive cultivars through air layerage was conducted at Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab Peshawar Pakistan during year 2011. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block (RCB) designs with split plot arrangement. Factor A was olive cultivars (Coratina, Baincullela, Frantoio) kept in main plot, while different bark size (2cm, 3cm, 4cm and 5cm) were allotted to sub plot. A significant variation was recorded for all parameters studied at different bark size for air layering in olive cultivars. The olive cultivars significantly influenced root length (cm) whereas, the interaction of olive cultivars and different bark also showed a significant variation for parameters. The maximum days to root appearance (47) and roots plant -1 (12.56) were recorded in 5 cm bark removed. Whereas, the minimum days to root appearance (40) and roots plant -1 (7.90) were recorded in 3 cm and 2 cm bark removed respectively. However, the highest root length (6.52 cm), root weight (2.94 g), percent plant survival (85.55 %) was recorded in 3 cm bark removed and root volume (1.17 ml) in 4 cm bark removed. By contrast the lowest highest root length (5.52 cm) was observed in air layered branches in 2 cm bark removed, root weight (1.86 g), percent plant survival (68.88 %) in 4 cm bark removed and root volume (0.91 ml) in 5 cm bark removed. Among various olive cultivars, the highest root length (6.25 cm) was observed for cultivar Coratina, while the lowest root length (5.40 cm) was recorded in cultivar Baincullela. In response to interaction effect the maximum days to root appearance (49) and roots plant -1 (17.70) was recorded for cultivar Baincullela in 5 cm bark removed. Whereas, the minimum days to root appearance (36) for the cultivar Coratina was recorded in 3 cm bark removed and roots plant -1 (17.70) for cultivar Baincullela in 5 cm bark removed. Cultivar Coratina was observed with the highest root length (8.25 cm) in 3 cm, root volume (1.44 ml) in 4 cm and percent plant survival (90.00 %) in 3 cm bark removed. However, the lowest root length (3.43 cm) was recorded in 2 cm bark removed and root volume (0.84 ml) for both cultivars in 5 cm bark removed. Similarly, the lowest root weight (1.82 g) and percent survival (58.30 %) was recorded in 4 cm bark removed for cultivars Baincullela and Frantoio respectively. It was concluded from present data that Coratina performed best in root development through air layerage, when 3 cm bark removed under the climatic conditions of Peshawar. I. Introduction Olive (Oleaeuropaea L.) belongs to family Oleaceae. Olive is an attractive evergreen tree with grey- green foliage. It is a slow and steady growing tree having a long life of about 900 to 1000 years. It can reach a height up to 15 m or more. It was under cultivation long before the time of earliest recorded history, originated in the Eastern Mediterranean area. The cultivation in Italy, Spain and North Africa began later than in the Eastern Mediterranean region. In Asia, cultivation is confined to Iraq, Iran and China (Simmonds, 1976). Olive growing plays an important role in the economy of a country. It can be grown in marginal and waste land, where the soil is unsuitable for other crops. It increases the land value. It contributes to soil conservation and helps to combat problems of the environmental degradation and desertification. It provides employment opportunities to the rural population and thus helps in poverty alleviation. A large number of olive groves are owned by small holders in the olive growing countries; who earn enough for the betterment of their livelihood. Moreover, olive products help to satisfy the nutritional needs of the population. Ripe olive fruits are pressed for rich oil which is the best oil available in the world for edible purposes. The olive oil has twice as much energy value than sugar. The fruit contain around 20% oil and has very less cholesterol. Olive fruits contain 80% unsaturated fatty acid compared with 20% saturated ones. Olive oil contains high percentage of oleic acid which is very essential for our body. The olive oil is used for cooking, salad dressing, food

Oil Blends as Biolubricant: Screening of Effect Factors Influence to Basestock

The price fluctuation and negative environmental effect of mineral oil-based lubricant are the main factors which instigate the research on high-oleic vegetable oil as its possible replacement. In this study, the factors involved in blending process of waste cooking oil (WCO) and Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) as biolubricant basestock were investigated using 2-level factorial design. The molar ratio of WCO to the JCO (WCO:JCO), stirring speed and blending times were the three factors studied. The WCO:JCO, stirring speed and the blending time were found to be significant to the increased of oleic acid content in the basestock. The highest percentage of oleic acid achieved was 53.31 % at molar ratio of WCO:JCO at 20:80, 350 rpm and time at 30 minutes. Thus this study exposed the potential of new blending oil which are comparable with other vegetable and mineral oils as base stock for bio-lubricant in term of fatty acid compositions.

Study and characterization of Palestinian monovarietal Nabali virgin olive oils from northern West Bank of Palestine

This work presents a preliminary evaluation of the quality of Palestinian olive cv. Nabali cultivated in different locations (Nablus, Salfit, Qalqilya, and Jenin). Several parameters have been studied, such as quality indices, fatty acid composition and minor compounds of olive oil. The majority of the studied parameters showed significant variations among virgin olive oil samples according to the production zone. Nablus oil showed the highest percentage of oleic acid, the lowest percentage of linoleic acid and was the richest in phenolic compounds. Chemometric analyses were performed in order to classify the VOOs (virgin olive oils) according to their production zone.

Crude palm oil from interspecific hybrid Elaeis oleifera × Elaeis guineensis: Fatty acid regiodistribution and molecular species of glycerides

The composition and structure of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and partial glycerides of crude palm oil obtained from interspecific hybrid Elaeis oleifera×Elaeis guineensis, grown in Colombia, were fully characterised and compared to data obtained by analysing crude African palm oil. Hybridisation appears to substantially modify the biosynthesis of fatty acids (FAs) rather than their assembly in TAGs. In fact, total FAs analysis showed significant differences between these two types of oil, with hybrid palm oil having a higher percentage of oleic acid (54.6±1.0 vs 41.4±0.3), together with a lower saturated fatty acid content (33.5±0.5 vs 47.3±0.1), while the percentage of essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, does not undergo significant changes. Furthermore, 34 TAG types were identified, with no qualitative differences between African and E. guineensis×E. oleifera hybrid palm oil samples. Short and medium chain FAs (8:0, 10:0, 12:0, 14:0) were utilised, together, to build a restricted number of TAG molecular species. Oil samples from the E. guineensis×E. oleifera hybrid showed higher contents of monosaturated TAGs (47.5–51.0% vs 36.7–37.1%) and triunsaturated TAGs (15.5–15.6% vs 5.2–5.4%). The sn-2 position of TAGs in hybrid palm oil was shown to be predominantly esterified with oleic acid (64.7–66.0mol% vs 55.1–58.2mol% in African palm oil) with only 10–15% of total palmitic acid and 6–20% of stearic acid acylated in the secondary position. The total amount of diacylglycerols (DAGs) was in agreement with the values of free acidity; DAG types found were in agreement with the representativeness of different TAG species.

Effect of Enzymatic Treatment of Saudi Date Pits on Performance of Single Comb White Leghorn Hens and the Fatty Acid Profile of Their Eggs

Date pits can be considered one of the un-traditional feed for layers. These pits contain high level of linoleic and oleic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, essential for human health. Pits also contain high level of fiber (13-18%). This nutrient is difficult to digests by the birds and need to be broken down. Specific enzymes can be used to break the cellulose to improve the nutritional value of the pits. As a result, energy may be released and utilized by the birds. Having this in mind, an experiment was conducted using 4 levels of ground date pits; 0, 5, 10 and 15% with or without added enzymes and studied the effect on performance of the birds and the fatty acids content of the egg. The experiment was lasted for 12 to 2 week periods. The results of the chemical analysis showed that date fats contain high percentage of Oleic Acid which may have contributed to higher level of this fat in egg yolk of birds treated with date pits. Performance criteria results provided evidence that 10% date pits can be included in the layer diet if enzymes are present without adverse effect.

Biodiesel from Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) seed kernel oil

In this paper, Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) seed kernel oil was investigated for the first time as a promising non-conventional feedstock for preparation of biodiesel. Siberian apricot seed kernel has high oil content (50.18±3.92%), and the oil has low acid value (0.46mgg−1) and low water content (0.17%). The fatty acid composition of the Siberian apricot seed kernel oil includes a high percentage of oleic acid (65.23±4.97%) and linoleic acid (28.92±4.62%). The measured fuel properties of the Siberian apricot biodiesel, except cetane number and oxidative stability, were conformed to EN 14214-08, ASTM D6751-10 and GB/T 20828-07 standards, especially the cold flow properties were excellent (Cold filter plugging point −14°C). The addition of 500ppm tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) resulted in a higher induction period (7.7h) compliant with all the three biodiesel standards.

Modification of the fat composition of the Iberian pig using Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis

AbstractThe aim of this work was to study the influence of a diet with probiotic bacteria on the lipid composition of different tissues from Iberian pigs. Cholesterol and fatty acid profiles were measured in liver, subcutaneous fat, and Serratus ventralis muscle samples. Feeding Iberian pigs a mixture of probiotic microorganisms for 45 days prior to slaughter affected the tissue composition. The feeds of the control and probiotic groups were identical except for the added Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis (1.28 × 109 cfu/kg feed) in the feed of the probiotic group. The diet with probiotics significantly affected the fatty acid profile of liver, subcutaneous fat and Serratus ventralis muscle samples, but no significant differences were found for the cholesterol content. The livers of the probiotic group contained lower levels of n‐6 fatty acids and higher levels of n‐3 fatty acids. The subcutaneous fat contained lower levels of n‐6 fatty acids. Serratus ventralis muscles from the probiotic group contained a significantly higher percentage of oleic acid than those of the control group.Practical applications: This study deals with the effect of the addition of probiotic bacteria to the diet of pigs on both the cholesterol and fatty acid content. B. subtilis and B. licheniformis can be used in pig feed (Regulation EC no. 2148/2004), but there are no studies about their effects on fresh meat or other tissues, particularly regarding the fat composition. Thus, it is interesting to study how feeding these microorganisms affects the different tissues. Including these microorganisms in the basic diet could serve as a strategy to modify the fat composition and to obtain healthier products from pigs.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA DA MORINGA (Moringa oleifera Lam)

The Moringa oleifera Lam belongs to the Moringaceae family. It is composed of only one genus (Moringa) including 14 species. It is a tree of small size, of rapid growth and it is native of northern India. The Moringa adapts to a wide range of soil and is drought resistant. The seeds possess polysaccharides with strong agglutination capacity. The oil obtained from the Moringa seeds can be used in the preparation of food, in the manufacturing of soaps and it may also be used as fuel. This work focuses on the physical chemical characterization of oil and on the moringa cake. The oil extraction was obtained by a common system of extraction and by using an oil press extractor. This resulted in the production of oil with a high percentage of oleic acid, indicating that the moringa oil is suitable as biodiesel with low saturation, facilitating, therefore, its transportation and storage. The chemical analysis of the moringa powder and bran was conducted, because these differ in size, though the concentrations of the chemical elements found in both did not present significant differences. With press extractions obtained, concentrations were much higher than those obtained with the other system of extraction. This was because the common extraction system removes far greater quantities of ions from the compound; which probably decreases the coagulation capacity of the agent.

EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION WITH GIBBERELLIC ACID AND UREA ON GROWTH, YIELD, SEED OIL CONTENT AND ITS FATTY ACIDS OF RAPESEED

The present investigation was carried out at Giza Experimental Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), during the two successive winter seasons, 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 in order to investigate the influence of foliar spraying at 40 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) with concentrations of gibberellic acid (0, 50 and 100 ppm) and rates of urea (0, 4 and 8%) on growth, leaf area index (LAI), yield and yield components as well as some seed chemical constituents of rapeseed c.v. Pactol. Results indicated that increasing the concentration of gibberellic acid (GA3) from 0 up to 100 ppm caused significant increase in plant height, number of branches/plant, shoot dry weight/plant and LAI at 77, 98 and 119 DAS (except number of branches / plant at 119 days did not reach the level of significance with 50 ppm GA3 in both seasons). Also, number of siliques/plant, 1000-seed weight, seed weight/plant and seed yield/feddan as well as seed oil percentage and yield of oil/feddan were significantly increased by increasing GA3 from 0 up to 100 ppm. Generally, the difference between 50 and 100 ppm of GA3 did not reach the level of significance in most of the investigated traits. The increments due to spraying 100 ppm GA3 were estimated by 17.1 and 18.7% for seed weight per plant and 12.4 and 12.5% for seed yield per feddan compared with control in the first and second season, respectively. Likewise, 100 ppm GA3 enhanced oleic acid, the first main component of fatty acids (unsaturated), being 56.828% against 53.974% in seed of control plants. A steady and progressive increase in all studied growth traits, LAI and all investigated yield traits were observed with each increment in applied urea rates up to 8% in both seasons. Spraying urea with 8% induced significant increments of 26.2 and 28.9% for seed weight/plant and 18.4 and 20.0 % for seed yield/feddan in the first and second season, respectively. Whereas, seed oil percentage was decreased due to foliar application with urea. Nevertheless, oil yield/feddan was significantly increased due only to the increase induced in seed yield/feddan. Sprayed plants of Brassica napus L. with 8% urea produced oil free from euricic acid and had higher percentage of oleic acid (66.086% of the total fatty acids of the seed). The interaction among levels of GA3 and urea proved significant in most of the investigated growth traits, LAI and yield traits. The most effective treatment which gave the highest values of yield and its components (except that of 1000-seed weight) in both studied seasons was that of 50 ppm GA3 with 8% urea which gave significant increase of 36.8 and 39.7% for seed yield / feddan more than the control in the first and second season, respectively. Such treatment was not significantly differed with that of 50 ppm GA3 + 4% urea.