High Percentage Of Carbon Research Articles

Enhancing the machinability and formability of tool steels through spheroidizing annealing heat treatment

This research focuses on enhancing the machinability and formability of tool steels by applying different heat treatment scenarios. Machinability is the process of cutting metals with the least energy effort, while formability is the ability of a metal to be shaped into different forms without severe damage. Enhancing machinability and formability improves dimensional tolerance and surface finish and increases the lifetime and reliability of tool steels. This research will use two tool steel materials, “D2” and “O1,” which are widely used in industry. They contain high percentages of carbon by weight (1.55% and 0.95%, respectively). The “O1” tool steel is used in blanking dies and room-temperature cutting tools, whereas the “D2” tool steel is used for carpentry cutting tools and gauges. The different heat treatment scenarios are based on the latest literature, which shows excellent results with other materials. The heat treatment plan is set to cover various scenarios to determine the most effective treatment for machinability and formability. The experimental work will include several mechanical tests: tensile tests, compression tests, hardness tests, and toughness tests. The conclusions regarding the different heat treatments will be based on the test results.

CHARACTRAZATION OF BIO-CHAR PRODUCED FROM SESBANIA STEMS (SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA)

It is becoming increasingly popular to manage agricultural wastes in an environmentally friendly manner and to take advantage of this waste by manufacturing a product with good properties and a high carbon percentage and then using it as a substitute for a variety of materials and fillers in several industrial and environmental applications. This process has become increasingly popular as awareness of environmental issues has grown. This study aimed to characterize and evaluate the amount of carbon that was present in the sample. The physicochemical characteristics of biochars produced from sesbania stems that were pyrolyzed at a temperature of 400 degrees Celsius for a period of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 hours. The characterizations of biochar produced from sesbania are done by Energy dispersive spectrometer and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. It was found that as the pyrolysis residence time grew, the yield of biochar and the functional groups decreased, however, the amount of fixed carbon content increased, and all these effects contribute to the volatile matters that are present in the material. SSB is going to be an invaluable resource for applications in which high carbon content is required, as well as for use as a filler in a variety of composites.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cu-Cr-O Phase with H2SO4 Solvent Using Sol-Gel Method

This study used the cast-in-situ method to make concrete based on rice husk ash and pineapple leaf fiber. Rice husk ash and pineapple leaf fiber were used as the cement substitutes with different variations: 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. Parameters examined in this study included density, porosity, water absorption, flexural strength, and compressive strength using a universal testing machine and Material Testing equipment, which were then analyzed morphologically using SEM-EDX. The result showed a density of 2.510 × 103 − 2.451 × 103 kg/m3, porosity of 7.64 – 5.73 %, water absorption of 0.296 % – 0.243 %, compressive strength of 23.66 – 16.45 MPa, flexural Strength of 33.3 – 25.3 MPa. The morphological analysis showed that the rice husk ash and pineapple leaf fiber addition was responsible for the concrete's porous structure in this study has a porous structure. The EDX analysis result exhibited a high carbon percentage.

The Effect of Rice Husk Ash and Pineapple Leaf Fiber on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete

This study used the cast-in-situ method to make concrete based on rice husk ash and pineapple leaf fiber. Rice husk ash and pineapple leaf fiber were used as the cement substitutes with different variations: 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. Parameters examined in this study included density, porosity, water absorption, flexural strength, and compressive strength using a universal testing machine and Material Testing equipment, which were then analyzed morphologically using SEM-EDX. The result showed a density of 2.510 × 103 − 2.451 × 103 kg/m3, porosity of 7.64 – 5.73 %, water absorption of 0.296 % – 0.243 %, compressive strength of 23.66 – 16.45 MPa, flexural Strength of 33.3 – 25.3 MPa. The morphological analysis showed that the rice husk ash and pineapple leaf fiber addition was responsible for the concrete's porous structure in this study has a porous structure. The EDX analysis result exhibited a high carbon percentage.

Physico-Chemical Characterization of Nine Agricultural Biomasses of the Togolese Flora

Green coal or bio-coal is coal produced with rich biodegradable materials, elaborated from agricultural and household residues with a high percentage of carbon. This green charcoal (fuel briquettes) is an alternative to charcoal. Well known for its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, charcoal is one of the causes of tree felling. The valorization of waste by the manufacture of biofuels could be an alternative to the use of charcoal. The general objective of the present study is the valorization of nine biomasses from Togo as raw materials. Specifically, physico-chemical characteristics such as dehydration, acidity, and conductivity were determined. Information on the structure and composition of the biomass was found. These data on the nature of the biomass were found through the use of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Thermogravimetry (TGA). The promising results inform on the nature of the analyzed samples and allow the selection of the best biomass which would give an important thermal conductivity for the manufacture of the briquettes, but also of the binders to be used according to the physico-chemical characteristics like the pH.

Influence of size classifications on the crystallinity index of Albizia gummifera cellulose

The isolation of cellulose has found considerable applications recently due to its attractive characteristics. Cellulose from Albizia gummifera of different size classifications (425 μm–599 μm and 600 μm–849 μm) was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. The crystal plane of the preferred orientation was at (020) for the most prominent peaks. The two size classifications have a strong broad peak around 3320 cm−1 (425 μm–599 μm), and 3330 cm−1 (600 μm–849 μm), which corresponds to a different stretching mode of O–H. High percentages of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) were noticed among the elements observed in the two size classifications. The crystallinity index (CrI) obtained for the two sizes were 61.1% for 425–599 μm, and 55.8% for 600 μm–849 μm. The 425 μm–599 μm size classification had a greater crystallinity index than the 600 μm–849 μm size classification, which indicates a stronger capacity for reinforcing. These particles were also effective as fillers in composite materials. The results revealed that Albizia gummifera cellulose possessed promising potential for device applications and capable of being used in the preparation of composite materials.

Structural analysis and mechanical properties of some coatings obtained by cold spray method. A review

In this paper a documentation was made to highlight the characteristics obtained on surface modifications by means of the Cold Spray, using different powders based on tungsten carbide (WC) and agglomerated with nickel, sprayed on different materials, as well as the possibility of using 52100 steel, which is often used in the manufacture of rolling bearings and which has acquired high performances both in terms of wear and fatigue and in terms of high resistance due to the alloying with chromium and the high percentage of carbon. Studies on the use of WIP-C1 powders, powders attributed exclusively to the cold spraying process, and the prior use of WIP-BC1 powders, intended to establish a stronger bond between the substrate and the base layer, have shown that good wear and impact resistance is obtained and the risk of delamination and interfacial porosity has been minimised. Studies with different coating compositions using several methods to improve surface quality by surface spraying, namely HVOF (high velocity oxygen fuel), CGDS (cold gas dynamic sterilization) and CS (cold spray), led to an improvement in performance, with the cold spray process showing improved scratch resistance, good adhesion between the substrate and the sprayed layer and higher hardness. Surface spraying is an efficient process to obtain additional characteristics, improving mechanical, tribological, corrosion and erosion properties, and of all the other techniques, Cold Spray becomes competitive because it is the only technology that deposits particles below the melting point.

Application of Pistacia atlantica Leaves Powder as Natural Material To Remove Nitrate and Phosphate Ions From Domestic Wastewater by Characterization, Bio-removal, and Phytotoxicity Studies

Application of Pistacia atlantica Leaves Powder as Natural Material To Remove Nitrate and Phosphate Ions From Domestic Wastewater by Characterization, Bio-removal, and Phytotoxicity StudiesObaida Alhajali1* , Adnan Ali-Nizam1 , Rasha Almostafa2 1Damascus University, Department of Plant Biology, Damascus, Syria.2International University for Science and Technology, Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Syria. Abstract: Description of Pistacia leaves powder using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), specific surface area according to nitrogen adsorption (SBET) and methylene Blue (MB), and point of zero charge determination (pHpzc). A series of batch adsorption tests were conducted to study effect of various factors (plant powders dose, contact time, temperature, pH) on the percentage of nitrate and phosphate removal from domestic wastewater. The adsorption kinetics, regeneration ability test of plant powder, and phytotoxicity tests for treated water and spent powder on germination were studied. Results of SBET analysis showed that Pistacia leaves powders have a low surface area and microscopic pores, SEM images revealed rough surfaces with uneven cavities, EDX analysis showed that there are high percentages of carbon and oxygen, good percentages for nitrogen, and few percentages of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, sulfur and chlorine, and FTIR analysis showed that there are more than five distinct absorption peaks. The maximum value of nitrate and phosphate removal was 76.47% and 52.20%, respectively, at powder dose of 2 g/L, temperature 25 °C, and pH 5, and the percentage of nitrate and phosphate removal increased with increasing contact time until equilibrium was reached after 120 min for nitrate and 180 min for phosphate, and It was found that adsorption of ions follows kinetics of reaction from pseudo-second-order model, and powders can be Regeneration and used for two successive cycles with a slight decrease in removal efficiency. Germination tests on Lepidium sativum indicate no phytotoxicity. That is, Pistacia leaves powder is one of the natural products that are effective in removing nitrate and phosphate from domestic wastewater.

Adsorption of Indigo Carmine onto Chemically Activated Carbons Derived from the Cameroonian Agricultural Waste Garcinia cola Nut Shells and Desorption Studies

In the quest for a sustainable environment and clean water resources, the efficacy of activated carbons synthesized from Garcinia cola nut shells impregnated with KOH (CBK1/1) and ZnCl2 (CBZ1/1) for the adsorption of indigo carmine (IC) dye was studied using the batch technique. The prepared activated carbons were characterized using iodine number, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), TGA/DTA, Boehm titration, and pH at point of zero charge. The elemental analysis showed a high percentage of carbon in both activated carbons (ACs). FTIR and Boehm titration analysis indicated the presence of several functional groups on the surfaces of both ACs which could influence the adsorption of IC. The primary adsorption mechanisms involved electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonds formation, and π−π interactions. Maximum adsorption capacity values obtained using the Fritz–Schlunder III three-parameter model were 19.019 mg·g−1 and 18.299 mg·g−1 for CBK1/1 and CBZ1/1, respectively. The Fritz–Schlunder model exponent mFS of value less than 1 showed that the adsorption of IC by the ACs occurred on heterogeneous surfaces. Positive values of ∆Q obtained by the linear and nonlinear forms of the Temkin model indicate the exothermic character of the adsorption process.

Microstructural Investigation of Acicular Nodular Cast Iron Used for Work Rolls

The microstructure and mechanical properties of the work roll grade acicular nodular cast iron supplied by two different manufacturers were studied and compared. These rolls have different chemical compositions, namely work roll A and work roll B, respectively. This work aims to evaluate the two different work rolls with different chemistry and the effect on the microstructure and hardness. The microstructure was observed by the optical microscope and image analyzer, and the hardness value was measured using a Rockwell hardness machine. The results showed that the work roll A presented more carbides and graphite nodules than B. Carbide area fraction and nodularity level of work roll A are found much higher than B; therefore, it provided a higher hardness. It seems a higher percentage of carbon and proper amount of magnesium as a nodulizer contributed to produce more carbides and nodules on the cast iron of work roll A compared to B.

Immobilization of PdCl2 on a Natural Asphalt Sulfonic Acid Network for C−N and C−O bonds Formation

AbstractIn this research, a new and efficient nanocatalyst was synthesized and introduced and its catalytic activity was investigated in the C−N and C−O coupling reactions for synthesis of amines, ethers, aniline and phenol derivatives. This nanocatalyst was synthesized by trapping Palladium (II) in mesoporous holes of natural asphalt sulfonic acid and, then, immobilized via complexion with −SO3H branches of support. Natural asphalt/ Gilsonite which is a mineral heavy hydrocarbon, containing higher percentage of carbon, attracts much more attention because of its novelty, availability, green chemistry and low cost.

Landscape Function Analysis: Responses to Bush Encroachment in a Semi-Arid Savanna in the Molopo Region, South Africa

Various factors lead to increased woody species density, biomass and cover (so-called ‘bush encroachment’) that influence ecosystem functioning and services in semi-arid rangelands. Ultimately, bush encroachment has adverse effects on human livelihoods. An increased understanding of ecosystem functioning in bush-encroached rangelands could contribute to improved management, conservation and restoration. This study, therefore, aimed to determine landscape functioning of bush-encroached and controlled savanna rangelands in the Molopo region, South Africa, by using the landscape function analysis (LFA) monitoring procedure. Mixed models revealed no significant differences based on LFA indices between bush-thickened and bush-controlled sites due to drought conditions that prevailed while the survey was carried out. Stability, which revealed the largest LFA contributing factors, always had the highest numerical value for sites that were still bush-encroached. Soil analyses revealed that grass litter patches from aeroplane-controlled sites had the highest average nutrient levels. As expected, high percentages of carbon and calcium levels were found in bush-encroached shrub litter patches. Bush-encroached landscapes are fully functional areas, especially under drought conditions. Long-term research is required to determine the effects successful management has on ecosystem functioning, especially during periods of higher rainfall.

Influence of Miscanthus Rhizome Pyrolysis Operating Conditions on Products Properties

Waste from the Miscanthus production cycle may be a promising source of material for the pyrolysis and biochar production. The biochar can be used to enrich the soil on which the crop grows, thus increasing productivity. A sample of Miscanthus rhizomes was used as a raw material in a series of experiments in order to find the most suitable conditions for the preparation of biochar. Miscanthus biochar was prepared in a laboratory unit using four different temperatures (i.e., 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C). All pyrolysis products were subsequently evaluated in terms of their quality and product yields were determined. For a temperature of 600 °C and a residence time of 2 h, the appropriate properties of biochar were achieved and the process was still economical. The biochar contained a minimal number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and a high percentage of carbon. Surface area was measured to be 217 m2/g. The aqueous extract of biochar was alkaline.

WELDING OF HIGH-HARDNESS ARMOR STEEL

Armor steels are difficult to weld due to the high percentage of carbon. The coarse-grained area and the fusion line in the welded joint are sensitive areas due to the high hardness and the possible presence of hydrogen produced during the welding process. Furthermore, multi-purpose armored vehicles made of armored steel are exposed to dynamic loading due to traffic on rough terrain. High hardness in the coarse- grained area of the heat-affected zone and dynamic loading can cause cracks. In the weld metal zone, a crack created during the welding process or due to pores can quickly propagate toward the sensitive fusion line, after which its accelerated growth can occur. Based on the above, achieving a welded joint without porosity or cracks for armor steel is necessary. This paper investigated the welding process of high- hardness armor steel with two regimes. The test aims to achieve an optimal hardness level and a compromise between ballistic requirements and toughness. The test results showed that a high-quality welded joint and an optimal balance between hardness and toughness are achieved with increased heat input.

Insights into chemically modified cocoa pods for enhanced removal of an anti-malaria drug

Cocoa pod activated carbon prepared by ortho-phosphoric acid activation and used for the sequestration of Lumefantrine, an antimalarial drug from solution. EDX, FTIR and SEM characterization methods were used to elucidate the textural characteristics and morphological features of the adsorbent surface. Results from these characterization methods show that the CPHAC contains a high percentage of carbon, basic functional groups such as the hydroxyl groups and well-developed cylindrical pores on the surface. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to show the influence of agitation time, initial LUMF concentration and solution temperature on the adsorption process. At 303 K, maximum percentage removal of 90.9% was obtained at 20 mg/L initial LUMF concentration. Four models of isotherm were used to test experimental data, out of which the Langmuir isotherm model gave the best fit with an R2 value of 0.9934 at 303 K. The nature of adsorption was physical in nature as mean free energy of the d-R isotherm model was 0.745 kJ/mol. Maximum monolayer sorption capacity of 79.365 mg/g was recorded at 303 K and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model best explains the kinetics of adsorption. Thermodynamic studies reveal that the adsorption process was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic in nature. CPHAC proved to be very efficient in sequestering Lumefantrine drug from solution.

Potential of lignocellulosic residues from coconut, fique, and sugar cane as substrates for pleurotus and ganoderma in the development of biomaterials

AbstractIn this work, three lignocellulosic residues, coconut fiber, sugarcane bagasse, and fique bagasse, were used as a carbon source for fungal colonization had been proposed to form a composite material. The lignocellulosic residues presented a high percentage of carbon. The lignocellulosic residues had been conditioned and characterized morphologically. The particle sizes chosen were 16 and 50 sieves. The mycelial growth kinetics of the fungi had been evaluated in the residues, where a higher growth rate was observed in the medium enriched with coconut fiber and lower in those containing bagasse. When studying these intrinsic factors, it was observed that an inadequate carbon‐nitrogen (C/N) ratio affected mycelial growth. This method of obtaining biomaterials is a promising alternative to lignocellulosic substrates as substrates for fungi with delignification capacity.

Coagulation of turbid wastewater with an active component extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds

ABSTRACT The oil and carbohydrates contained in the Moringa oleifera seeds (MO) are two parameters that inhibit its coagulant potential. Oil extraction and protein purification are therefore necessary to improve its performance. The extraction process to recover the maximum oil yield was carried out using the solvent chloroform: ethanol C: E in a ratio (3:1). At a temperature of 100°C, the yield was higher than 44%. Purification was carried out by salting-in the protein with 1 M NaCl combined with ethanol precipitation and heat treatment. Analysis of the protein powder by the Kjeldahl method revealed 92% pure protein and 14% nitrogen; energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed high percentages of carbon (45%) and oxygen (39%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a porous surface, and X-ray diffraction identified a crystalline phase of protein. The isoelectric point of Moringa oleifera protein (MOP) is in the range of pH 6.5–7.5 and its zeta potential varies between −19 mv and + 25.49 mV. It indicates a lower level of dispersion stability, implying a high capacity for protein agglomeration and flocculation. By reducing the zeta potential of water from −16 mv to −1.18 mv after treatment without modifying its pH, the Moringa protein has proven its ability to destabilise organic colloids. Moringa protein as a coagulat aid is effective for high turbidity wastewater with removal up to 86.78% and DOC removal up to 56.52%. The study reveals that coagulation with Moringa protein is a cost-effective alternative since it reduces the quantity of coagulant and time required for wastewater treatment.

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The endemic taxa were restricted to a specific geographic region and they are essential for setting conservation priorities. This study aimed to update the endemic taxa list in Saint Katherine Protectorate (SKP) depending on literature reviews, field trips and herbaria consultation. Other characters also recorded viz, sex forms, dispersal types and flowering time. Also, the morphological characters of the pollen grains and seeds were examined and photographed using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, the mineral composition of pollens and seeds was detected using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The updated list included 13 taxa belonging to 11 genera and 8 families. All the recorded taxa were bisexual; ballochores were the most represented dispersal type. There was a gradual increase in the endemic taxa from March to August while decreasing from October to February. Pollens were isopolar and medium in size. They possessed colpate, colporate, or porate aperatus, as well as reticulate exine sculpture. Furthermore, operculum and margo were absent in most of the pollens. The seed colour ranged from light brown to black; elliptic; basal hilum; polygonal and irregular-shaped seeds were the most represented. All previous characters were diagnosed at generic and specific levels, which helped in the construction of artificial keys to facilitate the differentiation between the studied taxa. The present study has the priority in describing pollens and seeds of Astragalus fresenii and Micromeria serbaliana, in addition to the description of the seeds of Ballota kaiseri. The presence and percentage of twelve elements detected by EDX differed significantly within the investigated pollen grains and seeds. The present data indicated that pollen grains and seeds of studied taxa had high percentages of carbon, oxygen, phosphorous, magnesium, nitrogen and calcium. This study is the first attempt using EDX technique with these taxa. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

AL – Mansuriya gas fields associated liquid and its role to increase the potential capacity of gasoline fuel in Daura oil refinery

Hydrotreating processing is commonly used to remove platforming catalyst poisons from straight run or cracked naphthas prior to charging to the platforming Process unit. It can be seen that the primary function of the naphtha Hydrotreating Process can be characterized as a “Clean up” Operation. The catalyst used in the Naphtha Hydrotreating Process is composed of an alumina base impregnated with compounds of cobalt or nickel and molybdenum. The catalyst is insensitive to most poisons which affect dehydrogenation reactions. A relatively high percentage of carbon on the catalyst does not materially affect its sensitivity or selectivity. Volumetric recoveries of products depend on the sulfur and olefin contents [1].
 The Naphtha Hydrotreating Process is a catalytic refining process employing a selected catalyst and a hydrogen-rich gas stream to decompose organic sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen compounds contained in hydrocarbon fractions. In addition, hydrotreating removes organo-metallic compounds and saturates olefinic compounds.
 Organo-metallic compounds, notably arsenic and lead compounds, are known to be permanent poisons to platinum catalysts. "The complete removal of these materials by Hydrotreating processing gives longer catalyst life in the platforming unit.
 Sulfur, above a critical level, is a temporary poison to platforming catalysts and causes an unfavorable change in the product distribution. Organic nitrogen is also a temporary poison to platforming catalyst. It is an extremely potent one, however, and relatively small amounts of nitrogen compounds in the Platformer feed can cause large deactivation effects, as well as the deposition of ammonium chloride salts in the platforming unit cold sections.
 Oxygen compounds are detrimental to the operation of a Platformer. Any oxygen compounds which are not removed in the hydrotreater will be converted to water in the platforming unit, thus affecting the water/ chloride balance of the platforming catalyst. Large amounts of olefins contribute to increase coking of the platforming catalyst. Also, olefins can poly­merize at platforming operating conditions which can result in exchanger and reactor fouling.
 The Naphtha Hydrotreating Process makes a major contribution to the ease of operation and economy of platforming. Much greater flexibility is afforded in choice of allowable charge stocks to the platforming unit. Because this unit protects the platforming catalyst, it is important to maintain consistently good operation in the Hydrotreating Unit.
 In addition to treating naphtha for Platformer feed, naphthas produced from thermal cracking processes, such as delayed coking and visbreaking, are usually high in olefinic content and other contaminants, and may not be stable in storage. These naphthas may be hydrotreated to stabilize the olefins and to remove organic or metallic contaminants, thus providing a marketable product.

Solid biofuel production from spent coffee ground wastes: Process optimisation, characterisation and kinetic studies

The massive generation of spent coffee ground wastes has become an environmental concern around the world. Thus, in this research work, spent coffee grounds of Coffea arabica species were evaluated as potential feedstock for solid biofuel production to reduce solid waste and to generate value products. Pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis time and heating rate were the dominating factors affecting the biochar and energy yields from the response surface methodology analysis. The spent coffee ground biochar (SCG-biochar) was then optimised of its pyrolysis parameters, with promising biochar yield (29.94%) and high energy yield (41.60%). The optimised SCG-biochar was characterised and found to possess favourable fuel characteristics such as high carbon percentage (80.35%), low oxygen percentage (12.43%), low H/C ratio (0.44), low O/C (0.12) and high fuel ratio (6.75), which will contribute to higher energy generation and lesser emission of greenhouse gases. The optimised SCG-biochar possessed high thermal efficiencies with low activation energies (63.24 kJ mol−1 –122.93 kJ mol−1) with attractive unit cost of $ 7.22 per kg which can be used in combustion process effectively. Therefore, the fuel and combustion characteristics of SCG-biochar signifies a promising development of feasible biofuels for energy generation.