High Pedestal Research Articles

Broadening of the Divertor Heat Flux Profile in High Confinement Tokamak Fusion Plasmas with Edge Pedestals Limited by Turbulence in DIII-D.

Multimachine empirical scaling predicts an extremely narrow heat exhaust layer in future high magnetic field tokamaks, producing high power densities that require mitigation. In the experiments presented, the width of this exhaust layer is nearly doubled using actuators to increase turbulent transport in the plasma edge. This is achieved in low collisionality, high confinement edge pedestals with their gradients limited by turbulent transport instead of large-scale, coherent instabilities. The exhaust heat flux profile width and divertor leg diffusive spreading both double as a high frequency band of turbulent fluctuations propagating in the electron diamagnetic direction doubles in amplitude. The results are quantitatively reproduced in electromagnetic XGC particle-in-cell simulations which show the heat flux carried by electrons emerges to broaden the heat flux profile, directly supported by Langmuir probe measurements.

Experimental and simulation studies on ELM characteristics under a plasma current ramping up discharge on EAST

Previous experimental results show that the poloidal mode spacing of the filamentary structures increases and the dominant toroidal mode number decreases in the edgelocalized mode (ELM) rising phase with increasing plasma current. In addition, the experimental results in this paper show that the energy loss ratio of the pedestal (ΔW/Wped) decreases as the edge safety factor (q95) increases. The BOUT++ three-field two-fluid model can reproduce the experimental results and provide a possible explanation mechanism. The pedestal density plays an important role in the characteristics of filamentary structures as the current ramps up. On the one hand, the resistivity related to the pedestal density drives the instability of the peeling–ballooning mode, and the resistive effect is stronger in the high current case, making the dominant toroidal mode number lower and the corresponding poloidal mode spacing wider in the high current case. A low q95 corresponds to a high pedestal collision rate and a high pedestal energy loss ratio. On the other hand, the ELM crash process is dominated by resistivity, so the ratio of pedestal energy loss caused by ELM is not inversely proportional to the pedestal collision rate.

The role of isotope mass on neutral fueling and density pedestal structure in the DIII-D tokamak

Experimental measurements on DIII-D of hydrogen neutral penetration lengths ( λn0 ) on the high field side (HFS) are longer by a factor of 2 than for deuterium consistent with the thermal velocity ratio for neutrals at the same temperature (vthH/vthD=2) . This ratio is constant for both low and high pedestal electron density. At low pedestal density (ne∼4×1019 m −3) , the neutral penetration length is greater than the density pedestal width for both isotopes, and the additional 40% increase of neutral penetration in hydrogen widens the pedestal by the same amount. As the density pedestal height increases (ne∼6×1019 m −3) , the neutral penetration lengths drop below the density pedestal widths for both isotopes, and the increased penetration of hydrogen has no increased effect on the pedestal width compared to deuterium. Extrapolating to future reactor-relevant high electron density pedestals, the isotope-mass change in neutral fueling on the HFS from the deepest neutral penetration of hydrogen, to the shortest neutral penetration of tritium will be negligible (0.2–0.4 cm) in comparison to estimates of the density pedestal width (6–8.5 cm).

Access to stable, high pressure tokamak pedestals using local electron cyclotron current drive

Experiments on the DIII-D tokamak demonstrate that edge localized mode (ELM) stability can be manipulated using localized electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) in conjunction with resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs). The injection of counter-plasma-current edge ECCD reduces the RMP amplitude required to suppress ELMs and bifurcates the pedestal into a high-confinement regime with 7 kPA pedestal pressure. This is the first time such a high confinement regime has been accessed through the bifurcation from the ballooning stability branch predicted by existing models. These observations are consistent with modeled ECCD manipulation of magnetic islands induced by the RMPs.

Semiotic analysis of university prospectuses in Pakistan: marketization, identity, and power dynamics

ABSTRACT Inspired by neoliberalism, the marketization of higher education is being increasingly used by universities to sustain and grow amid intense competition and shrinking public funding. This paper presents a semiotic analysis of prospectuses of prominent Pakistani universities to help understand how the pressure of marketization has influenced and shaped the discursive practices of Pakistani universities and how that has, in turn, changed the identity, status, and relationship of the major stakeholders, i.e. the university and the students. Using Kress and Van Leeuwen’s model for semiotic analysis, the results reveal that even though marketization practices are evident in university prospectuses, the hierarchy within the stakeholders has changed little. The higher authorities and majestic buildings continue to take major space in prospectuses and are held at a higher pedestal while students continue to be underrepresented and are shown not vested with any powers. This conforms to the cultural norms of Pakistani society which readily accepts authority, high power distance, and hierarchy. Overall, the implications of this study provide valuable insights for international educators, policymakers, and researchers interested in understanding the complex interplay between marketization, visual representation, and power dynamics in higher education institutions worldwide .

Feature Recognition of Regional Architecture Forms Based on Machine Learning: A Case Study of Architecture Heritage in Hubei Province, China

Architecture form has been one of the hot areas in the field of architectural design, which reflects regional architectural features to some extent. However, most of the existing methods for architecture form belong to the field of qualitative analysis. Accordingly, quantitative methods are urgently required to extract regional architectural style, identify architecture form, and to and further provide the quantitative evaluation. Based on machine learning technology, this paper proposes a novel method to quantify the feature, form, and evaluation of regional architectures. First, we construct a training dataset—the Chinese Ancient Architecture Image Dataset (CAAID), in which each image is labeled by some experts as having at least one of three typical features such as “High Pedestal”, “Deep Eave” and “Elegant Gable”. Second, the CAAID is used to train our neural network model to identify three kinds of architectural features. In order to reveal the traditional forms of regional architecture in Hubei, we built the Hubei Architectural Heritage Image Dataset (HAHID) as our object dataset, in which we collected architectural images from four different regions including southeast, northeast, southwest, and northwest Hubei. Our object dataset is then fed into our neural network model to predict the typical features for those four regions in Hubei. The obtained quantitative results show that the feature identification of the architectural form is consistent with that of regional architectures in Hubei. Moreover, we can observe from the quantitative results that four geographic regions in Hubei show variation; for instance, the feature of the ‘elegant gable’ in southeastern Hubei is more evident, while the “Deep Eave” in the northwest is more evident. In addition, some new building images are selected to feed into our neural network model and the output quantitative results can effectively identify the corresponding feature style of regional architectures in Hubei. Therefore, our proposed method based on machine learning can be used not only as a quantitative tool to extract features of regional architectures, but also as an effective approach to evaluate architecture forms in the urban renewal process.

DEATH PENALTY AS AN AFFRONT TO HUMANITY AND GLOBAL CIVILISATION: NIGERIA AS A CASE STUDY

The death penalty in Nigeria and indeed all over the world has become a subject of perpetual discourse. This is because protagonists and antagonists are at each other throats on the need for its retention or abolition. It is a thorny and emotional controversy that has not shown any sign of abating. The issue of death penalty transcends regional divide, political ideology, race and civilisation. This piece is an appraisal of death penalty application in Nigeria and its continued relevance in view of the dominant global pulse of human rights, recent positive developmental strides in the areas of civilisation and the error prone criminal justice system. The paper using doctrinal research methodology finds that the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended) does not prohibit its application. The study however finds that there is changing perception of crimes and punishment globally. As a result, international law is becoming paternalistic-moving towards the abolition of death penalty. The study therefore is a clarion call to the law makers to roll back the provision of death penalty and adopt life jail as a viable alternative. By so doing, Nigeria will not trail behind international trends in human rights and civilization. It will also make her stand on a higher pedestal than the depraved offender.

Pedestal fluctuation measurements with charge exchange imaging at the DIII-D tokamak

A new high radial resolution 2D multichannel Charge eXchange Imaging (CXI) diagnostic is under development for deployment at DIII-D. The diagnostic system will measure low-to-intermediate radial wavenumber carbon density fluctuations by observing the n = 8 - 7 (λ = 529.06 nm) C-VI emission line, resulting from charge exchange collisions between heating neutral beam atoms and the intrinsic carbon ion density. The new CXI diagnostic will provide measurements with ΔR ∼ 0.4 cm to access higher kr instabilities (kr < 8cm-1) predicted to arise in the steep-gradient region of the H-mode pedestal. The CXI system will feature 60 fiber bundles in a 12 × 5 arrangement, with each bundle consisting of four 1mm fibers. A custom optical system has been designed to filter and image incoming signals onto an 8 × 8 avalanche photodiode array. Additionally, a novel electronics suite has been designed and commissioned to amplify and digitize the relatively low-intensity carbon signal at a 2MHz bandwidth. Forward modeling results of the active C-VI emission suggest sufficient signal to noise ratios to resolve turbulent fluctuations. Prototype measurements demonstrate the ability to perform high frequency pedestal measurements.

Changes In Gait, Balance and Comfort That Is Felt in The Use of Shoes with Height-Elevating Insole with A Height Of 5, 7 and 9 Cm

The Use of shoes with height-elevating insole lately has been rife in the community. Use sol high this can affect the function of static and dynamic body, where physical changes in the body. As a result, generate a posture which is not stable, not balanced, and less comfortable when used in daily activities. Have many kinds of shoes with high soles with distinctions high pedestal the soles of shoes that allow the existence of different effects for the body. Objective, Prove the change of gait, balance and comfort in use of the shoe with a height-elevating the insole at the height of 5, 7, 9 cm. Material and Methods, experimental Research with pre and post test design. Subjects are men aged 20-22 years with a Body Mass Index (BMI) normal. Thirty people who are willing to follow the study and meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided randomly into 3 groups, group a 5 cm, 7 cm and 9 cm, which respectively amounted to 10 people. Each group performed a walk test to test gait, one leg stands and tandemstand to test the balance with the barefoot/barefoot, shoes with height- elevating the insole with the same high. Results, the Results of this study show a change in gait and balance that are significant between barefoot and wearing shoes high soles (p=0.005). But the difference between the shoes with the height-elevating insole with a height of 5, 7 and 9 cm is not significant on the parameters of gait (p=0.329) but there is a change of balance in between shoes high soles 5, 7, 9 cm on the parameters of the balance (p=0.000). Conclusion, there are differences in the balance and there was no difference in gait on the use of the shoe’s height-elevating insole different (5, 7, 9 cm).

The Limits of Détente: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1969–1973

The Limits of Détente: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1969–1973

The Paradox of Invisibility

Teaching architectural history with a commitment to social justice presents an epistemological challenge for two key reasons. First, the spatialization of social justice is irredeemably political, raising the question as to how to discuss politics in the classroom. Second, how does an educator articulate an ethical framework within which to situate histories of injustice and exclusion in the realm of knowledge production? By analyzing diverse public reactions to the controversial Emancipation Memorial (also known as the Freedman’s Memorial) in Lincoln Park on Capitol Hill, Washington, DC during the social justice movements of 2020, this paper examines the politics of social justice through an exploration of the notion of “invisibility,” a paradoxical condition that, as African American novelist Ralph Ellison suggests, can imply both a fantasy of empowerment and a tragedy of powerlessness. The Freedman’s Memorial was erected in 1876 to commemorate United States President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, which many American textbooks credit with “freeing the slaves.” Set on a high pedestal, the monument depicts Lincoln as a towering savior and the unshackled man kneeling in front of him. Though sculptor Thomas Ball modeled the kneeling man after the formerly enslaved man Archer Alexander, the monument denies Alexander’s personal history and his traumatic escape to freedom. It is Lincoln’s heroism, and not that of formerly enslaved people like Alexander, that is disseminated through an entrenched web of hegemonic cultural consent. How does an educator discuss Alexander’s invisibility in the context of this memorial to deepen the understanding of racial ideologies undergirding the institution of slavery in America? The paper argues that microhistory can serve as a powerful historiographic antidote to the dehumanizing effects of invisibility.

AHMED NADEEM QASMI'S MENTAL TENDENCIES

Ahmed Nadeem was acclaimed high pedestal of fame in modern Urdu poetry especially, his ghazal attracted numerous readers and critics. In ghazal poetry, the last couplet (Maqta) carries immense importance. In Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi's art of ghazal, one may observe the beautiful end couplet (Maqta) having variegated subjects and thought processes. His Maqta expresses his intellectual inclinations and aptness in a specific style. This research article strives to explore his diversity of thoughts and intellectual briefly. We read that his Maqta embraces a vast array of topics of various subjects such as existentialism, the concept of God, certainty and uncertainty of faith, empiricism and humanism. In his Maqta, one may come across a new world of meanings, the world of love, hate, meeting and departure of lover and beloved, and the agony of knowledge and ignorance. The helplessness of man to acquaint with life and its upheavals and his countering strategies.

Developing a physics understanding of the quasi-continuous exhaust regime: pedestal profile and ballooning stability analysis

It has been experimentally observed that at ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) plasmas at relatively high shaping, an increase of gas fuelling corresponds to an increase of the frequency and intensity of the type-I edge localised modes (ELMs). At high enough fuelling, the plasma enters the quasi continuous exhaust (QCE) regime. We have performed ideal ballooning n → ∞ stability analysis on four AUG discharges, comparing the type-I ELM dominated phases, with the phases that are in the QCE regime. The results of this study show that as the gas puff increases, the plasma gets more ballooning unstable in the pedestal region, especially very close to the separatrix, at the pedestal bottom. On the contrary, in the middle of the pedestal, the discharges are more ballooning stable. Here the locally negative magnetic shear has a stabilising effect on ballooning modes, allowing access to the second stability region. Our analysis of the ballooning stability and the confinement factor H98 suggest that with optimisation of the pedestal shape, good confinement without type-I ELMs can be achieved. Necessary ingredients are that the region of the highest pressure gradient is not ideal ballooning limited, while the pedestal bottom is ballooning unstable. Ideal stability analysis of 36 simulated ITER profiles shows that, similarly to the experimental cases from AUG, a high pedestal top pressure can be maintained concomitant with a ballooning instability at the pedestal bottom, making QCE a promising scenario.

Synthetic Dye Application in Textiles: A Review on the Efficacies and Toxicities Involved

The application of dyes in textile colouration has existed for centuries. Dyes are obtained from both natural and synthetic sources. Synthetic dyes are manufactured from chemical compounds and have been placed on a high pedestal in the textile industry due to their improved colour fastness, varied range of pigments and easy application as compared to natural dyes. However, they have been identified to be harmful to the environment and human health by researchers. When effluent containing harmful chemicals like sodium sulphide is discharged into the environment improperly, they cause a lot of diseases and hinder smooth air flow. With current submissions made by researchers on synthetic dyes application as a backbone, this review throws more light on the dangers and benefits involved in the use of synthetic dyes in the textile industry. It also touches on waste management as far as textile dyes are concerned. The application of synthetic dyes, precisely vat, reactive and sulphur dyes are highlighted in the study. With the purpose of addressing appropriate means of curbing undesired hazards caused by textile wastes water, several technological approaches to effluent treatment such as Physical, Chemical and Biological are brought to light in the study. The study recommends the adaptation of waste management principles such as the 5R hierarchy to curb environmental harm caused by synthetic dye effluents.

Legalizing euthanasia or dooming to a slow death

In India, the sanctity of life has been placed on highest pedestal. From the moment of his birth, a person is clothed with basic human rights. Article 21 of the Indian Constitution provides for Right to Life which is one of the basic and most sacrosanct right. This right has received the widest possible interpretation at the hands of judiciary so as to make the human existence a dignified one. With the pronouncement of judgment by the Apex Court of India in Aruna Shaunbaugh’s case on March 7, 2011, a new debate has started in the country regarding the legalization of euthanasia in India. Euthanasia is one of the most debated and controversial topics in the world. Euthanasia , basically, is bringing about the death of a terminally ill patient or a person who is in persistent vegetative state so that his life which is merely a namesake can be peacefully end up. Thus, the basic intention behind euthanasia is to ensure a less painful death to a person who is in any case going to die after a long period of suffering.

Explaining the lack of power degradation of energy confinement in wide pedestal quiescent H-modes via transport modeling

Wide pedestal quiescent H (WPQH)-mode is an attractive scenario for future burning plasmas as they operate without ELMs. WPQH is characterized by formation of a wider and higher pedestal (than quiescent H-mode), and broadband fluctuations in the pedestal. Unlike conventional H-modes, where the energy confinement time reduces with increasing heating power, the WPQH plasmas reported in this paper do not show power degradation of the energy confinement. As the injected neutral beam power was increased, reduced core (ρ ⩽ 0.45) transport calculated by transp, as well as increased core temperatures, pressure gradient and diamagnetic E × B shear rate were observed. The reduction in the heat transport and rapid decrease in the ion temperature gradient scale length suggest the formation of an ion internal transport barrier (ITB) that was accompanied by increased stored energy in the core. Quasilinear turbulent transport modeling using the trapped gyro Landau fluid (tglf) code was used to predict the ITB and its turbulence stability properties. By using profiles and equilibria produced by matching the transp transport fluxes with the tglf transport model within the tgyro transport solver, the energy confinement time captures the experimentally observed insensitivity to the increased P NBI. Linear stability analysis reveals that drift-wave instabilities in the core are stabilized by E × B shear, T i/T e ratio and Shafranov shift; the latter was found to have the strongest effect on the turbulence suppression at the highest heating level.

Deconvolving the roles of E × B shear and pedestal structure in the energy confinement quality of super H-mode experiments

Analysis of ‘super H-mode’ experiments on DIII-D has put forward that high plasma toroidal rotation, not high pedestal, plays the essential role in achieving energy confinement quality H 98y2 ≫ 1 (Ding et al 2020 Nucl. Fusion 60 034001). Recently, super H-mode experiments with variable input torque have confirmed that high rotation shear discharges have very high levels of H 98y2 (>1.5), independent of the pedestal height, and that high pedestal discharges with low rotation shear have levels of H 98y2 only slightly above 1 (⩽1.2). Although some increase in stored energy with higher pedestal occurs, the energy confinement quality mainly depends on the toroidal rotation shear, which varies according to different levels of injected neutral beam torque per particle. Quasi-linear gyrofluid modeling achieves a good match of the experiment when including the E × B shear; without including plasma rotation, the modeling predicts a confinement quality consistent with the empirical observation of H 98y2 ∼ 1.2 at low rotation. Nonlinear gyrokinetic transport modeling shows that the effect of E × B turbulence stabilization is far larger than other mechanisms, such as the so-called hot-ion stabilization (T i/T e) effect. Consistent with these experimental and modeling results are previous simulations of the ITER baseline scenario using a super H-mode pedestal solution (Solomon et al 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 056105), which showed the potential to exceed the Q = 10 target if the pedestal density could be increased above the Greenwald limit. A close look at these simulations reveals that the predicted energy confinement quality is below 1 even at the highest pedestal pressure. The improvement in Q at higher pedestal density is due to the improved fusion power generation at the higher core density associated with higher pedestal density, not to an improved energy confinement quality.

EUROfusion-theory and advanced simulation coordination (E-TASC): programme and the role of high performance computing

This paper is a written summary of an overview oral presentation given at the 1st Spanish Fusion High Performance Computer (HPC) Workshop that took place on the 27 November 2020 as an online event. Given that over the next few years ITER 24 24ITER (‘The Way’ in Latin) is the world’s largest tokamak under construction in the south of France: a magnetic fusion device that has been designed to prove the feasibility of fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free source of energy (https://www.iter.org/). will move to its operation phase and the European-DEMO design will be significantly advanced, the EUROfusion consortium has initiated a coordination effort in theory and advanced simulation to address some of the challenges of the fusion research in Horizon EUROPE (2021–2027), i.e. the next EU Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development. This initiative has been called E-TASC, which stands for EUROfusion-Theory and Advanced Simulation Coordination. The general and guiding principles of E-TASC are summarized in this paper. In addition, an overview of the scientific results obtained in the pilot phase (2019–2020) of E-TASC are provided while highlighting the importance of the required progress in computational methods and HPC techniques. In the initial phase, five pilot theory and simulation tasks were initiated: towards a validated predictive capability of the low to high transition and pedestal physics; runaway electrons in tokamak disruptions in the presence of massive material injection; fast code for the calculation of neoclassical toroidal viscosity in stellarators and tokamaks; development of a neutral gas kinetics modular code; European edge and boundary code for reactor-relevant devices. In this paper, we report on recent progress made by each of these projects.

Princesses in the Suburbs: Reading The Virgin Suicides as a Fairytale

&lt;p&gt;The concept of male gaze has been present for a very long time. It is present in literature, albeit literature being an entirely different media. In &lt;em&gt;The Virgin Suicides &lt;/em&gt;by Jeffrey Eugenides, this theme seems to be very apparent along with themes such as voyeurism and objectifications. Drawing on the structuralist and gender studies, this article emphasizes about the effect of the male gaze and how this specific way of viewing affects the girls in a way that it shifts their function as a character, by reading the novel as a fairytale—a form of literary work of which the elements are easy to understand—helped by Vladimir Propp’s theory of &lt;em&gt;dramatis personae&lt;/em&gt;. The findings attained from literature reading and library research concludes that the way the neighborhood boys' view of the Lisbon girls does affect their roles in the story. I argue that the Lisbon girls were put on a very high pedestal since the very beginning; therefore positions them as the fairytale princess. However, due to the nature of the gaze applied in the work, there are possibilities that it may shift to other characters.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Olbian Perirantheria

From Olbia’s excavations comes a series of ceramic and stone, mostly marble, large open vessels in the shape of shallow bowls, which were installed on high pedestals. On ceramic vessels the stamped decor on the outside of the edge; it usually consisted of several relief belts – Ionic cymatium (ovolos), one or two pearl cords; in the case of marble vessels, only profiling was marked on the outer side of the edge. Such vessels in the modern literature are interpreted as perirantheria. According to the conditions of the finds and the style of the ornament, the earliest of the known vessels belong to the late Archaic period. The peak of their usage falls on the 5th century BCE. In Olbia, perirantheria have been found in two cult sites, the Western and Southern temenoi, the botroses, and the cultural strata. Their belonging to the cult inventory is unconditional. A wide range of analogies, known from the monuments of the Mediterranean, indicate that the perirantheria were intended for sacred water, which was used for ritual ablutions before and after the sacrifices. Traces of burning on a ceramic vessel originating from the Western Temenos suggest that at some stage of its operation it could be used as an altar for burning offerings. In the late Classical and Hellenistic periods, louteria became a part of everyday life – identical in shape water vessels, also made of ceramics and stone, mostly marble, but smaller in size. These vessels stood on high pedestals, often designed as fluted columns. The context of such finds is mainly related to residential buildings in both the Mediterranean and Olbia, which suggests a change in their functional usage. In addition, the study of the Olbian collection of ritual vessels opens another unknown page in the nomenclature of goods brought to Olbia.