Higher-order Value Research Articles

The attributes of leftovers and higher-order personal values

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the inter-relationships between peoples’ perceptions of the attributes of leftover food and how they lead to higher-order values in relation to food waste. Design/methodology/approach The method involved an online, text-based, qualitative survey of 112 panel members from a market research firm. The data were examined using thematic analysis and framed using a means-end approach. Findings Findings show that leftover foods take on both positive and negative attributes and benefits, as shown in four themes—tasty foods, dangerous foods, images of spoiling and used or second-hand—leading to consequences, identified as creating time, Time to binning and repurposing. Additionally, how individuals in a household speak of themselves based on their higher-order values, termed as states of being, can determine whether such foods are repurposed or consigned to the bin. These states of being are reflected in the three themes: the responsible ones, the virtuous ones and the blameless ones. Originality/value This study provides more focussed insights on the interplay between the attributes and benefits of leftovers and how household members position themselves towards these foods, particularly in their transition to waste.

Conjugation in multi-tetrazole derivatives: a new design direction for energetic materials.

Multi-tetrazole derivatives with conjugated structures were designed and investigated in this study. Using quantum chemistry methods, the crystal structures, electrostatic potentials (ESPs), multicenter bond orders, HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, and detonation properties of the derivatives were calculated. As expected, these molecules with conjugated structures showed low energies of their crystal structures, molecular layering in their crystals, high average ESPs, high multicenter bond order values, and enhanced detonation properties. The derivative 1,2-di(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)diazene (N2) was predicted to have the best density (1.87g/cm3), detonation velocity (9006m/s), and detonation pressure (36.8GPa) of the designed molecules, while its total crystal energy was low, suggesting that it is relatively stable. Its sensitivity was also low, as the molecular stacking that occurs in its crystal allows external forces to be dissipated into movements of crystal layers. Finally, its multicenter bond order was high, indicating a highly conjugated structure.

Relations Among Higher Order Values Around the World

The circular structure of basic human values is the core element of the Schwartz value theory. The structure demonstrated high robustness across cultures. However, the specific correlations between values and the differences in these correlations across countries have received little attention. The current research investigated the within-country correlations between the four higher order values. We estimated the correlations with meta-analytical mixed-effects models based on 10 surveys, on different value instruments, and on data from 104 countries. Analyses revealed theoretically expected negative relations between openness to change and conservation values and between self-transcendence and self-enhancement values. More interestingly, openness to change and self-transcendence values related negatively with each other, as did conservation and self-enhancement. Openness to change and self-enhancement values related predominantly positively, as did conservation and self-transcendence values. Correlations between the adjacent values were weaker in more economically developed countries, revealing higher value complexity of these societies. These findings were consistent across multiple surveys and after controlling for levels of education and income inequality. We concluded that, across most countries, values tend to be organized predominantly in line with the Social versus Person Focus opposition, whereas the Growth versus Self-Protection opposition is pronounced only in more economically developed countries.

ANALISA PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ZAT ADITIF ALAMI PADA BENSIN TERHADAP EMISI GAS BUANG UNTUK SEPEDA MOTOR 4 LANGKAH

ABSTRAK
 
 Dampak dari perkembangan teknologi otomotif mengakibatkan kebutuhan bahan bakar juga semakin meningkat. Dalam hal ini zat aditif digunakan untuk memberikan peningkatan sifat dasar dan nilai angka oktan tinggi untuk dapat meningkatkan kinerja mesin. Variabel penelitian meliputi variabel bebas yaitu prosentase campuran zat aditif dan premium sedangkan variabel terikat berupa emisi gas buang. Data yang diperoleh akan diplotkan pada grafik. dan akan dijadikan acuan untuk menilai besarnya pengaruh pemakaian zat aditif terhadap emisi gas buang yang dihasilkan. Dengan penambahan zat aditif akan memperbaiki proses pembakaran yang akan menurunkan kadar CO, CO2, HC, meningkatkan konsumsi oksigen (O2) dan akan menghilangkan senyawa NOx. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di dapat bahwa penurunan senyawa emisi gas buang yang signifikan terjadi pada Kadar CO yang di hasilkan oleh bensin yang telah di campur zat aditif konsentrasi (0.2 g :100 ml) pada putaran 1.000 rpm adalah 0.60% dengan penurunan sebesar 0.09%. Nilai penurunan yang terjadi pada putaran 1.000 rpm pembakaran menjadi lebih baik karena panas yang di hasilkan lebih stabil.

Value structure and priorities: Other-report account

<b>Background</b><br /> The aim of this study was to examine the Schwartz model of values in other-report data. We specifically tested the circular structure and priorities of personal values observed in ratings made by well-acquainted informants.<br /> <b>Participants and procedure</b><br /> We analysed self- and other-reports of preferences of 19 basic and four higher-order values provided by 422 participants (M<sub>age</sub> = 30.02, SD<sub>age</sub> = 13.99) using the Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ-5x).<br /> <b>Results</b><br /> The self-other agreement corrected for measurement bias ranged from .29 to .78 for basic values and from .51 to .67 for higher-order values. The findings indicated that basic values measured via other-reports form a circular structure consistent with the Schwartz theory. The hierarchy of values based on other-reports only slightly differed from the hierarchy based on self-reports.<br /> <b>Conclusions</b><br /> The results suggest that both self- and other-ratings of personal values yield meaningful information that contributes to each.

Value Structure and Priorities in Estonian Children: using the Picture-Based Value Survey for Children (PBVS-C)

The study examines the value structure and priorities of Estonian primary school students by using the Estonian adaptation of the Picture-Based Value Survey for children (PBVS-C). Three hundred and thirty three elementary-school children (aged 7–14, M age = 10.0) completed the instrument. Eighty-eight older students (M age = 11.94) also filled out the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ). Multidimensional scaling confirmed the theorized structure of values. High correlations between the scores of four higher-order values measured by the two instruments supported the content validity of the Estonian PBVS-C. The value hierarchies of children and sex and age differences were similar to those previously reported. The study contributes to the literature by showing that students of higher educated mothers rated openness to change and self-enhancement more highly and self-transcendence less highly than children of lower educated mothers. Moreover, students from schools in the capital city attached more importance to openness to change and less importance to self-enhancement than students from schools in small towns and villages.

Health as a value and its association with health-related quality of life, mental health, physical health, and subjective well-being

The current study examined the associations of health as a value with health and well-being outcomes. We analyzed cross-sectional data from 329 healthy Estonian blood donors (74% female, age range 17–64 years). Compared to the original higher-order values of Schwartz, health as a value was more strongly associated with health-related quality of life, mental health, and physical health. Associations of health value facets were higher for corresponding health outcomes than for dissimilar ones. Health values, however, were not associated with subjective well-being. In conclusion, our findings suggest that placing a high value on health benefits individuals’ health.

Testing for Approximate Measurement Invariance of Human Values in the European Social Survey

Measurement invariance is a necessary precondition for meaningful cross-country comparisons, and three levels have been differentiated: configural, metric, and scalar. Unfortunately, establishing the most stringent form, that is, scalar measurement invariance, across groups is difficult. Recently, Muthén and Asparouhov proposed testing for approximate rather than exact measurement invariance, as this may be sufficient for meaningful comparisons. Following their strategy, the results of cross-country approximate measurement invariance tests of the 21-item Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ-21) scale to measure values in the European Social Survey are presented ( N = 274,447 respondents from 15 countries participating in all six rounds). Applying the new approximate method for the test of measurement invariance allows both using more moderate constraints of approximate equality of parameters across groups and exploring the extent of noninvariance. Approximate measurement invariance was established in almost all rounds for two higher-order values: openness to change and self-enhancement. In the case of the two other higher-order values, self-transcendence and conservation, approximate measurement invariance was established across a subset of countries.

Positive Solutions for Singular Semipositone Fractional Differential Equation Subject to Multipoint Boundary Conditions

Existence result together with multiplicity result of positive solutions of higher-order fractional multipoint boundary value problems is given by considering the integrations of height functions on some special bounded sets. The nonlinearity may change its sign and may possess singularities on the time and the space variables at the same time.

Characteristic bisimulation for higher-order session processes

For higher-order (process) languages, characterising contextual equivalence is a long-standing issue. In the setting of a higher-order pi -calculus with session types, we develop characteristic bisimilarity, a typed bisimilarity which fully characterises contextual equivalence. To our knowledge, ours is the first characterisation of its kind. Using simple values inhabiting (session) types, our approach distinguishes from untyped methods for characterising contextual equivalence in higher-order processes: we show that observing as inputs only a precise finite set of higher-order values suffices to reason about higher-order session processes. We demonstrate how characteristic bisimilarity can be used to justify optimisations in session protocols with mobile code communication.

Higher order symbolic execution for contract verification and refutation

AbstractWe present a new approach to automated reasoning about higher-order programs by endowing symbolic execution with a notion of higher-order, symbolic values. To validate our approach, we use it to develop and evaluate a system for verifying and refuting behavioral software contracts of components in a functional language, which we callsoft contract verification. In doing so, we discover a mutually beneficial relation between behavioral contracts and higher-order symbolic execution. Contracts aid symbolic execution by providing a rich language of specifications serving as a basis of symbolic higher-order values; the theory of blame enables modular verification and leads to the theorem thatverified components can't be blamed; and the run-time monitoring of contracts enablessoftverification whereby verified and unverified components can safely interact. Conversely, symbolic execution aids contracts by providing compile-time verification and automated test case generation from counter-examples to verification. This relation between symbolic exuection and contracts engenders a virtuous cycle encouraging the gradual use of contracts.Our approach is able to analyze first-class contracts, recursive data structures, unknown functions, and control-flow-sensitive refinements of values, which are all idiomatic in dynamic languages. It makes effective use of off-the-shelf solvers to decide problems without heavy encodings. Counterexample search is sound and relatively complete with respect to a first-order solver for base type values and counter-examples are reported as concrete values, including functions. Therefore, it can form the basis of automated verification and bug-finding tools for higher-order programs. The approach is competitive with a range of existing tools—including type systems, flow analyzers, and model checkers—on their own benchmarks. We have built a prototype to analyze programs written in Racket and report on its effectiveness in verifying and refuting contracts.

Molecular interactions in high conductive gel electrolytes based on low molecular weight gelator

Organic ionic gel (OIG) electrolytes, also known as gel electrolytes or ionogels are one example of modern functional materials with the potential to use in wide range of electrochemical applications. The functionality of OIGs arises from the thermally reversible solidification of electrolytes or ionic liquids and their superior ionic conductivity. To understand and to predict the properties of these systems it is important to get the knowledge about the interactions on molecular level between the solid gelator matrix and the electrolyte solution. This paper reports the spectroscopic studies (FT-IR, UV–Vis and Raman) of the gel electrolyte based on low molecular weight gelator methyl-4,6-O-(p-nitrobenzylidene)-α-d-glucopyranoside and solution of quaternary ammonium salt, tetramethylammonium bromide. The solidification process was based on sol-gel technique. Below characteristic temperature, defined as gel to sol phase transition temperature, Tgs, the samples were solid-like and showed high conductivity values of the same order as observed for pure liquid electrolytes. The investigations were performed for a OIGs in a wide range of molar concentrations of the electrolyte solution.

A generalized Lyapunov inequality for a higher-order fractional boundary value problem

In the paper, we establish a Lyapunov inequality and two Lyapunov-type inequalities for a higher-order fractional boundary value problem with a controllable nonlinear term. Two applications are discussed. One concerns an eigenvalue problem, the other a Mittag-Leffler function.

A Barycentric Interpolation Collocation Method for Linear Nonlocal Boundary Value Problems

This paper is devoted to the numerical treatment of a class of higher-order multi-point boundary value problem-s(BVPs). The method is proposed based on the Lagrange interpolation collocation method, but it avoids thenumerical instability of Lagrange interpolation. Numerical results obtained by present method compare with othermethods show that the present method is simple and accurate for higher-order multi-point BVPs, and it is eectivefor solving six order or higher order multi-point BVPs.

Individual values and delinquency: on considering universals in the content and structure of values

ABSTRACTThe systematic relation between delinquency and the overall spectrum of individual values has not been a particular topic of psychological research in the past. To fill this gap, we refer to Schwartz’s [(1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1–65] theory of universals in the content and structure of values (TUV) and re-interpret the results of Hermann’s [(2003). Werte und Kriminalität. Wiesbaden: Springer] criminological research on individual reflexive values, norm acceptance, and self-reported delinquency against this background: We verify to what extent the Individual Reflexive Value Scale (IRVS) covers the overall spectrum of values defined by TUV. We validate this match by content analysis and multidimensional scaling (MDS) and compute IRVS-based basic and higher-order value scores. Confirmatory and spherical MDS with these scores yield the circular value structure postulated by TUV. Structural equation modelling (SEM) reveals systematic relations between basic values, norm acceptance and self-reported delinquency in accord with the ‘sinusoid curve hypothesis’. Moving around the value circle yields the highest negative correlations of self-reported delinquency with tradition and conformity and the highest positive correlations with hedonism and stimulation. These values are indicators of the higher-order value dimension ‘conservation’ versus ‘openness to change’. The significant impact of this value dimension on norm acceptance and delinquency is documented by means of SEM.

Values of People with Primary and Secondary Psychopathic Tendency: Focused on Schwartz’s Value Theory

This study attempted to determine difference between primary psychopath and secondary psychopath in terms of their values. After organizing three different groups with the help of the LSRP(Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale): a primary psychopathic tendency group, a secondary psychopathic tendency group, and a normal control group, the authors compared and analyzed values of these three groups, which were measured using the PVQ-R(Portrait Values Questionnaire-Revised). Based on the results, the value priorities of the two psychopathic tendency groups were heavily inclined towards the values of personal focus. In particular, the two groups showed the tendency to highly value the higher order value of self-enhancement but less value the higher value of self-transcendence. In addition, self-enhancement and self-transcendence were the higher order values which clearly differentiated the primary psychopathic tendency group and secondary psychopathic tendency group. In particular, the values of achievement, power-dominance, power-resources, and universalism-concern most clearly differentiate the two groups from each other. In addition, among the higher values of openness to change and conservation, both primary and secondary psychopathic tendency groups surpassed the normal control group in terms of the values of hedonism and face. On the other hand, the normal control group surpassed the primary and secondary psychopathic tendency groups in terms of the values of humility and conformity-rules.

Flexural Behavior of Beams Reinforced with Steel Bars Exceeding the Nominal Yield Strength

If steel manufactures usually comply with the minimum code specifications, the nominal yield strength of rebar can however be significantly exceeded in many countries, depending on the steel manufacturing processes. Such an increase in yield strength can have negative effects on the flexural behavior of beams designed as tension controlled, and reduce their ductility, an essential property in seismic resisting structures. An experimental and analytical study of the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams was conducted through the investigation of the Moment-Curvature relationships and the ultimate steel strains. The main variable was the level of the actual steel yield stress as compared to the nominal value. It was found that unexpectedly high values of steel yield stress reduce the beam ductility and violate the tension-control condition which was enforced in the design stage. Appropriate design corrections are proposed to account for high yield stress values in order to achieve the desired ductility of beams while maintaining the moment capacities.

Early stages of tin bronze corrosion in neutral aqueous chloride media: Electrochemical and FTIR investigations

The corrosion behavior of tin bronze alloy equivalent to a Punic one was investigated in aqueous 0.5 M chloride electrolyte using potentiodynamic measurements. The electrochemical results showed selective dissolution of the major alloy component reflecting a decuprification process. FTIR characterization of the patina anodic layers showed the presence of various dehydrated and hydrated tin compounds with a few copper species suggesting the patina type I formation on the Cu10Sn bronze alloy. A kinetic model for the Cu10Sn bronze alloy dissolution in the chloride solution was developed. The reaction order with respect to chloride content was determined for the Cl− halide concentration domains. The low order value (about 0.22) was attributed to the Cl− adsorption intermediate step. The high reaction order value (about 2) reflected two determining steps of cuprous chloride complex formation. Two behaviors for the material were evidenced when varying the temperature. The values of the activation energy Ea, activation enthalpy ΔH* and activation entropy ΔS* were calculated and discussed.

Corporate Social Responsibility perception versus human values: a structural equation modeling approach

ABSTRACTIn the business world, increasing importance is being given to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Consumer perception of CSR is determinant on the success of CSR practices and this perception is directly influenced by individual value structures. Despite research efforts and the continued preoccupation of CSR role in business and Society, few studies to date have analyzed jointly CSR perception and the value structure. As a result, the paper brings new knowledge of the relationship between basic human values and CSR's perception under a particular social initiative carried out by a company. To reach our purpose a Hierarchical Component Model which includes the variable gender to control for heterogeneity is adopted. The model focuses on not only by analyzing the effects of human values on CSR but also analyzes the influence of values by gender on CSR perception. This approach to study the relationship of CSR versus values considering the Schwartz's higher-order values and the moderating role of gender constitutes a new perspective. The main results of this study reveal the influence of values on CSR, the strength of those relationships and the importance of analyzing the moderator effect to control for heterogeneity.

Ассимиляция или интеграция: роль ценностей «Самоутверждение»

This study examines the role of ethnic minorities’ values in preferences for different acculturation strategies. We used Berry’s bidimensional model of acculturation, and Schwartz’s refined theory of 19 basic values. We hypothesized that individual values associate with acculturation preferences of ethnic minorities’. The sample consisted of two groups of adolescents, Russians and Poles, aged from 15 to 21 years old (N = 298). Using k-means clustering we assigned participants in four acculturation clusters: in- tegration, assimilation, marginalization, and separation. Profiles, which correspond to the four Schwartz higher-order values across clusters and groups, were compared through ANOVA measures. The analysis has shown that participants in the assimilation cluster scored significantly higher on Self-Enhancement than participants in the integration cluster. The article was prepared within the framework of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE) and supported within the framework of a subsidy by the Russian Academic Excellence Project '5-100'.