Higher-order Value Research Articles

Relevance and Premises of Values-Based Practice for Decision Making in Brain Health.

Brain health is a complex concept, shaped by a plethora of determinants related to physical health, healthy environments, safety and security, learning and social connection, as well as access to quality healthcare services. Decision-making in this complex field is characterized by diverse values, potentially conflicting interests, and asymmetrically influential stakeholders. Values-based practice (VBP) is a toolkit for balancing values in a democratic and inclusive way, so that every stakeholder feels a sense of ownership over the decision made. In VBP, the emphasis is on good process rather than on pre-determined 'correct' outcomes. Based on two case vignettes, we highlight the relevance of the ten principles of VBP for balancing different values to the satisfaction of those directly concerned, in a given decision-making process. In addition, we argue that the successful implementation of VBP in the complex area of brain health, as well as in other fields, is premised on higher order values (meta-values), beyond mutual respect and the legal, regulatory, and bioethical framework. These include mutual regard, reciprocity, autonomy, and an egalitarian attitude towards VBP procedures and involved stakeholders.

Unstructured Data Analysis Research for Vegan Beauty Trends and Consumer Awareness Survey

This study used unstructured data to analyze the various factors and relationships that influence consumers’ perception and behavior on vegan beauty, and predicted the future prospects of vegan beauty. The analysis results are as follows: First, in the keyword analysis related to vegan beauty, clean beauty and beebeuty appeared as the top main words, and cosmetics, ampoule, skin, double cream, animal raw material experiment, dalba, raw material use, etc. were followed. Second, as a result of performing TF-IDF analysis, ampoule, clean beauty, double cream, dalba, collagen, beebeuty, animal raw material experiment, and cosmetics appeared in order. Third, as a result of analyzing 50 keywords related to vegan beauty through centrality analysis and semantic network analysis, clean beauty, beebeuty, cosmetics, double cream, recommendation, ampoule, skin, animal raw material experiment, and dalba showed the most influence, and in the eigenvector centrality analysis, clean beauty, beebeuty, cosmetics, and double cream showed high values in order. Fourth, as a result of grouping 50 keywords related to vegan beauty derived through CONCOR analysis, the first group was keywords related to the attributes of vegan beauty, the second group was keywords related to vegan beauty products, the third group was keywords related to vegan beauty marketing, and the fourth group was keywords related to beauty care. Through these analysis results, we present the current situation and future possibilities of vegan beauty, and hope that it will help strengthen the competitiveness of vegan beauty brands and establish marketing strategies for vegan beauty brands.

The interplay between teachers’ value-related educational goals and their value-related school climate over time

Values education within the school context is, among other elements, shaped by a value-related school climate as well as teachers’ value-related educational goals. This longitudinal study investigated the interplay between these two elements over fifteen months, starting in March 2021, and including four points of measurement (t1 − t4). The sample consisted of 118 primary school teachers (years 1 and 2) from primary schools in Switzerland. Teachers’ value-related educational goals were measured with the Portrait Values Questionnaire, and teachers’ perception of their school climate was measured with the 12-Item School Climate Measure Scale. Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models along with Multiple Imputation for missing data were used to investigate the reciprocal relationships along the four dimensions of value-related educational goals represented by Schwartz’s Higher-Order Value Types: Openness to Change, Conservation, Self-Enhancement, and Self-Transcendence and their corresponding dimensions of a perceived value-related school climate of Innovation, Stability, Performance, and Support. For the dimensions “Innovation and Openness to Change,” the analyses revealed that the perceived value-related school climate of Innovation predicted teachers’ value-related educational goals of Openness to Change significantly from t1 to t2, while an effect in the opposite direction from t2 to t3 and from t3 to t4 was found. For the dimension “Stability and Conservation,” the analyses revealed that the perceived value-related school climate of Stability predicted teachers’ value-related educational goals of Conservation from t3 to t4. These findings are discussed in light of the dynamic processes of values education within the school environment as well as in the context of environmental and societal developments.

Higher order aberrations according to spherical, and astigmatic refractive errors in children

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance The results of this study present novel insights into the impact of spherical and astigmatic refractive errors on overall, corneal and internal aberrations and may provide a clear understanding of the emmetropisation process and the development of visual function. Background This study aimed to assess the association between overall, corneal and internal higher-order aberrations and the spherical and astigmatic components (magnitude and angle) of refractive error in a large sample of children. Methods A total of 311 children aged 7 – 8 years old were classified based on spherical equivalent refraction (myopic, emmetropic and hyperopic); magnitude of astigmatism (none, low and moderate); and angle of astigmatism (with-the-rule, against-the-rule and oblique). Refractive error and overall, corneal and internal higher-order aberrations were measured using the OPD-Scan III workstation. Results Regarding spherical equivalent refraction, myopic eyes had greater root mean square (RMS) overall higher-order values, total spherical, tetrafoil and secondary astigmatism aberrations, and internal higher-order, total spherical and tetrafoil aberrations in comparison to emmetropic eyes. The magnitude of astigmatism was positively associated with all overall RMS aberrations and with internal higher order, coma, total coma, total spherical and tetrafoil aberrations. Eyes with with-the-rule astigmatism showed higher RMS values of coma and total coma compared to eyes with against-the-rule and oblique astigmatism. Conclusions Higher-order aberrations are dependent on the spherical as well as astigmatic components of refractive error. These findings enhance the current understanding of the emmetropisation process and visual function development.

The effects of higher-order human values and conspiracy beliefs on COVID-19-related behavior in Germany

Abstract Aim This article simultaneously examines the influence of Schwartz’ higher-order human values (self-transcendence, openness to change, self-enhancement, and conservation) and conspiracy beliefs on four COVID-19-related dependent variables. Subject and methods Using path analysis with large-scale panel data from Germany (N = 4382), we tested if the correlational effects of higher-order values as independent variables on the perceived threat of the infection event, evaluation of government measures, number of self-initiated measures, and trust toward individuals and institutions involved as dependent variables could be mediated by conspiracy beliefs. Results We found evidence of a significant influence of all four higher-order values on the strength of conspiracy beliefs. In addition, we detected effects of higher-order values and conspiracy beliefs on all four COVID-19-related measures. Self-transcendence with consistently positive and openness to change with consistently negative total, direct, and indirect effects provided the most evident results. The respondents’ country of origin and residence in East or West Germany affected all four COVID-19-related variables. Conclusion This article has shown that belief in conspiracy narratives reveals associations of higher-order values with all four COVID-19-related measures that would not have been apparent without this mediator. In doing so, it contributes to the understanding of how pandemic mitigation measures are implemented differently. The results of this study can improve the ability to develop and enforce policies to increase the acceptance of scientifically accepted efforts in better governance.

Measuring the Four Higher-Order Values in Schwartz’s Theory: Validation of a 17-Item Inventory

Schwartz’s theory of basic human values is the dominant framework for assessing values. One of its strengths is that it allows for different levels of analysis. The 10 basic values can be reliably assigned to four higher-order dimensions: Openness to Change, Conservation, Self-Transcendence, and Self-Enhancement. In this paper, we examined the psychometric properties of the Higher-Order-Value Scale-17 (HOVS17), an inventory that economically assesses these higher-order values. We analyzed data from the GESIS Panel, an ongoing large-scale probability-based panel study that fields HOVS17 annually since 2013 and for which HOVS17 was originally developed. We found HOVS17 to have satisfactory psychometric properties. The 17 items were located in the two-dimensional multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) space as hypothesized. All four subscales were unidimensional, showed good fit when modeled as reflective latent variables, and had acceptable reliabilities as well as one-year test–retest stabilities (.65 to .69). The subscales correlated in theoretically plausible ways with a wide range of correlates and criteria, such as personality traits and well-being. This demonstrates that HOVS17 provides a sound basis for studying the development, precursors, and consequences of the higher-order values in the GESIS Panel and in future surveys that adopt HOVS17. We also discuss suggestions for further improvements of the inventory.

The psychology of romantic relationships: motivations and mate preferences

IntroductionThis study investigates motivations to engage in romantic relationships. We examine the structure of romantic motivations and their connections with personal values and mate preferences.MethodThe study was conducted in Israel among young men and women looking for a romantic partner (n = 1,121, 40% male, age 18–30).ResultsData analysis demonstrated that basic romantic motivations form a circumplex that may be partitioned into four higher-order romantic motivations: love and care, family and children, status and resources, and sex and adventure. The romantic motivations formed a meaningful pattern of connections with higher-order values, thus confirming that context-specific motivations are derived from general motivational goals expressed in values. Personal value preferences and romantic motivations predicted the sought-after partner characteristics over and above sociodemographic variables. Values were indirectly (through romantic motivations) and directly connected to mate preferences.DiscussionThe study advances our understanding of romantic relationships among young people and opens new directions for research and counseling.

Взаимосвязь индивидуальных ценностей и вовлеченности в онлайн-обучение: роль социального капитала

In 2019 the federal project “Digital Educational Environment” aimed at creating and implementing a digital educational environment in educational organizations was launched. The COVID-19 pandemic foregrounded this project and accelerated its implementation. The forced digital transformation of the education system, implemented in a short time, requires an assessment of its results not only from a technical point of view, but also from the point of view of socio-psychological factors that affect the quality of students' involvement in the digital educational environment. This paper provides the empirical results of an investigation of a relationship of higher-order values and social capital with involvement in online learning. The study’s sample is presented by 405 students at the National Research University “Higher School of Economics”. The main data collection method is a socio-psychological survey which includes Williams` social capital scale, Schwartz’s 21-item portrait values questionnaire, Involvement in online learning’s scale, and questions about socio-demographic characteristics (gender and age). The results of the Pearson correlation analysis illustrate that involvement in online learning relates to social capital and higher-order values, while its relation to age and gender was not found. The results of additive multiple moderation analysis demonstrates that higher-order values contribute to involvement in online learning and social capital tends to change the nature of this relationship. While bonding social capital differentiates the values of involvement in online learning related to higher-order values, based on one's own level, a higher bridging social capital inclines to make this relationship negative in some cases.

Do human values find genuine expression on social media platforms? The influence of human values on millennials' social media activities

PurposeSocial media has the potential to enable exchange of diverse opinions, foster dialogue on important social issues and exert positive influence on stakeholders and society. However, evidence is contradictory as to whether this is the case; it is possible that millennials' behaviors on social media are mainly driven by conservation (conformity and safety) or self-enhancement (power and achievement). In this research, the authors examine the extent to which different human values (self-transcendence, conservation, self-enhancement and openness to change) influence millennials' activities and behaviors on social media.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct three separate surveys on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram with 491 millennials (18–34 years of age) in the USA, examining the influence of four higher-order values of the Schwartz human values model (open self-transcendence, conservation, self-enhancement and openness to change) on specific social media activities (consumption, self-focused and sharing nonpersonal content activities).FindingsFirst, the authors find that for millennial users, human values significantly influence social media activities. Second, conservation values, followed by self-enhancement values, overshadow the expression of open self-transcendence values on social media. Thus, social media platforms may function more as agents of conservation and self-enhancement than agents of personal growth.Originality/valueThis is among the first studies to examine the influence of human values on social media and to find that human values such as conservation and self-enhancement have a strong influence on users' social media activities, while open self-transcendence values, which lead to expansion and growth, do not find genuine expression on social media.

Linking primary emotional traits to ideological attitudes and personal value types.

The present study aimed at investigating associations of both ideological attitudes and personal value types with the personality traits derived from the Affective Neuroscience Theory (ANT). For that, data of N = 626 (n = 403 men, n = 220 women, n = 3 identifying as neither a man nor a woman) participants of an online survey in the German language were analyzed. Relations of primary emotional traits derived from the ANT with Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA), Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), and personal value types, such as the higher-order value type dimensions "Conservation-Openness to Change" and "Self-Enhancement-Self-Transcendence", were examined by means of correlational analyses and structural equation modeling. Results revealed among others relations between low SEEKING, high ANGER and high RWA. Low CARE and high ANGER were associated with high SDO. Moreover, FEAR was related to the higher-order value type dimension ranging from Conservation to Openness to Change. ANGER was associated with the higher-order value type dimension ranging from Self-Enhancement to Self-Transcendence. The present results do not only expand knowledge on the personality traits associated with ideological attitudes and personal value types. Beyond this, considering the neuroanatomical, functional, and neurochemical correlates of the primary emotional traits SEEKING, ANGER, CARE, and FEAR, the present results may provide a roadmap for forthcoming studies aiming at examining biological correlates of ideological attitudes and personal value types, such as those works in the field of political neuroscience.

Value restructures the organization of free recall

A large body of research illustrates the prioritization of goal-relevant information in memory; however, it is unclear how reward-related memories are organized. Using a rewarded free recall paradigm, we investigated how reward motivation structures the organization of memory around temporal and higher-order contexts. To better understand these processes, we simulated our findings using a reward-modulated variant of the Context Maintenance and Retrieval Model (CMR; Polyn et al., 2009). In the first study, we found that reward did not influence temporal clustering, but instead shifted the organization of memory based on reward category. Further, we showed that a reward-modulated learning rate and source features of CMR most accurately depict reward's enhancement on memory and clustering by value. In a second study, we showed that reward-memory effects can exist in both extended periods of sustained motivation and frequent changes in motivation, by showing equivalent reward effects using mixed- and pure-list motivation manipulations. However, we showed that a reward-modulated learning rate in isolation can support reward's enhancement of memory in pure-list contexts. Overall, we conclude that reward-related memories are adaptively organized by higher-order value information, and contextual binding to value contexts may only be necessary when rewards are intermittent versus sustained.

The Role of Affective Commitment and Work Engagement to the Performance of Greek Social Entrepreneurs and the Moderating Effect of Personal Values

Social entrepreneurs’ behaviour and performance are critical for social enterprises’ success, along with the actors’ affective commitment, work engagement and personal values, as conceptualised by Schwartz’s value theory. This study is set to explore the interrelationships among these variables collecting quantitative data from 226 Greek social entrepreneurs. Seven research hypotheses are tested offering evidence in support of the influence of affective commitment and work engagement on entrepreneurs’ performance, while considering affective commitment as precursor of work engagement. Further, evidence is placed for the effect of the higher-order values of Self-Transcendence, Openness to Change, and Conservation on the above variable relationships.

Behavioural intentions towards cultured meat: the role of personal values, domain-specific innovativeness and distrust in scientists

PurposeTechnology-based food innovations are likely to face opposition in consumer acceptance despite certain perceived benefits. This study investigates distrust in scientists as a barrier to cultured meat acceptance and its interplay with positive drivers. For the latter, this study draws upon higher-order values (universalism) and domain-specific innovativeness.Design/methodology/approachThis study proposes a conceptual model, which is empirically tested using an online survey of Austrian consumers (n = 509) and structural equation modelling.FindingsFirst, this study provides empirical support for the inhibiting role of distrust in scientists on the acceptance of cultured meat. Second, universalism and domain-specific innovativeness both positively impact consumers' behavioural intentions. Third, this study finds that consumers' innovativeness mitigates the negative effect of distrust in scientists on the willingness to try cultured meat, whereas the value of universalism does not moderate this negative effect.Practical implicationsThe findings are strategically useful for companies in the innovative food sector in terms of segmentation and targeting. For both companies and policymakers, the impeding role of distrust in scientists for technology-based food innovations depicts an aspect that might be considered relevant to be addressed.Originality/valueThis study adds to the current body of knowledge about consumer acceptance of technology-based food innovations, such as cultured meat, by jointly examining the relevance of human values, domain-specific innovativeness and distrust in scientists as well as their interactions to explain behavioural intentions.

Basic personal values in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: A two-wave longitudinal study.

This study investigated value change during two phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, one of the most affected countries in the world. The first wave of data was collected in summer 2020, when the virus was on the retreat. The second wave was collected in autumn, at the peak of the second pandemic wave (November 2020). We investigated how Schwartz’s higher-order values changed over the two waves of the study, using economic condition as a predictor of change. We also examined whether value change predicted subsequent value-expressive behavior. Results showed no mean-level change for self-enhancement, self-transcendence, conservation, and openness to change values, but significant interindividual differences in the amount of change for each of the four values. Economic condition emerged as a significant predictor of change in conservation values: Individuals with a decreasing income since the beginning of the pandemic were more likely to increase the importance assigned to these values with respect to individuals whose economic well-being has remained unchanged. Moreover, an increase in conservation and openness to change values predicted behaviors that are mostly expressive of these values, above and beyond value importance at Time 1. Results and their implications for the study of values are discussed.

GENDER, CONSUMPTION AND VALUES IN WOMEN’S LIFE-STYLE MAGAZINES: THE EXAMPLE OF LADIES’ HOME JOURNAL

The aim of this study is to reveal the course of the relationship between gender, consumption and values that guided American society through advertisements between 1980 and 2005 in the example of Ladies' Home Journal, an American women's lifestyle magazine. For this purpose, a two-stage research was designed. In the first stage, the advertisements, editorial content and total number of pages in the magazine were counted and the advertisements were divided into categories. In the second stage, the advertisements in Ladies' Home Journal were analyzed according to Schwartz Values Scale. At this stage which was carried out with the qualitative analysis method, the previously determined advertisement categories were analyzed according to the Schwartz Value Scale: four higher order values, ten basic values and fifty-six lower order values. The most common value in Ladies' Home Journal issues in the twenty-five-year period is the value of "openness to change". This higher order value’s frequency, which was highest in 1980, started to decline after 2000 and the value of conservatism began to rise. The basic values most often found in Ladies’ Home Journal’s advertisements between 1980 and 2005 were hedonism, stimulation, and self-direction.

Higher-order p-Laplacian boundary value problems with resonance of dimension two on the half-line

We apply the extension of coincidence degree to obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of at least one solution for a class of higher-order p-Laplacian boundary value problems with two-dimensional kernel on the half-line. The result obtained improves and generalizes some of the known results on p-Laplacian boundary value problems in the literature. We also validate our result with an example.

Positively Deviant: New Evidence for the Beneficial Capital of Maverickism to Organizations

Workplace mavericks are seen as highly disruptive, engaging in unconventional behavior and showing apparent disregard for organizational norms, policies, and procedures. Despite this, some organizational leaders successfully leverage maverick behaviors to progress and achieve higher order organizational agendas. This paper challenges the former view by investigating the positive value maverickism provides organizations. Guided by the conceptualization of mavericks’ non-conformity as a form of positive deviance, two studies were conducted. Study 1 analyzed secondary data sources within the scientific research field to determine organizational performance requirements and expectations. Study 2 interviewed 28 mavericks and 27 leaders of mavericks in the same field. Data collection and analysis was guided by Bourdieu’s (1990) theoretical and methodological constructs—field, capital, and habitus. Results highlight that, while mavericks challenge and often ignore many organizational norms, their disruption is driven by the desire to achieve higher order goals benefitting their organizations and communities. Operating within boundaries set by these higher order values, mavericks not only embody traditional cultural capitals expected in their field but also offer valuable capitals traditionally possessed by those more senior in the field. This powerful combination of capitals produces additional symbolic capital which allows them to influence organizational decision-making despite not conforming to lower order organizational norms. At an applied level, valuable capitals associated with maverickism can be leveraged by leaders to support transformational change. To do this, organizational leaders need to recognize mavericks’ strengths through allowing them, as positive deviants, to challenge the status quo and to find alternative pathways to achieve organizational goals.

The Value-Translation Model of Consumer Activism: How Consumer Watchdog Organizations Change Markets

AbstractHow do consumer watchdog organizations (CWOs) change markets? Research on consumer activism has prioritized studying grassroots movements of ordinary consumers over more formalized activist actors, resulting in a paucity of theoretical resources for understanding the activism of powerful consumer organizations such as CWOs. This article draws on the sociology of valuation and evaluation to develop a new theoretical model of consumer activism, the value-translation model, which departs from previous research in shifting the focus from activists’ efforts to change which higher-order values govern markets to activists’ efforts to change how they govern markets. Through a historical study of a Danish CWO associated with the comparative-testing movement, the article shows how CWOs “translate” higher-order values into “trials of value” (i.e., practical evaluation procedures that “test” the strength of the connection between goods and higher-order values) and “evaluation agents” (i.e., market actors capable of carrying out and acting on evaluations). Such translations structure how higher-order values influence markets and are therefore critical to manage for directing market change. The study extends our understanding of how objects are systemically valorized and revalorized and how formalized forms of consumer activism can play an important role in such processes.

A Novel Noise Removal Technique for ECG Enhancement: A Comparative Analysis

The Electro Cardiogram (ECG) is most generally used for the identification and conclusion of heart illnesses. Great quality ECGs are used by doctors for understanding and identifying physiological and neurotic peculiarities. Nonetheless, in real circumstances, ECG signals are undermined by the corruption of artifcats. Though the LMS algorithm is mostly used for the removal of noise to enhance ECG, some issues persist such as the higher input data vector. So, to overcome such limitations, a logarithmic adaptive filtering technique is been used for ECG enhancement. Logarithmic algorithms incorporate the lower and higher order values of the error into a single continuous updating equation since they are dependent on the error amount. This result in the surge of convergence rate in logarithmic adaptive algorithms similar to the LMLS algorithm and reduces the complexity of computations in a conventional LMS algorithm. Experiment results are performed over various state-of-art models in the literature review under various measures and the proposed model outperforms effectively.

Изменение характеристик регуляторных процессов и ценностных ориентаций студенческой молодежи в условиях пандемии

The aim of this study is to study possible changes caused by the pandemic factor in the psychological system of ensuring the psychological health of young people, related to regulatory controls and value orientations. The sample consisted of 164 university students, 17 to 25 years of age (the mean age is 19.4 years; and 39.0% are males), divided into two equal investigation groups of 82 people from 2019 and 2020. Research methods: “Personal Readiness for Activity (PRA)” scale (I. V. Atamanova, S. A. Bogomaz) and “Portrait Value Questionnaire-Revised (PVQ-R)” (Sh. Schwartz). Data analysis methods: rank-biserial correlation, regression analysis, Mann-Whitney U-test, Student's t-test, network analysis. Results: The data of correlation and regression analysis revealed relationships between the studied psychological variables and the “pandemic factor”, which are significantly more pronounced than the common socio-demographic relationships from before the pandemic from a variety of respondents (gender, age, specialty). To a greater extent, this applies to the variables of Planning, Reflection, and Conservation. The use of statistical criteria for differences revealed a significant decrease in the indicators of Planning, Reflection, and the PRA Index in 2020 compared to 2019. We found a significant increase in the level of higher-order value of Conservation in 2020. The role of this indicator in the network structure of the psychological system for ensuring psychological health of young people is also on the rise, while the role of the value of Openness is on the decline. These phenomena reflect the dynamic consistency of youth value orientations with global critical factors related to the pandemic. There is a restructuring of the structural features of the value and regulatory controls for ensuring the psychological health of young people in the context of a pandemic. In the network graphs of 2019, a single center is represented - Goal setting, which acts as a systemforming factor. In 2020, it was replaced by a cooperative, polycentric subsystem that combines three characteristics that are similar in their degree of influence on human life - Planning, Reflection, and Conservation.