Higher-order Cognitive Skills Research Articles

Exploring the impact of online and offline teaching methods on the cognitive abilities of medical students: a comparative study

BackgroundOnline education has become increasingly popular, but research on the effectiveness of different teaching models in developing cognitive skills is limited. This study investigated the relationship between different teaching models (online and offline) and the development of cognitive skills in clinical medicine students.MethodsSurvey data were collected from 2018 entry students who participated in online teaching and 2019 entry students in offline teaching at Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University. National Quality Open Courses (NQROC) were provided to both groups of students. The study examined the total score of physiology final exam, score of each type of question, and NQROC learning engagement in different score segments under the two teaching models. Non-parametric statistical methods were utilized to analyze the total score of physiology final exam, score of each type of question, and the NQROC learning engagement. Spearman’s rank correlation was utilized to analyze the relationship between the score of physiology final exam and the students’ NQROC learning engagement.ResultsThe study found no statistically significant difference in the total score, short-answer questions (SAQs) score, and case study questions (CSQs) score between online and offline teaching models. However, the multiple-choice questions (MCQs) score was higher in the online teaching model (Z=-4.249, P < 0.001), suggesting that online teaching may be an effective way to improve lower-order cognitive skills among students. In contrast, low-achieving students had higher total scores (Z=-3.223, P = 0.001) and scores in both MCQs (Z=-6.263, P < 0.001) and CSQs (Z=-6.877, P < 0.001) in the online teaching model. High-achieving students in the online teaching model had higher total scores (Z=-3.001, P = 0.003) and MCQs scores (Z=-5.706, P < 0.001) but lower scores in CSQs (Z=-2.775, P = 0.006). Furthermore, students’ NQROC learning engagement was greater in the online teaching model.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggested that online teaching was not statistically significantly different from offline in cognitive domains and was more desirable than offline in strengthening lower-order cognitive skills. However, it was important to note that offline teaching may be more effective in reinforcing higher-order cognitive skills among high-achieving students. In conclusion, this study provided important insights into the effectiveness of different teaching models in developing cognitive skills among medical students and highlighted the potential benefits of online teaching in enhancing students’ lower-order cognitive skills.

Analysis of Grade 10 Opportunity-to-Learn Dynamics of Market from Two Economics Textbooks

This theoretical paper analyses the Opportunity-to-Learn (OTL) Dynamics of Market offered in two Grade 10 economics textbooks. The study asked whether opportunities provided in economics textbooks improve learners’ performance in Dynamics of Market. Following a Content Analysis approach, three OTL variables; Content organization, Content coverage and Tasks were used as the theoretical framework to couch this study. One of the findings was that Less High-Order tasks were found in both textbooks hence do not develop learners’ Higher order Cognitive skills. The overall study showed that the analysed economics textbooks do not offer enough OTL Dynamics of Market. This study is significant because it helps both educators and policy makers to explore more on ‘must-have features’ of economics textbook before it could be prescribed for use. It makes contribution to international literature on textbook analysis in the field of economics education, this is rare in economics education studies. It is recommended that Higher order tasks should be included in future editions of the Grade 10 economics textbooks thus, suggesting the need to analyse economics textbooks in high schools for effective learning. Although the study analysed specific textbooks, its findings shed light on how learning opportunities relate to performance more generally.

Application of Scientific Based Modules to Improve High Order Cognitive Skills and Self Efficacy of Learners on Circulation System Material

Students who are at a higher level such as high school should already have higher knowledge or known as High Order Cognitive Skills (HOCS). Within the scope of education, self-efficacy is very important because it can affect cognitive processes, motivation, actions and student achievement. This study aims to determine the differences in high order cognitive skills and self-efficacy in the experimental and control classes. This research is quantitative through a Quasi-Experimental design with a Non-randomized control group, pretest-posttest design. Sampling used a purposive sampling technique with a total sample of 124 students who were divided into two groups, namely the control group and the experimental group. The instrument used to measure HOCS uses multiple choice questions of 40 test questions while self-efficacy is measured using a self-efficacy questionnaire. Data analysis used Ancova at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that there were differences in the increase in high order cognitive skills and there were differences in students' self-efficacy on circulation system material in class XI after implementing scientific-based modules. The conclusion from this study is that scientific-based modules can be applied to improve students' high order cognitive skills and self-efficacy in circulation system material.

Use of Active Learning During Emergency Remote Teaching in COVID-19 Pandemic.

The mandatory isolation caused by COVID-19 required the adoption of emergency remote teaching, which caused difficulties for instructors, especially for those who use active learning that depends on student participation in class. This study aimed to investigate the ability of instructors to apply active learning effectively given the pandemic context. This was a cross-sectional observational study carried out in an undergraduate medical school. The sample was composed from one to three classes of 28 instructors that were observed synchronously. Each class was analyzed using a form created from an adaptation of the PORTAAL tool, aiming to evaluate quantitatively essential elements for active learning. We observed that the mean times devoted to activities and active participation of students were 54.8% and 33.1% of the total class time, respectively. Among the time spent in student interactions, the intra-group demanded the highest percentage of the class time. Additionally, 22.0% of the activities presented a high level in Bloom's taxonomy and there was a positive correlation between the percentage of activities at higher Bloom levels and the percentage of class time with student participation, intra-group or between-group interactions, supporting the use of higher-order cognitive skills in a collaborative and student-centered context. In conclusion, our findings indicate that some instructors were able to apply essential elements for an active and collaborative learning even during the emergency remote teaching.

Remote online open book examinations: through the lenses of faculty and students in health professions programmes

BackgroundOpen book examinations have been used to assess students’ higher order cognitive skills. These examinations can be conducted online remotely with the advancement of technology. However, there are concerns regarding its validity and reliability particularly if the examinations are not proctored. The objective of this study was to explore the perceptions of faculty and students in health professions programmes about remote online open book examinations (ROOBE).MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted among 22 faculty staff who were involved in ROOBE in health professions programmes. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic analysis approach. The perceptions of 249 medical students were obtained using an online questionnaire after they completed ROOBE.ResultsThe faculty agreed that open book examinations could promote students’ higher order cognitive skills and reduce students’ stress. However, they were concerned about students’ academic integrity during non-invigilated ROOBE which could affect recognition by accreditation and professional bodies. The shift from traditional practice of closed-book examinations to ROOBE required change management with the support of guidelines and faculty training. Majority of the students claimed that the examinations were challengingas they assessed their ability to apply knowledge in real world problems. Nevertheless, they preferred ROOBE due to less anxiety and memorisation, andmore emphasis on problem solving skills. The shortcomings were insufficient time for information searching duringexaminations and uncertainty in preparedness for future practice as theyfocused less on memorisation of factual knowledge during examinationpreparation. Cheating among peers andinternet instability during non-invigilated ROOBE were the concerns highlightedby some students.ConclusionsFaculty and students expressed favourable views about ROOBE in promotinghigher order cognitive skills. Adequatetechnological support was essential during ROOBE. While there was a need toaddress issues related to academic integrity, ROOBE could be included as anauthentic assessment within the systems of assessment.

Effectiveness of an analogy-containing video project to reinforce pharmacy students' learning of kidney physiology

Background and purposeKidney physiology is one of the most difficult topics covered in health professions education. This study examined the effectiveness of an analogy-containing video project to reinforce pharmacy students' knowledge of kidney physiology. Educational activity and settingStudents were assigned in groups to create a video that used analogy to explain kidney physiology processes. Survey responses, a rubric, and an objective test were used to assess the project's effectiveness. FindingsStudents generated various analogies, such as making tea or coffee, cars and roads, and the college application process to explain kidney physiology. Most of the submitted videos successfully met all criteria in the rubric. All students believed that the project was effective, to varying degrees, in reinforcing their knowledge. Weak to moderate positive correlations were found between time spent on the project and perceived effectiveness of use of analogy to accomplish most of the learning objectives investigated. Students reported that the project engaged both lower- and higher-order cognitive skills. Quiz score analysis showed higher average scores of students on physiology-related questions compared to non-physiology items. Notably, this improvement was most marked for bottom-performing students. About 60% of students recommended the use of videos as a class assignment, but only 50% believed that they should be used as an alternative to quizzes. SummaryAn analogy-containing video project effectively reinforced student learning of kidney physiology. Further studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of this technique compared to other didactic and learning approaches.

Sequential Analysis of Online Scholarly Discussions of University Students using a Cognitive Subset of Critical Thinking

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, online technologies have been introduced to facilitate students' engagement in education. Online discussion has been used to provide them a communal learning environment. This investigation examined online scholarly discussions conducted by university students with a view to ascertaining how they demonstrated critical thinking (CT). Course participants were tasked with submitting research reports related to assignments to the Moodle discussion forum. These were subsequently shared with their student peers. After the ensuing discussions were recorded, the statements made by the students were coded using subskill indicators of CT. A code sequence analysis was subsequently conducted, with CT and altruism serving as dependent variables. In total, 121 students contributed 310 messages to the Moodle forum. In cases involving CT, lower-level skills were found to be predominant among the code sequences. In contrast, cases involving altruism displayed sequences that transitioned from higher to lower skills. When both dependent variables were active, the highest count of sequences was recorded for self-regulation skill, indicating higher-order cognitive skill activities. The students recognized their cognitive limitations, actively sought additional information, and re-evaluated the topic. This study establishes a novel analytical methodology for evaluating critical thinking skills.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 18 February 2023 / Accepted: 21 April 2023 / Published: 5 May 2023

Undergraduate Students' Profiles of Cognitive Load in Augmented Reality-Assisted Science Learning and Their Relation to Science Learning Self-efficacy and Behavior Patterns.

Research evidence indicated that a specific type of augmented reality-assisted (AR-assisted) science learning design or support might not suit or be effective for all students because students' cognitive load might differ according to their experiences and individual characteristics. Thus, this study aimed to identify undergraduate students' profiles of cognitive load in AR-assisted science learning and to examine the role of their distinct profiles in self-efficacy together with associated behavior patterns in science learning. After ensuring the validity and reliability of each measure, a latent profile analysis confirmed that 365 Chinese undergraduates carried diverse dimensions of cognitive load simultaneously. The latent profile analysis findings revealed four fundamental profiles: Low Engagement, Immersive, Dabbling, and Organized, characterized as carrying various respective cognitive loads. The multivariate analysis of variance findings revealed different levels of the six AR science learning self-efficacy dimensions across profiles. Low Engagement students displayed the lowest self-efficacy among all dimensions. Organized students recorded better conceptual understanding and higher-order cognitive skills than Dabbling ones. Students with the Immersive profile had the highest science learning self-efficacy. The lag sequential analysis results showed significant differences in behavior patterns among profiles. Among them, profiles with social interaction, test, and reviewing feedback behavior had a significantly higher score for self-efficacy than those patterns mainly based on test learning and resource visits. This finding provides a unified consideration of students' diverse profiles and can inform interventions for effective design of AR-assisted science learning to match appropriate strategies to facilitate the science learning effect.

Tıp Eğitiminde Klinik Akıl Yürütme Becerisinin Ölçümü için Türkçede İlk Otomatik Soru Üretimi

Aim: Writing high-quality items (questions) is a resource-intensive task. Particularly, the development of one context-rich multiple-choice question (MCQ) for assessing higher-order cognitive skills may cost hours of medical teachers. The aim of this study was to find out whether it is possible the use of Automatic Item Generation (AIG) in Turkish to generate case-based MCQs that assess clinical reasoning skills. &#x0D; Methods: By following the template-based AIG method developed by Gierl et al., MCQs on hypertension were generated with the help of software after the development of a cognitive model and an item model. The cognitive model and the item model was developed by a medical doctor and a cardiologist by considering Turkish Hypertension Consensus Report. The software was built as a Python-based code intended for single use without a user interface. The items were recorded in a MySQL database. Of these questions, 10 questions were randomly chosen to be reviewed by three subject matter experts (cardiologists). The evaluation was based on the quality of the questions and whether the questions assess higher-order skills such as clinical reasoning rather than factual recall. &#x0D; Results: In 1.73 seconds, 1600 MCQs on hypertension were generated. Although there were some minor revision suggestions in a few questions, each question was stated by all cardiologists as an acceptable item. The cardiologists also stated that the questions assess clinical reasoning skills rather than factual recall.&#x0D; Conclusions: This study demonstrated for the first time that AIG for assessing clinical reasoning skills in the context of medical education in Turkish is possible. This method of augmented intelligence to generate items can be used in Turkish as it has been used in other five languages. The use of this method could bring about more questions to assess clinical reasoning skills. It may also lead medical teachers to spend less amount of time and effort compared to traditional item writing.

The role of linguistic and cognitive skills in reading Chinese as a second language: A path analysis modeling approach.

This study examined the role of basic linguistic skills (vocabulary, syntax, orthography, and morphological awareness), basic cognitive skills (working memory), and higher-order cognitive skills (inference making and reading monitoring) in reading Chinese as a second language (L2). A total of 252 international students from Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Laos were recruited, and a range of measures including a Chinese reading comprehension test (HSK level 3), four linguistic knowledge tests on Chinese lexical, syntactic, and orthographic knowledge as well as morphological awareness, a reading span test, an inference making task, and an inconsistency detection test. The results of hierarchical multiple regressions showed that the measured linguistic skills and cognitive skills explained 80% of the variances in L2 Chinese reading, among which morphological awareness made the largest contribution. The path analysis revealed that linguistic skills and working memory contributed indirectly to reading comprehension via inference making and comprehension monitoring, while the two higher-order cognitive skills made direct contributions. Overall, this study demonstrates that inference making and comprehension monitoring contributed directly to reading comprehension, while linguistic skills and working memory functioned indirectly via the higher-order cognitive skills It also highlights the importance of morphological awareness in a hierarchical model of L2 Chinese reading.

Empowering future pharmacists - Embedding prescribing in the United Kingdom pharmacy undergraduate degree

IntroductionPharmacy education within the United Kingdom (UK) is on the cusp of a major change with the integration of pharmacist independent prescribing into the undergraduate Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) degree and foundation year. This presents an opportunity for schools of pharmacy to completely review and redesign the MPharm degree in order to embed prescribing. This commentary details what needs to change within the MPharm degree and how these changes can be enacted. CommentaryThe learning outcomes for the new degree place greater emphasis on diagnostic and consultation skills, risk management, professional judgement, and leadership. Course content needs to be sequenced so that complexity builds throughout the programme and clinical skills are taught and practised within the context of prescribing. There will be more emphasis on higher-order cognitive skills, such as collaborative clinical decision-making, considering potential risks and benefits. Teaching will need to align with learning on placements and time needs built into the curriculum for preparation and debrief sessions following placements and simulation scenarios. The increased responsibility that comes with prescribing rights will require review of how professional identity is formed and professionalism skills are taught and assessed. ImplicationsPharmacists' expertise in medicines means that they are well-placed to be prescribers, which will help meet health service demands. Long-term funding will be required for placements in community, general practice, and hospital settings, including the provision of training and support to pharmacists mentoring students on placements. In spite of the challenges of curriculum redesign, this opportunity is wholeheartedly welcomed.

A SWOT analysis of ChatGPT: Implications for educational practice and research

ABSTRACT ChatGPT is an AI tool that has sparked debates about its potential implications for education. We used the SWOT analysis framework to outline ChatGPT’s strengths and weaknesses and to discuss its opportunities for and threats to education. The strengths include using a sophisticated natural language model to generate plausible answers, self-improving capability, and providing personalised and real-time responses. As such, ChatGPT can increase access to information, facilitate personalised and complex learning, and decrease teaching workload, thereby making key processes and tasks more efficient. The weaknesses are a lack of deep understanding, difficulty in evaluating the quality of responses, a risk of bias and discrimination, and a lack of higher-order thinking skills. Threats to education include a lack of understanding of the context, threatening academic integrity, perpetuating discrimination in education, democratising plagiarism, and declining high-order cognitive skills. We provide agenda for educational practice and research in times of ChatGPT.

A Seven-Step Technique on PowerPoint Slide Preparation for Anatomy Lectures: A Cognitive Load Theory Approach

Lecturing remains a main teaching method in anatomy education, despite being argued as ineffective in promoting understanding and higher-order cognitive skills. Designing and preparing anatomy lecture slides is a challenging task, as anatomy is a content-driven subject that involves complex threedimensional diagrams. Overly wordy, overcrowded slides and poor organisation of text and pictorial materials are among the problems related to anatomy lecture slide preparation. These unorganised and problematic slides impose a high cognitive load on students and thus hinder learning. Hence, this paper elaborates on the strategies for lecture slide preparation that were formerly mentioned by the authors in a lecturing guideline known as the cognitive load theory lecture model. The strategies were organised into seven steps: (a) step 1: select plain background slides; (b) step 2: use headings and subheadings; (c) step 3: use visual cues and signals; (d) step 4: select a proper font type and size; (e) step 5: use text treatment; (f) step 6: choose a suitable colour scheme; and (g) step 7: synchronise all sub-elements. This paper also provides tested examples for each step to facilitate comprehension of the lecture content while applying the strategies.

Transdisciplinary Risk Management Accounting 4.0: Finance Egalitarian Digital Evidance From Indonesia

The purpose of this paper is to development of a transdisciplinary risk management accounting 4.0 through comprehensive skills, technology updates, and knowledge upgrades. This achievement requires reflection and supervision in awareness, professional development, education and reaching out through creative, independent and responsible exploration. In so doing, it draws upon insights from other papers in risk management accounting on the theme of high order cognitive skills finance for business. The paper draws heutagogical philosophy by providing choices and opportunities to design the business process in descriptive qualitative through in-depth interviews with educational observers. The paper explain that the risk finance design for business accounting management fosters the convergence of knowledge and technology. This convergence makes the development of business adaptive. The paper produce a risk management that promotes a dynamic and flexible egalitarian digital to explore scholar creatively, independently and responsibly.

Students Engagement in Science during Covid-19 Pandemic: Role of Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Achievement Goals

This study investigated the relationships among achievement goals, self-efficacy beliefs, and engagement in science during COVID-19. Distance education was launched due to COVID-19, and there is a need to examine these relations in the online science learning context. Participants were 448 students between 5th and 8th graders receiving distance education for eight months. Path analysis indicated mastery-approach goals and particular self-efficacy aspects positively predicted student engagement. Science communication and conceptual understanding have become prominent among self-efficacy aspects, while higher-order cognitive skills were unrelated to student engagement. Also, negative linkages were identified between performance-approach goals, emotional engagement, cognitive engagement, and performance-avoidance goals. The variance explained in the engagement components ranged from 47% to 60%. Some of the participants’ engagement and motivation in science were negatively affected by distance education. Suggestions were made to foster students’ engagement and motivation in distance science education.

The implementation and effects of contemporary Problem-Based Learning techniques in the field of chemistry

Chemistry courses are seeing an increasing inclusion of the relatively novel methods of Problem Based Learning (PBL). With roots dating back to 18th Century philosophers, it aims to develop the Higher Order Cognitive Skills (HOCS) of prospective graduates, alongside other transferrable skills and social benefits that traditional teaching has failed to build upon. The utilisation of real-world problem-solving projects in chemistry modules has a wide array of seemingly verifiable benefits but a lack of trained facilitators and minimal exposure of students to PBL at lower levels provides significant drawbacks to the methodology. This review looks at the pros and cons of PBL in detail to estimate its viability in future chemistry courses around the world.

The Perspectives of Educators Regarding the Critical Thinking Abilities of Students

The exercise of critical thinking necessitates the utilisation of sophisticated cognitive abilities by educators. Educators hold the belief that they impart critical thinking skills to their students through intellectual stimulation, yet their pedagogical approach primarily emphasises rote memorisation and note-taking within the confines of the classroom. It is noteworthy that the conduct exhibited by educators in the classroom may be impacted by the critical thinking abilities of their students. Consequently, it is imperative to augment teachers’ understanding of critical thinking in order to enable them to proficiently instruct students in the art of critical thinking within the context of university education. Data for the study was obtained via an online questionnaire that was based on Google Form. The qualitative data was analysed using topic order. A collective of 43 educators affiliated with university institutions provided their responses. Based on our findings, it is recommended that students acquire higher-order cognitive skills through a reassessment of pedagogical approaches. Additionally, it is suggested that The exercise of critical thinking necessitates the utilisation of sophisticated cognitive abilities by educators. Educators hold the belief that they impart critical thinking skills to their students through intellectual stimulation, yet their pedagogical approach primarily emphasises rote memorisation and note-taking within the confines of the classroom. It is noteworthy that the conduct exhibited by educators in the classroom may be impacted by the critical thinking abilities of their students. Consequently, it is imperative to augment teachers’ understanding of critical thinking in order to enable them to proficiently instruct students in the art of critical thinking within the context of university education. Data for the study was obtained via an online questionnaire that was based on Google Form. The qualitative data was analysed using topic order. A collective of 43 educators affiliated with university institutions provided their responses. Based on our findings, it is recommended that students acquire higher-order cognitive skills through a reassessment of pedagogical approaches. Additionally, it is suggested thatThe exercise of critical thinking necessitates the utilisation of sophisticated cognitive abilities by educators. Educators hold the belief that they impart critical thinking skills to their students through intellectual stimulation, yet their pedagogical approach primarily emphasises rote memorisation and note-taking within the confines of the classroom. It is noteworthy that the conduct exhibited by educators in the classroom may be impacted by the critical thinking abilities of their students. Consequently, it is imperative to augment teachers’ understanding of critical thinking in order to enable them to proficiently instruct students in the art of critical thinking within the context of university education. Data for the study was obtained via an online questionnaire that was based on Google Form. The qualitative data was analysed using topic order. A collective of 43 educators affiliated with university institutions provided their responses. Based on our findings, it is recommended that students acquire higher-order cognitive skills through a reassessment of pedagogical approaches. Additionally, it is suggested that higher education curricula be updated to incorporate activities, whether within or outside of the curriculum, that focus on the development of critical thinking skills. Failure to grasp fundamental learning concepts such as analysis, synthesis, creativity and thinking may have implications for a student’s future endeavours.

English Writing Challenges of First-Year Students: A Case Study of a University in the Eastern Cape

Writing is a productive skill, which means that the emphasis is on the output. The fact that most students in South Africa learn English as a second language (L2) presents challenges concerning English writing proficiency, because writing is different from speaking since it utilises higher-order cognitive skills. The study analysed 184 students’ scripts showing different forms of students’ writing, such as, reports, creative writing assignments, language tests, business correspondence, research papers, answering open-ended questions on extracts and the like. A qualitative method was used to explore and describe challenges encountered by students in English writing by collecting students’ scripts to identify problem areas where interventions needed to be applied. Purposive sampling was employed for the study as the focus was specifically on first-year University students registered for different modules, but all taking Communication (English), which is a compulsory module. Various theories such as the writing process, error analysis and proficiency theory were explored in order to understand the processes that underpin academic writing. The hypothesis is that mother-tongue linguistic features will pose challenges as they are embedded in the students’ cognitive language skills, and they will therefore interfere in English writing since the students’ mother tongue and English have different linguistic rules. Possible solutions for the many and varied challenges are the application of different processes that include different pedagogical methodologies. Error analysis played a crucial role in the study since it has a bearing on students who speak English as a second language because it investigates errors which are systematic and which result from language interference (this can manifest in intralingual and/or interlingual interference). In order to address these challenges, facilitators must employ pedagogical strategies that will encompass different teaching methods and different assessment methods that will link language exercises to other forms of writing such that there is a correlation between different aspects of language skills. Keywords: English writing challenges, language interference, error analysis, teaching methods, assessment methods, language skills

Social perception in children and adolescents with ADHD: The role of higher-order cognitive skills

Despite children with ADHD frequently experiencing difficulties in social perception, the mechanisms underlying this impairment have been poorly explored. In this study, we examined social perception in children with ADHD, comparing them with typically-developing (TD) children on semi-naturalistic tasks, and considering the effect of nonverbal signal recognition. Our aim was to ascertain whether the two groups’ social perception related to different types of stimulus (video, audio or combined/multimodal). The role of three higher-order cognitive skills (theory of mind, attention and pragmatic language) was also investigated. Thirty-six children with ADHD, and 36 TD controls were tested. Social perception was significantly associated with participants’ ability to recognize nonverbal signals, and with the stimulus presentation modality. Children with ADHD only performed less well than TD children with combined stimuli. As concerns the higher-order cognitive skills, theory of mind had a significant role in both groups, but only with the video and combined stimuli, while attention explained most of the variance in social perception for all types of stimulus. Better pragmatic language skills were only associated with a better social perception in TD children, whatever the type of stimulus presented. Semi-naturalistic tasks should be included when assessing social perception in ADHD, and both theory of mind and attention should be the object of efforts to enhance social perception in the ADHD population.

Modeling authentic multivariate assessment in art and design teacher education curriculum

Assessment is a critical construct in programing and instruction. It is one of the means of accountability that is conceived within the broader context of authentic performance. This paper discusses assessment strategies that are being used in art and design teacher education programmes amid ongoing curricula reforms in teachers' colleges in Zimbabwe. Findings reveal that colleges are using diverse assessment strategies to index student performance. These include critique of student exhibitions, portfolio assessment, pre-issue examinations, and controlled examinations, all of which are operationalised within an internal and external moderation framework and dialogical engagement among stakeholders. The study proposes the inclusion of candidate interviews and deliberate student self-assessment as part of a comprehensive art programme to enhance the development of higher-order cognitive and metacognitive skills that are critical in enhancing aesthetic judgment and performative art.