High Temperature Operation Research Articles

Multiscale textured solar absorber coatings for next-generation concentrating solar power

A high-temperature stable solar absorber is crucial for next-generation (Gen3) concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, to enable high temperature operation, maximize power generation efficiency, and thereby reduce the levelized cost of energy. This study presents novel, fractal-textured solar absorber coatings whose multiscale feature scales effectively match the visible region of the solar spectrum, leading to superb absorptive properties. Single and bimetallic oxide coatings of copper, cobalt and manganese were prepared on Inconel 625 substrates using electrodeposition. The effect of electrodeposition parameters and annealing temperature are systematically studied to optimize the morphology and properties of the oxide coatings. Multiscale textured bimetallic coatings of copper manganese oxide and copper cobalt oxide demonstrate a superior absorptance of 0.985, a remarkably low emittance <0.45 and an exceptional optical efficiency of ∼96 % under Gen3 CSP operating conditions, surpassing previously reported values in the literature by about 5 %. Durability tests confirmed the coatings’ steadfast endurance of mechanical and environmental stress, making them suitable for long-term application in harsh CSP environments.

The influence of the elemental valence on the thermophysical properties of high entropy (La0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Yb0.2Y0.2)2(Ce0.5Zr0.5)2O7 coatings for thermal barrier application

Commercial yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are no longer sufficient for the stringent demands in the high operating temperature and excellent thermophysical properties of the high-performance gas turbines and aviation engines. High entropy ceramics, distinguished by their superior thermophysical properties, have risen as a potential substitute for TBCs. However, the realm of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) in the creation of these advanced TBCs remains relatively unexplored. In this work, three distinct high-entropy (La0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Yb0.2Y0.2)2(Ce0.5Zr0.5)2O7 coatings were developed through the meticulous alteration of spraying power. The effects of spraying power on the microstructure, valence states of constituent elements and thermophysical properties of the coatings were deeply investigated. The results indicated that all the as-sprayed coatings exhibit a defect fluorite structure. Spraying power does have a significant impact on the thermophysical properties of the coatings. With the decrease in spraying power, the thermal conductivity of the coatings shows a progressive reduction, whereas the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) exhibits a gradual increase. This trend is closely related to valence states of constituent elements in the coatings. The resulting coating exhibits a low thermal conductivity of 0.54 W⋅m-1⋅K-1, a high CTE of 11.22×10-6·K-1 and a superior phase stability at elevated temperatures.

Facile synthesis of silver and copper modified graphitic carbon nitride for volatile organic compounds sensing

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pose significant health risks when inhaled or ingested in large quantities. Metal oxide-based solid-state gas sensors are commonly utilized for VOCs detection, including methanol, however their high operating temperature and selectivity are both biggest challenges. In this context, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has emerged as a promising alternative for VOCs sensing due to its superior sensing properties. In this work, Cu and Ag doped g-C3N4 was synthesized via the polycondensation method for VOCs sensing applications. All the samples showed a selective response to methanol at room temperature. Notably, the Ag/g-C3N4 sensor exhibited a significantly enhanced response (~27.5) compared to both undoped g-C3N4 (~3.58) and Cu/g-C3N4 (~9.82) sensors towards 200 ppm methanol. The Ag/C3N4 based sensor showed rapid response (21 s) and recovery (17 s) times, along with excellent short-term and long-term stability. It was found that Ag/C3N4 sensor exhibited a good response to humidity levels ranging from 9 % to 93 % RH, without any significant variation observed when deposited on the ceramic and flexible polyimide substrates. Further, considering its practical applicability, the Ag/C3N4 sensor showed successful detection of alcohol in human breath, highlighting its potential for real-world applications.

Two‐Dimensional Solidification Simulation of PCM Molten Salt as a Thermal Energy Storage for Stirling Engine

ABSTRACTThermal energy storage technologies have been widely used to mitigate intermittency from renewable energy sources such as solar energy. Phase change material (PCM) is a material that can be used as a heat storage medium and is available in a wide range of operating temperatures. Molten salt is one of the PCMs that has the advantage of a very high operating temperature. The PCM solidification simulation based on HitecXL molten salt using COMSOL Multiphysics software was carried out with variations in heat absorption of 1–5 kW/m2, assuming constant heat absorption. The results showed that the PCM solidification process started from the surface of the Stirling engine heat exchanger pipe. The part of the PCM that is solidified falls due to gravity, causing a phenomenon similar to a droplet. The flow that occurred was natural, driven by the buoyancy force resulting from density changes due to temperature gradients in the solidification process. The time required for the PCM to completely solidify was closely related to the amount of heat absorption; the greater the heat absorption from the pipe, the faster the PCM is fully solidified.

Enhanced wear resistance, corrosion behavior, and thermal management in magnesium alloys with PEO coatings

The harsh conditions encountered in aerospace applications, such as high operational temperatures, abrasive wear, and corrosive substances, present significant challenges to the performance and longevity of magnesium alloy components. To create a coating with superior wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and high emissivity, this study employs plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technology to develop a nanocomposite coating doped with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). The results demonstrate that the MgO-BN/CNTs coating with an emissivity of 0.82 reduces the equilibrium temperature of the 5 W LED junction by nearly 10 °C compared to the magnesium alloy substrate, showing improved radiative heat dissipation performance. Due to the ability of the porous structure to accommodate abrasive particles, coupled with the lubricating effect of h-BN and CNTs, the friction coefficient of the MgO-BN/CNTs coating is 0.57, which is 21 % lower than that of the MgO coating. Additionally, the coating exhibits excellent corrosion protection, attributed to the dense microstructure and chemical inertness of h-BN. The findings demonstrate that the strategic incorporation of h-BN and CNTs into PEO coatings effectively improves the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and thermal management performance of magnesium alloys.

Investigations of inlet arrangement strategies and particle parameters on thermochemical performance in falling particle solar reactors

The reformation of methane to hydrogen and steam in a falling particle solar reactor (FPSR) is a promising method to use the solar energy, which converts solar energy into chemical energy. FPSR has higher operation temperature, higher pressure bearing capacity and more direct heat energy storage than those of traditional reactor. However, due to the short residence time of the particles, hydrogen production efficiency is reduced. Thus, inlet arrangement strategies and particle catalysts should be carefully designed to improve the thermochemical reaction performance of FPSR. In this contribution, the Eulerian-Eulerian model in CFD program (Fluent 2020 R2) is used to explore the effects of different particle inlet arrangement strategies, non-uniform particle mass flow inlet and particle size on the performance enhancement of methane steam reforming reaction. The results indicate that the two arrangement strategies show different trends in influencing hydrogen production efficiency. Besides, non-uniform particle mass flow rate also has a significant impact on hydrogen production efficiency, with the optimal arrangement conditions increasing the hydrogen production rate by 2.4831 mol/m−3(−|-) s−1. Additionally, smaller particle size demonstrates better hydrogen production efficiency, with a 0.15 mm particle size catalyst showing a 14.02 % improvement in hydrogen production efficiency compared to a 0.75 mm particle size. This contribution can provide a guidance for optimizing the heat and mass transfer performance of the falling particle solar reactor.

Effect of High-Temperature Operation on Voltage Cycling Induced PEMFC Degradation: From Automotive Customer Drive Cycles to an Accelerated Stress Test

Degradation of the Pt catalyst during load cycling constitutes a major durability issue for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in automotive applications. In this study commercial 5 cm2 electrodes were exposed to 20 k voltage cycles between 0.6–0.9 VRHE at temperatures ranging from 75 to 120 °C. The electrochemical surface area (ECSA), the roughness factor (rf), and the oxygen transport resistance were investigated over the course of the test. The degradation was mainly governed by Pt agglomeration and was accelerated with increasing temperature. Interestingly, operation at high temperature (120 °C and 30% RH) caused the same ECSA loss as at standard conditions (90 °C and 90% RH), suggesting that when maintaining dry conditions high-temperature operation is not critical for the durability of the catalyst material. The experimental results were used to validate an existing 0D catalyst degradation model, which was then applied to an automotive customer drive cycle. The calculated degradation over the whole automotive lifetime (excluding startup shutdown and idle events) equals 20 k voltage cycles (0.6–0.9 V, 10 s hold time) at 90 °C and 30% RH, which provides a guideline for the assessment of the suitability of novel catalyst materials for automotive applications.

An open-loop and closed loop based passive thermal management techniques applicable to photovoltaic systems

Photovoltaic (PV) technology adoption in recent years has experienced significant growth due to its inherent advantages over alternative technologies. Nevertheless, there is a concern regarding performance deterioration due to high operating temperatures. Various thermal management methods have been studied to address this issue, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. Hence, a comprehensive review aimed at developing effective passive cooling techniques was undertaken and two techniques were finalized for outdoor testing viz. natural circulation loop based cooling (PV-NCL) and evaporative cooling (PV-EVP). Though the former version could drop module temperature by 7.4 °C–13.9 °C (Power output increment in the range of 3.5 %–6.7 %), this improvement was not sustained throughout the day due to factors such as flow resistance within the loop and a lack of convective cooling in the vicinity of the cooler. Subsequent experiments confirmed that loop resistance played a dominant role in this phenomenon. Additionally, concerns about water circulation in PV-NCL were resolved through a comparison with water duct-integrated PV. On the other hand, the innovative gravity-assisted water flow for evaporation method (PV-EVP) yielded more promising results, with a power output enhancement ranging from 3.7 % to 11.5 %. However, considering the in-field operational issues, PV-NCL with a modified design will likely be the best technique.

Reducing dislocations for room-temperature continuous-wave InGaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well lasers monolithically grown on Si

As dislocation-sensitive light-emitting devices, quantum well lasers monolithically grown on Si substrates operate poorly compared to their counterparts on native ones. In this work, a GaAs/Si virtual substrate with a low threading dislocation density of 8.9×106/cm2 was achieved by using a combined dislocation-reducing method. Meanwhile, by using two In-containing strained layer separately inserted into upper and lower AlGaAs cladding layers, the active region was virtually free of gliding dislocations. With the reduced dislocations in the active region, the fabricated Si-based broad-stripe ridged lasers exhibited continuous-wave lasing at room temperature, and a low threshold current density of 1015 A/cm2, high operation temperature of 90°C as well as a device lifetime of over 87.25 h were achieved. These results demonstrate an experimentally feasible way to optimize a Si-based InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum well laser and further promote the research on monolithic integration.

Analysis of the influence of expansion gap on thermal stress and strain distribution of a hot blast stove

The hot blast stove is an important facility in the steel industry, which of the expansion gaps design has a significant buffering effect on the thermal stress with a high-temperature operating process. In this paper, a 3D numerical model of a hot blast stove was established to calculate the thermal stress distribution and analyze the remaining thickness of expansion gaps with different parts during the operating process. Young’s Modulus of the refractory linings was obtained by comparing with the experiment data and numerical data under the different temperatures and considering the influence of mortar. The result shows that Young’s Modulus of the refractory brick increased as the temperature, and the comparison of the experiment and simulation data of Young’s Modulus under three different temperatures displayed good agreement between the two sets of data. The first/third principle stress for the refractory linings can be reduced effectively by designing the expansion gap rationally, and the equivalent stresses of the shell are mainly concentrated at the joint and the neck. In addition, the expansion gaps are decreased under the thermal expansion and moved along a radial direction for the combustion/checker dome and the combustion/checker chamber.

Low-Power Chemiresistive Gas Sensors for Transformer Fault Diagnosis.

Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is considered to be the most convenient and effective approach for transformer fault diagnosis. Due to their excellent performance and development potential, chemiresistive gas sensors are anticipated to supersede the traditional gas chromatography analysis in the dissolved gas analysis of transformers. However, their high operating temperature and high power consumption restrict their deployment in battery-powered devices. This review examines the underlying principles of chemiresistive gas sensors. It comprehensively summarizes recent advances in low-power gas sensors for the detection of dissolved fault characteristic gases (H2, C2H2, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, CO, and CO2). Emphasis is placed on the synthesis methods of sensitive materials and their properties. The investigations have yielded substantial experimental data, indicating that adjusting the particle size and morphology structure of the sensitive materials and combining them with noble metal doping are the principal methods for enhancing the sensitivity performance and reducing the power consumption of chemiresistive gas sensors. Additionally, strategies to overcome the significant challenge of cross-sensitivity encountered in applications are provided. Finally, the future development direction of chemiresistive gas sensors for DGA is envisioned, offering guidance for developing and applying novel gas-sensitive sensors in transformer fault diagnosis.

Enhancing piezoelectric properties of BiScO3-PbTiO3 ceramics via- incorporation of Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 with high spontaneous polarization

High-performance piezoelectric materials are the core elements for the fabrication piezoelectric transducers and actuators. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for piezoelectric materials with both high operational temperature and large piezoelectricity. However, the conventional approach of soft doping to enhance the piezoelectric response often results in a reduction in Curie temperature. To address this issue, we incorporated Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 with a large spontaneous polarization (Ps ∼ 100 µC/cm2) and high Curie temperature (Tc ∼ 1380 °C) into BiScO3-PbTiO3 ceramics to improve the piezoelectric response while maintaining high Tc. The newly developed 0.08Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3-0.335BiScO3-0.585PbTiO3 ceramic exhibits impressive properties including a high d33 value of 585 pC/N (increased by ∼ 33 % compared to the 0.36BiScO3-0.64PbTiO3 ceramics), an electromechanical coupling coefficient k33 of 0.75, a dielectric constant ε′ of 2380, a relatively high Tc of 421 °C. These remarkable improvements hold great promise for advancing high-temperature piezoelectric devices.

The Impact of Binary Salt Blends’ Composition on Their Thermophysical Properties for Innovative Heat Storage Materials

Heat storage is an emerging field of research, and, therefore, new materials with enhanced properties are being developed. Examples of phase change materials that provide high heat storage are inorganic salts and salt mixtures. They are commonly used for industrial applications due to their high operational temperature and latent heat. These parameters can be modified by combining different types of salts. This paper presents the experimental study of the impact of the composition of binary salts on their thermophysical properties. Unlike the literature data, this article provides a detailed analysis of the phase change process in both directions: solid–liquid and liquid–solid. The results indicate that the highest latent heat was observed for a 70% NaNO3 content in the NaNO3–KNO3 mixture. Therefore, when this salt is used for heat storage, the most favorable choice is a 70:30 ratio, which provides the highest heat storage density and the lowest phase transition temperature. In the case of the NaNO3–NaNO2 mixture, the highest value of latent heat occurs for a ratio of 80:20, resulting in phase transition temperatures of 267.0 °C for the solid–liquid transition, and 253.5 °C for the liquid–solid transition. For heat storage applications, it is recommended to use pure NaNO2 salt instead of the NaNO3–NaNO2 mixture.

Highly sensitive room-temperature ammonia sensor based on PbS quantum dots modified SnS2 nanosheets and theoretical investigation on its sensing mechanism by DFT calculation

Real-time accurate detection of hazardous gases is an urgent issue for industrial development and safeguarding public health. However, large-scale application of gas sensors in the network requires low-power consumption of sensing device for successful integration in smart platform. Although traditional ammonia (NH3) sensors based on semiconductor materials possess various advantages, it still remains the challenge in high operating temperature. Herein, PbS quantum dots (QDs) with higher adsorption energy were used to sensitize SnS2 nanosheets with electron transport capacity to achieve excellent NH3 sensing performance. PbS QDs with an approximately diameter of 10 nm were dispersed on SnS2 nanosheets with an average thickness of 14 nm. Impressively, the optimal sensor employing PbS QDs/SnS2 nanocomposites exhibited high sensor response of 8.5 to 100 ppm NH3, good response/recovery times of 9 s/720 s, as well as excellent selectivity, repeatability, and long-term stability at room temperature of 25 °C. The adsorption behavior and electronic structure of PbS QDs/SnS2 nanocomposites before and after NH3 adsorption were investigated based on density functional theory calculation. Moreover, the sensing mechanism of PbS QDs/SnS2 nanocomposites was also discussed. The designed PbS QDs/SnS2 nanocomposites hold considerable promise as a candidate in realizing superior NH3 sensing performance at room temperature.

Fe‐Mediated Tweaking of Band Bending and Activation Energy in α‐MoO3 Nano Lamella for Enhanced NO2 Gas Detection Under Low Operating Temperature

AbstractConcern over increasing pollution and ways to mitigate it is in high demand due to the swift advancement of technology and the creation of advanced utilities. Nitrogen oxide (NO2) is a well‐known evolved toxin that poses a threat to human health, the environment, and biodiversity. Therefore, several works are carried to sense the NO2 gas at its trace concentration. However, the majority of NO2 sensors that have been reported have inadequate Limit of Detection (LOD), high operating temperature, and low sensitivity. Orthorhombic molybdenum oxide (α‐MoO3) recently emerged as hotspot in the gas sensing research and noted for its high sensitivity, and distinct sensing capabilities owing to its unique layered structure. In this study, Fe‐doped α‐MoO3 nanosheets for NO2 sensing is prepared, and at a low operating temperature of 110 °C, an excellent sensitivity of 1282% for 10 ppm of NO2 is achieved. Long‐term stability, good repeatability, and an ultra‐low detection limit of 79 ppt are also demonstrated by the manufactured sensors. In addition, the obtained low activation energy of ‐2.9 KJ mol−1 and the high band bending for FM6 supports the highly responsive NO2 detection at low operating temperatures.

Solution infiltrated lanthanum nickelate–GDC composite cathode via flash-light sintering for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) require high operating temperatures to minimize the oxygen reduction reaction resistance at cathode and increase the ionic conductivity of oxygen. However, at high operating temperatures, their stability during long-term operation degrades because of material deterioration and the mutual chemical reactions occurring at the interfaces. Herein, an electrode–electrolyte composite is fabricated by solution infiltration of lanthanum nickelate (LNO) electrode material into a GDC electrolyte layer to ensure more reaction sites compared with the conventional powder mixing of the electrode and electrolyte material. Further, the conventional thermal sintering process is replaced with the flash-light sintering process. Thus, the performance of the LNO–GDC cathode cell manufactured by flash-light sintering improves owing to suppression of grain growth of the infiltrated LNO particles. The microstructures of the infiltrated solution and composite layer of the electrolyte material are analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and the crystallinity of the LNO nanoparticles is analyzed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. A maximum power density of 1.1 W/cm2 is achieved, an improvement of 58 % over the LSCF cell without infiltration at 750 ℃. This study is expected to contribute to the commercialization of SOFCs by replacing conventional thermal sintering.

Enhancing hydrogen storage properties of MgH2 via reaction-induced construction of Ti/Co/Mn-based multiphase catalytic system

The inherent kinetic limitations and high operating temperatures of magnesium hydride (MgH2) hinder its practical applications. Herein, we report the successful synthesis of a TiO2@MnCo2O4.5 composite transition metal oxide catalyst and investigate its effect on the hydrogen storage performance of MgH2. TiO2@MnCo2O4.5 exhibits exceptional catalytic activity in the hydrogen dissociation and recombination reactions of during absorption and desorption processes, reducing the dehydrogenation activation energy of MgH2 to 75.54 kJ/mol. Notably, the MgH2-6 wt% TiO2@MnCo2O4.5 system releases 6.04 wt% H2 within 30 min at 250 °C, and 4.98 wt% H2 within 120 min at 225 °C. Furthermore, it can absorb 5.08 wt% H2 within 3 min at 150 °C and achieve a hydrogen absorption capacity of 2.02 wt% within 30 min even at 30 °C. The reaction-induced decomposition and phase transformation of TiO2@MnCo2O4.5 create a multiphase, multi-site catalytic environment. The hydrogen storage system based on the coexistence of Mg6MnO8, Mn, Ti2O3, and CoO features abundant diffusion pathways and nucleation sites, playing a critical role in suppressing the energy barriers for MgH2 hydrogen absorption and desorption reactions. These findings provide a meaningful theoretical foundation for the microstructural optimization and performance regulation of Mg-based hydrogen storage materials.

Using MCFC for capturing CO2 from flue gases and delivering to Sabatier reactor for SNG synthesis

In contemporary power generation, enhancing efficiency and mitigating environmental contamination are of paramount importance. The imperative to curtail greenhouse gas emissions stands as a preeminent challenge within this sector. Concurrently, there is a marked surge in the exploitation of renewable energy sources, which, due to their intermittent nature, precipitates the imperative for advanced energy storage solutions. This paper introduces an integrated system designed to address both the reduction of CO2 emissions and the storage of energy. The advocated system integrates a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC), and a Sabatier reactor. The MCFC is employed for its proficient CO2 capture capabilities at the cathode, exhibiting remarkable efficiency, operational flexibility, and a high CO2 separation quotient. The SOEC is recognized for its effective hydrogen production, leveraging high operational temperatures to augment hydrogen output while diminishing electrical energy consumption through thermal energy substitution. The Sabatier reactor is utilized for catalytic methanation, transforming CO2 into Substitute Natural Gas—a compound predominantly comprising methane and hydrogen with minimal CO2 and water traces. This system facilitates the capture and utilization of over 80% of CO2 from exhaust fumes, achieving an overall energy efficiency of 71%. The system's design and off-design operational parameters were meticulously modeled and analyzed.

Investigation of Factors Affecting Corrosion Mechanisms in Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants integrated with Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES) systems offer a promising solution for dispatchability, reliability, and economic concerns generally associated with renewable energy technologies. These systems, however, require an operational life of up to 30 years to compete with power plant systems operating on fossil fuels. This is a significant challenge due to the high temperatures and corrosive eutectic salts utilised in LHTES systems. Additionally, these systems and its subcomponents are expected to be under varying degrees of stress due to the diurnal cyclic temperature variations inherent in the plant’s operational cycle. Hence, it is crucial to understand the various factors that can affect the operational life of materials used in such applications and conduct thorough material compatibility studies to assess the combined impact of these operating conditions on corrosion mechanisms. This study presents a novel static immersion test approach using modified Compact Tension (CT) specimens manufactured from 316L to investigate the effects of Na2CO3:NaCl (59.45:40.55 wt.%) salt, elevated temperatures (700 ℃ for up to 1000 hours), and stress on corrosion induced in the alloy. The post-exposure results are characterised with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) shows that corrosion mechanisms are significantly affected by factors such as high operating temperatures leading to changes in both corrosion morphology and rate, high stresses causing localised preferential corrosion, as well as corrosive salt and oxygen availability affecting the type of corrosion induced.

A CuO/MoO3-based SO2 gas sensor with moisture resistance and ultra-fast response at 90°C

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a toxic and harmful decomposition product generated during arc discharge or partial discharge in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) electrical equipment, which can corrode internal pipelines. Detecting SO2 is crucial for assessing the insulation condition of equipment and preventing faults. To overcome the challenges faced by traditional SO2 gas sensors, including high operating temperatures, slow response times, and poor moisture resistance, this paper proposes a novel SO2 gas sensor based on CuO/MoO3. The morphology, composition, and chemical states of the materials were analyzed using different characterization techniques. At 90°C, the S2 sensor (CuO: MoO3=1: 1) exhibited a fast response time (10 s) to 10 ppm SO2 and demonstrated good moisture resistance (a 1 % change in relative humidity (RH) has the same effect on the sensor as 25.9 ppb SO2). The response of the S2 sensor to 100 ppm SO2 was 26.5. Additionally, the voltage sensitivity of the S2 sensor at low (1–10 ppm) and high (10–100 ppm) concentrations are 658.74 mV/ppm and 33.43 mV/ppm, respectively. Therefore, the S2 sensor is more suitable for low concentration conditions. These good sensing characteristics of the S2 sensor are owing to the high content of oxygen vacancies (39.2 %) and the heterojunction effect in the composite material. Additionally, this sensor exhibits excellent anti-interference capabilities, including moisture resistance and high selectivity. Therefore, the CuO/MoO3-based SO2 gas sensor can be effectively applied to detect the decomposition of SF6.