High Occupancy Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Cooling Load Calculations: CLTD Method vs. Carrier HAP 5.01 Software for Hotel HVAC Design

This study examines the cooling load requirements of a hotel building by comparing two methodologies: the traditional Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) method and the Carrier Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) 5.01 software. The primary objective is to validate the accuracy and reliability of these methods in calculating cooling loads across different room types, from standard rooms to larger, more complex suites. The results show that the CLTD method consistently yields higher cooling load estimates, with discrepancies ranging from 3% to 14% compared to HAP 5.01 calculations. These differences are most significant in larger rooms, such as suites and owner’s suites, which have more extensive glass areas, higher occupancy, and more heat-generating equipment. The findings indicate that while the CLTD method is valuable for quick, preliminary estimates, the HAP 5.01 software provides a more precise and comprehensive analysis, taking into account hourly variations, equipment schedules, and other factors that impact cooling loads. This research highlights the need for careful selection of the appropriate calculation method to ensure the efficient design of HVAC systems, maximizing energy efficiency, and maintaining occupant comfort. The study concludes that for projects requiring high accuracy, particularly in complex or large spaces, dynamic simulation tools like HAP 5.01 are preferable. Detailed cooling load results and comparisons are provided in the supplementary documentation, offering further insights into the analysis and its implications for HVAC design.

A dynamic yard space reservation algorithm based on reward-penalty mechanism

Increasing throughput at container terminals leads to higher yard occupancy rates, reduced yard service capacity, and inefficient use of space. These issues result in longer waiting times for trucks, underutilized yard slots, and longer distances between berth positions and the yard, particularly under high occupancy conditions. Traditional methods for allocating yard space fail to adequately consider dynamic container arrival patterns, conflict between container operations, and efficient use of yard resources. This paper introduces an innovative approach to improve yard efficiency by dividing yard container retrieval into time intervals and dynamically reserving yard slots within each interval. This method aims to minimize operational conflicts, reduce distances between blocks and berths, and avoid excessive reservations. We propose a dynamic reservation algorithm based on a reward-penalty mechanism to handle the problem's complexity and real-time demands. Furthermore, a time-series reward-penalty mechanism, which considers past reservation feedback and future reservation potential, ensures the concentration and continuity of container groups in the yard. Our evaluation metrics and multiple experimental scenarios demonstrate that this method significantly enhances yard efficiency and overall port productivity compared to static and other dynamic algorithms.

In silico analysis of the effects of non-synonymous SNPs associated with human GSK3B gene on its structure and function

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are abundantly identified by next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B), a widely expressed protein kinase, plays pivotal roles in cellular pathways. However, study on SNPs associated with GSK3B and their functional consequences is lacking. In this study, we analysed non-synonymous SNPs of GSK3B gene and their implications using computational tools. From NCBI dbSNP, 103,087 SNPs of GSK3B were initially gathered, later narrowed down to 255 unique nsSNPs. Around one-third of the nsSNPs resulted in charge and polarity change of the amino acids of the protein. 41 nsSNPs were found to significantly alter the stability of GSK3B protein (ΔΔG ≤ -1 or ≥ 1 kcal/mol) and few of them also affected the disorderness at the mutation site. Evolutionary conservation of the nsSNPs in the protein revealed 25 nsSNP may be deleterious to GSK3B protein function. Finally, 4 critical nsSNPs (Y161C, R167G, P225L and Y234D) were identified that can significantly alter both the stability and function of GSK3B. Furthermore, this study predicted 60 post-translational modification sites in GSK3B among which 26 sites contained nsSNPs. Interestingly, 7 upstream ORFs (uORFs) with high ribosomal occupancy were also detected in GSK3B mRNA that can reduce the expression of GSK3B protein. Altogether, this study has employed various in silico methods to characterize GSK3B nsSNPs, but they have limitations. These tools often overlook the cellular context, interacting partners, PTMs and the dynamic nature of proteins, which can affect protein behaviour and function. Despite these limitations, in silico tools are valuable for initial screening and prioritizing SNPs. The prioritized SNPs obtained in this study (Y161C, R167G, P225L and Y234D) should be experimentally validated using techniques like genome editing, biochemical assays, interactome analysis in cell lines and animal models to confirm their biological relevance.Clinical trial registration: Not Applicable.

Upgrade of the LHCb RICH detectors and characterization of the new opto-electronics chain

The LHCb detector has been upgraded to manage a five-fold increase in the instantaneous luminosity delivered to the experiment during LHC Run 3 and to readout data at the full bunch crossing rate of 40 MHz. The enhanced LHCb RICH detectors now feature Multianode Photomultiplier Tubes (MaPMTs), covering a total area of approximately 4 square meters, and brand-new frontend electronics to comply with the trigger-less readout architecture. The opto-electronics chain is capable of detecting single photons at repetition rates of up to 100 MHz/cm2 while maintaining an exceptionally low noise. The RICH upgrade is comprehensively outlined, including details about the characterization and studies on the photon detection system. The stability and uniformity achieved by optimizing the parameters of the opto-electronics chain enable the RICH system to function successfully and to provide excellent charged hadron identification in high occupancy conditions.

Image-free Hu invariant moment measurement by single-pixel detection

The global feature invariant moment plays a crucial role in capturing the feature information of a target. At present, the extraction of the target moment depends on the processing of the two-dimensional image, which leads to the high computational resource occupation due to the large amount of inherent data and the high information redundancy of the image. This reduces the real-time performance of target moment extraction to a certain extent. In order to solve this problem, we introduce a novel strategy for extracting Hu invariant moments, which is based on the combination of single-pixel detection technology and the Hu invariant moments theory. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first proposal of an image-free extraction strategy employing single-pixel detection. The extraction of moments is seamlessly integrated into the single-pixel detection process, facilitating efficient and rapid acquisition, followed by the construction of Hu invariant moments. Theoretical analysis and experimental validation of our proposed method are carried out, demonstrating the effective acquisition of Hu invariant moments. This technology holds substantial application value and prospects in various fields, including target analysis, understanding, classification, and recognition.

Anatomy of a post-wildfire recovery: Responses of mammals to a Black Summer wildfire in a fox-free landscape

Wildfires are predicted to increase in frequency and severity with climate change. Devising effective strategies to ensure wildfires do not hasten a decline in wildlife populations hinges on developing a deeper understanding of how species are affected by recent wildfires. I investigated the response of eight species of medium-sized mammals over a 4-year period (2020–2023) following a wildfire in the Australian Black Summer fire season. Pre-wildfire population levels were not known. These species differed in their ability to survive the passage of fire; from being able to flee the fire front, to remaining in protective shelters, to favouring unburnt forest types, to none of these strategies. Camera trapping was conducted from 5 months to 4 years after the fire across 62 sites in wet and dry sclerophyll forest (burnt and unburnt) and rainforest (unburnt) to characterise both initial survival and subsequent reproduction-led post-fire occupancy. There was consistency in the response of species in year 1. Those assumed to be able to flee the fires showed medium-high post-fire occupancy regardless of whether a site was burnt. Those that use protective shelters and unburnt forest also showed high occupancy. One species without these options showed greatly reduced occupancy in year 1 relative to years 3 and 4. Most species showed evidence of increased detection across years, which is inferred to reflect increased abundance, and was expected given substantially above average rainfall for three years following the fire. The feral cat was the only predator sufficiently widespread to be of concern in species’ recovery but was rarely detected in years 1 and 2, relative to years 3 and 4. This study provides evidence that many species, including three threatened species, have the ability to survive the passage of fire, and show high post-fire occupancy. The study landscape contained abundant habitat elements (unburnt rainforest, boulder fields) that promote survival through a wildfire and post-fire recovery, providing insights to guide future conservation actions.

Being a patient in a crowded emergency department: a qualitative service evaluation

BackgroundEmergency department (ED) crowding causes increased mortality. Professionals working in crowded departments feel unable to provide high-quality care and are predisposed to burnout. Awareness of the impact on patients, however,...

Bed occupancy and nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit: A retrospective observational study in a tertiary hospital

Background. Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are a major problem globally, contributing to prolonged hospital admissions and poor outcomes. Objective. To examine HAI incidence and risk factors in an intensive care unit (ICU) during high v. low occupancy periods. Methods. This retrospective, descriptive analysis investigated HAI incidence among adult patients admitted to the ICU at Chris Hani Baragwanath (CHBH) during a high (H2019) and low (L2020) occupancy. Data were extracted from the clinical records of 440 eligible patients. Results. We found an increased risk of HAI during H2019 compared with L2020 (relative risk (RR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 - 1.94). The overall frequency density of HAI was 25/1 000 ICU days. There was no difference in the distribution of the site of infection (blood v. other) (p=0.27) or bacterial category (Gram stain) (p=0.62). Five organisms accounted for 89% of pathogens: Klebsiella (26%), Staphylococcus (21%), Acinetobacter (16%), Candida (16%) and Enterobacter (10%). The incidence of multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant (MDR/XDR) organisms was 4.2-fold higher (95% CI 1.3 - 13.4) during H2019 compared with L2020. Logistic regression analysis revealed two independent predictors of nosocomial infection: ICU length of stay (odds ratio (OR) 1.12, 95% CI 1.02 - 1.22) and intercostal drain duration in days (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09 - 1.47). Conclusion. High occupancy in the ICU was associated with an increased risk of HAI and a greater incidence of MDR and XDR pathogens. Increasing ICU length of stay and invasive device duration were independent predictors of HAI.

Employability skills and jobs for graduates: learning from job advertisements

We use 2812 online job advertisements from 21 European countries to identify attributes demanded by employers and explore economic and labour market characteristics associated with the set of required skills. Whereas some employers clearly target ready-to-work candidates for high skilled occupations, others do not even specify skill requirements. The latter are from countries that are moderate or modest innovators with varying levels of high-tech employment activities, a high level of youth unemployment and a low job vacancy rate. The findings suggest employers have raised hiring criteria and have therefore contributed to credential inflation.

Posterior Thoracic Antidisplacement and Fusion Surgery for a Special Type of Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament in the Thoracic Spine: Indications and Preliminary Clinical Results of 2-Year Follow-Up

To describe a novel technique, posterior thoracic antidisplacement and fusion (PTAF), for a special type of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the thoracic spine (T-OPLL), and to evaluate its safety and efficacy. From July to December 2020, 5 consecutive patients with beak-type T-OPLL located at the thoracic vertebral body level underwent PTAF surgery. Their demographic data, radiological parameters, perioperative complications, and surgery-related findings were recorded and analyzed. The surgical outcomes were assessed using a modified Japanese Orthopedic Association scale, and the recovery rate was calculated using the Hirabayashi's method. All patients were followed up for at least two years. The mean thickness of OPLL was 9.4±1.0mm, and the OPLL spinal canal occupying ratio was 67.7%±8.5%. Postoperatively, the mean antidisplacement distance of OPLL was 8.1±1.8mm, and the average shortened distance of the spinal column was 6.0±1.13mm. The mean operation time and blood loss were 158.2±26.3minutes and 460±89.4mL, respectively. Perioperative complications were cerebrospinal fluid leakage and instrument failure, 2 cases each. The mean modified Japanese Orthopedic Association score was increased from 3.6±2.9 before surgery to 9.4±3.0 at the last follow-up, and the average recovery rate was 84.2±30.5%. The preliminary clinical outcomes indicate that PTAF is a safe and effective method for the treatment of beak-type T-OPLL, which has its apex located at the vertebral body level and has a high spinal canal occupation ratio.

Membrane association of active genes organizes the chloroplast nucleoid structure

DNA is organized into chromatin-like structures that support the maintenance and regulation of genomes. A unique and poorly understood form of DNA organization exists in chloroplasts, which are organelles of endosymbiotic origin responsible for photosynthesis. Chloroplast genomes, together with associated proteins, form membrane-less structures known as nucleoids. The internal arrangement of the nucleoid, molecular mechanisms of DNA organization, and connections between nucleoid structure and gene expression remain mostly unknown. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast nucleoids have a unique sequence-specific organization driven by DNA binding to the thylakoid membranes. DNA associated with the membranes has high protein occupancy, has reduced DNA accessibility, and is highly transcribed. In contrast, genes with low levels of transcription are further away from the membranes, have lower protein occupancy, and have higher DNA accessibility. Membrane association of active genes relies on the pattern of transcription and proper chloroplast development. We propose a speculative model that transcription organizes the chloroplast nucleoid into a transcriptionally active membrane-associated core and a less active periphery.

High freshwater turtle occupancy of streams within a sustainably managed tropical forest in Borneo

AbstractDespite suffering dramatic declines due to habitat loss and overexploitation, tortoises and freshwater turtles in Southeast Asia remain understudied. Sustainable forest management offers a promising approach for advancing the conservation of threatened turtle populations. This study examines the effect of reduced impact logging (RIL), a sustainable forestry method, on 2 freshwater turtle species. We examined detectability patterns and habitat relationships for the threatened Malayan flat‐shelled turtle (Notochelys platynota) and the non‐threatened Malayan soft‐shelled turtle (Dogania subplana) in 8 streams within a commercial forest reserve between March and July 2019, in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Using single‐species occupancy models, we identified covariates associated with the detection and occupancy probabilities of these species across a post‐harvest recovery gradient (1–21 years since logging). Covariates used in the models were obtained directly from the field or from open‐source remote sensing data. Results for soft‐shelled turtles were inconclusive. In contrast, we found a negative association between monthly rainfall and flat‐shelled turtle detectability. The occupancy probability of flat‐shelled turtles was positively associated with greater distance from logging roads and higher stream flow accumulation. Occupancy probability for flat‐shelled turtles and soft‐shelled turtles was relatively high throughout the reserve (0.79 ± 0.1 [SD] and 0.57 ± 0.22, respectively). These results, suggest that appropriately managed forests, could serve as invaluable conservation areas for imperiled freshwater turtle species in the region.

Farmers' Suicides in India: A Qualitative Study of Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Telangana States of India.

Suicides by the farmers' is increasing in India. From 2005 to 2020, 319,598 famers committed suicide and in states of AP and Telangana this number was 319,598 which is 28% of the total. It implies that more than one quarter of the total number of farmers' who committed suicide in the ountry were from Telangana and AP. Worldwide farming is considered as a high risk occupation for mental diseases. May be because of the nature of farming and the risk of natural calamities. The study aims to identify the factors that contribute to farmer suicides in Telangana andAndhra Pradesh (AP) and to propose preventive solutions for the problem. In this research in-depth interviews were done with the close relatives ofthe person who committed suicide and qualitative methodology is used. We find that the main causes of farmers suicides are economic and not themental health of the farmers.

Fast as a plane, clean as a train? Prospective life cycle assessment of a hyperloop system

Today, options to reduce the climate impacts of high-speed passenger transport over hundreds of kilometres are limited to using low-carbon synthetic fuels in aviation and high-speed trains. In the future, alternatives like battery electric airplanes might be available. Further, vehicles operating in near-vacuum tubes, so-called “hyperloop systems”, could represent an alternative. Our first-of-its-kind environmental life cycle assessment (LCA), considering its construction, operation, and end-of-life, shows that such a hyperloop system is energy-efficient and can exhibit very low greenhouse gas emissions (<8 g CO2/pkm) if low-carbon sources provide electricity for its operation and relatively high occupation rates can be realised. The environmental performance of a hyperloop system can be regarded as very similar to that of a train offering the same transport service. Compared to air travel, environmental burdens can be substantially reduced (<5% impact on climate change compared to conventional aircraft). This fundamental finding holds despite uncertainties regarding technical properties and design choices, which reflect the current development status of the hyperloop.

Expediting Discharges on the Inpatient Medicine Teaching Services

Introduction: Delayed discharges can adversely affect patient flow throughout the hospital. Late afternoon discharges may lead to high hospital occupancy, admission bottlenecks, ER overcrowding, and disrupted ICU transfers. Discharge by noon (DBN) is key to enhancing hospital capacity, bed utilization, and patient satisfaction and outcomes. Last year, DBN for patients returning home with or without home care services (HHC) was chosen as one of three annual priorities for our hospital medicine division. This was implemented in October 2023 but did not gain momentum among the medical resident teaching services (MTS), paving the way for our QI project. Model for Improvement: Baseline data on the percentage of MTS DBN to home and HHC were available from November 2023 to January 2024. We surveyed our residents/faculty and conducted a root-cause analysis. The main barriers to DBN included a lack of planning and motivation, delayed communication with case management, and prolonged rounding. Aims Statement: Our goal was to increase the median percentage of MTS discharge orders placed by noon to home and HHC from 22% to 35% within 3 months. Measures: Our primary outcome measure was the percentage of MTS DBN to home and HHC. Weekly EMR-generated reports were collected. The outcome measure was then calculated and uploaded weekly on a run chart for analysis. Qualitative process measures included assessing if residents were planning discharges and documenting the number of discharges completed before noon. Changes: Our interventions targeted the lack of planning and motivation. These included introducing the expedited initiative and its importance to residents/faculty through conferences. In addition, a process was created where potential next-day discharges were discussed at afternoon sign-out and a tracking chart of DBN orders was designed for each team room. Tests of Change: Our pre-intervention median percentage of MTS DMB to home and HHC was 22% and improved to 40% post-intervention. While we observed a variation in discharge practice based on the rounding attending, we had notably sustained an upward shift in practice from our baseline when data was plotted on a run chart. We are currently continuing data collection to track sustainability and variability among rounding physicians. Conclusion: We attained an upward shift in the percentage of MTS DBN to home and HHC post-intervention. Although an upward shift has been achieved, we are looking to sustain and further improve it. In future PDSA cycles, we will look at individualizing feedback and optimizing interdisciplinary rounds. We plan on further investigating balancing measures such as bed availability, discharge timing for rehabilitation destinations, and patient and staff satisfaction.

Optimizing phased-evacuation strategy for high-rise buildings in fire

Evacuation in high-rise buildings is a critical safety issue due to multiple floors and high occupant density. Phased evacuation strategies can mitigate this challenge. This research focuses on developing optimal phased evacuation strategies to enhance occupant safety during high-rise building fires. The study demonstrates these strategies in a 25-story building, housing 2400 individuals, across various scenarios. To simulate fire and smoke development, a two-zone model is employed to analyze behavior within the building. Pedestrian evacuation scenarios are simulated using Pathfinder and a mathematical model, providing insights into individual movements and congestion during evacuation to analyze different phased evacuation strategies. Findings underscore the importance of smoke flow and pedestrian motion in optimizing phased evacuation strategies. The modeling results show that implementing the optimal strategy can lead to a 65 % reduction in staircase congestion time. This study provides a quantitative analysis of high-rise building fires, considering dynamic fire and evacuation evolution. It emphasizes the importance of phased evacuation strategies and advocates for their real-life application. This research enhances the understanding of high-rise building evacuations to improve safety measures and provides a robust framework for optimizing evacuation strategies by integrating fire modeling. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of phased evacuation and paves the way for future applications to ensure occupant safety in fire emergencies.

In Situ Preparation of Metallic Copper Nanosheets/Carbon Paper Sensitive Electrodes for Low-Potential Electrochemical Detection of Nitrite.

In the realm of electrochemical nitrite detection, the potent oxidizing nature of nitrite typically necessitates operation at high detection potentials. However, this study introduces a novel approach to address this challenge by developing a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor with a low reduction detection potential. Specifically, a copper metal nanosheet/carbon paper sensitive electrode (Cu/CP) was fabricated using a one-step electrodeposition method, leveraging the catalytic reduction properties of copper's high occupancy d-orbital. The Cu/CP sensor exhibited remarkable performance in nitrite detection, featuring a low detection potential of -0.05 V vs. Hg/HgO, a wide linear range of 10~1000 μM, an impressive detection limit of 0.079 μM (S/N = 3), and a high sensitivity of 2140 μA mM-1cm-2. These findings underscore the efficacy of electrochemical nitrite detection through catalytic reduction as a means to reduce the operational voltage of the sensor. By showcasing the successful implementation of this strategy, this work sets a valuable precedent for the advancement of electrochemical low-potential nitrite detection methodologies.

Risk factors for preoperative neurological impairment in patients with spinal meningioma: A retrospective multicenter study

BackgroundPatients with spinal meningioma may present preoperatively with paralysis and sensory deficits. However, there is a paucity of detailed evaluations and a lack of consensus regarding imaging findings that are predictive of neurological symptoms in patients with spinal meningioma. MethodsHerein, a total of 55 patients who underwent surgical resection of spinal meningiomas in eight hospitals between 2011 and 2021 were enrolled. Patient characteristics, degree of muscle weakness, sensory disturbances, and the presence of bowel/bladder dysfunction (BBD) before surgical treatment were evaluated using medical records. Patients with American Spinal Injury Impairment Scale grades A-C and the presence of BBD were classified into the paralysis (+) group. Patients with sensory disturbances were assigned to the sensory disturbance (+) group. Based on magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography images, the tumor location was classified according to the spinal level and its attachment to the dura mater. To evaluate tumor size, the tumor occupation ratio (OR) was calculated using the area and distance measurement method in horizontal MR images, and the maximum length and area of the tumor in the sagittal plane were measured. ResultsOf all patients, 85 % were women. The mean age of patients at surgery was 69.7 years. Twenty-eight (51 %) and 41 (75 %) patients were classified into the paralysis (+) and sensory disturbance (+) groups, respectively. The average tumor length and area in the sagittal plane were 19.6 mm and 203 mm2, respectively; OR-area and diameters were 70.3 % and 72.3 %, respectively. In univariate analyses, tumor length and area in the sagittal plane were significant risk factors for paralysis. OR-diameter, symptom duration, and a low MIB-1 index correlated with sensory disturbances. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the area and length of the tumor in the sagittal plane were significantly correlated with paralysis, whereas the OR-diameter and symptom duration significantly correlated with sensory disturbances. The cut-off values for the area and length of the tumor in the sagittal plane to predict paralysis were 243 mm2 and 20.1 mm, respectively. ConclusionsPreoperative paralysis in patients with spinal meningiomas was significantly associated with sagittal tumor size than with high tumor occupancy in the horizontal plane. Sensory disturbances were associated with high occupancy in the horizontal plane. Patients with spinal meningiomas > 20 mm in length or 243 mm2 in area in the sagittal plane are at risk of developing paralysis and could be considered for surgery even in the absence of paralysis.

Axion detection with optomechanical cavities

We propose a novel technique to search for axions with an optomechanical cavity filled with a material such as superfluid helium. Axion absorption converts a pump laser photon to a photon plus a phonon. The axion absorption rate is enhanced by the high occupation number of coherent photons or phonons in the cavity, allowing our proposal to largely overcome the extremely small axion coupling. The axion mass probed is set by the relative frequency of the photon produced in the final state and the Stokes mode. Because neither the axion mass nor momentum need to be matched to the physical size of the cavity, we can scale up the cavity size while maintaining access to a wide range of axion masses (up to a meV) complementary to other cavity proposals.

Evaluation of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation system for air disinfection and energy conservation in multi-patient ward

High occupancy rates significantly increase the risk of airborne transmission of respiratory infectious diseases in multi-patient wards. While increasing air supply can effectively reduce airborne transmission, it also substantially raises energy consumption. Therefore, developing low-energy methods in multi-patient wards to suppress airborne transmission is essential. This study aims to evaluate the inactivation performance of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) against SARS-CoV-2 virus aerosols in a typical multi-patient ward using computational fluid dynamics at different ventilation rates, as well as its energy-saving effects. Upper-room UVGI reduced the virus aerosol concentrations, with a maximum decrease of up to 159 copies/m3 in the occupied zone (zone less than 2.1 m in height) observed at 8 ACH. However, increased ventilation rates limited the inactivation performance of upper-room UVGI. Two parameters of UVGI, irradiation height and irradiation flux, had been detailly evaluated. Elevating the irradiation height of upper-room UVGI could significantly enhance the inactivation performance. Increasing irradiation height from 0.3 to 0.6 m reduced the concentrations in the occupied zone by up to 11 copies/m3, while a further increase to 0.9 m decreased the concentrations by up to 55 copies/m3. However, increasing irradiation flux could only approximately linearly enhance the virus aerosol inactivation performance of upper-room UVGI. The energy consumption evaluation of upper-room UVGI shows that UVGI activation could conserve 100 kWh per year in one multi-patient ward, with a maximum saving of 333.7 kWh. These findings provide insights into the setups strategies and the energy-saving performance of upper-room UVGI systems in multi-patient wards.