Higher Food Intake Research Articles

Joint association of food nutritional profile by Nutri-Score front-of-pack label and ultra-processed food intake with mortality: Moli-sani prospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo jointly analyse two food dimensions, the Food Standards Agency Nutrient Profiling System (FSAm-NPS), used to derive the Nutri-Score front-of-pack label, and the NOVA classification in relation to mortality.DesignProspective cohort...

Response of Phytogenic Additives on Enteric Methane Emissions and Animal Performance of Nellore Bulls Raised in Grassland

The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake and digestibility of nutrients, emission of enteric CH4, and productive performance of Nellore bulls grazing Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu palisade grass pastures during the rainy season, receiving an energy supplement or mineral supplement, with or without the inclusion of phytogenic additives. Forty-eight Nellore bulls were treated with: (1) energy supplement without the inclusion of phytogenic additives; (2) energy supplement with the inclusion of phytogenic additives; (3) mineral supplement without the inclusion of phytogenic additives; and (4) mineral supplement with the inclusion of phytogenic additives. Consumption of total dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), apNDF, and energy; digestibility of DM, CP, and energy; average daily gain; stocking rate; and gain per area were higher in animals consuming energy supplements than those consuming mineral supplements. Digestibility of DM, NDF, and energy levels were lower in animals that consumed phytogenic additives. Compared with mineral supplements, the supply of energy supplements provides higher nutrient intake, increases enteric CH4 emission, and improves nutrient digestibility, providing a greater productive performance. The inclusion of phytogenic additives negatively affected nutrient intake and digestibility, did not reduce enteric CH4 emission, and influenced productive performance.

Docosahexaenoic Acid as the Bidirectional Biomarker of Dietary and Metabolic Risk Patterns in Chinese Children: A Comparison with Plasma and Erythrocyte.

Objective: The present study aims to measure docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in both the plasma and erythrocyte of a child population and compares them with respect to their associations with dietary and metabolic risk patterns. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, and a total of 435 children ages 5–7 years old were recruited. Diet information was collected using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The physical indicators, blood pressure, and glycolipid metabolic indicators were determined. The plasma and erythrocyte DHA were analyzed using a gas chromatography mass spectrometer. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary and metabolic risk patterns. Multivariate regression analyses were used to investigate the associations of DHA status with dietary and metabolic risk patterns. Results: A significant correlation between plasma and the erythrocyte DHA concentration was found (r = 0.232, p < 0.001). A diversified dietary pattern characterized that a high intake of diversified foods had a positive association with the plasma DHA level (β = 0.145, 95% CI: 0.045~0.244, p = 0.004). Children of obesity risk patterns with a high weight, pelvis breadth, BMI, upper arm circumference, and chest circumference had lower plasma DHA concentrations (OR = 0.873, 95% CI: 0.786~0.969, p = 0.011). Children with higher plasma and erythrocyte DHA concentrations were adhered to blood lipid risk patterns with high CHOL and LDL-C levels. The plasma DHA (OR = 1.271, 95% CI: 1.142~1.415, p < 0.001) had a stronger association with a blood lipid risk pattern than erythrocyte (OR = 1.043, 95% CI: 1.002~1.086, p = 0.040). Conclusions: The diversified dietary pattern had a higher plasma DHA concentration. Lower levels of plasma DHA were positively associated with obesity in children. DHA in plasma appears to be more strongly associated with blood lipid metabolism than erythrocyte. Plasma DHA may be a more sensitive bidirectional biomarker to evaluate the recently comprehensive diet intake and metabolic risk of children.

Healthy Taiwanese Eating Approach (TEA) toward Total Wellbeing and Healthy Longevity.

A healthy dietary pattern review for Asian countries is scarce, which is crucial for guiding healthy eating. We reviewed Taiwanese dietary pattern discovery studies. Included were 19 studies, the majority of which employed dimension reduction methods to find dietary patterns associated with various health conditions. To show what is a high or low intake of foods in Taiwan, we also report the average dietary content and the 25th and 75th percentile values of the adult population for six food groups gathered by the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, 2017–2020. The healthy Taiwanese dietary approach is cohesive across multiple health outcomes occurring at different ages. It is featured with higher intakes of plant-based foods, aquatic foods, and some beneficial ethnic foods (soy products), drinks (tea), and cooking methods (boiling and steaming); lower intakes of fast foods, fatty and processed meats, sugar, salt rich foods/drinks, and fried foods; but with mixed findings for dairy and egg. Yet, the average Taiwanese person consumed many refined staple foods and livestock, but not sufficient vegetables, fruits, whole grains and roots, beans, and nuts. Dairy consumption remains low. In conclusion, Taiwanese discovery studies point to a mortality-lowering total wellbeing dietary pattern consistent with the current knowledge, which discloses potential benefits of soy product, tea, and boiling and steaming.

Ultraprocessed food consumption and kidney function decline in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands

ABSTRACTBackgroundUltraprocessing makes food products more convenient, appealing, and profitable. Recent studies show that high ultraprocessed food (UPF) intake is associated with cardiometabolic diseases.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to investigate the association between UPF consumption and risks of kidney function decline in the general population.MethodsIn a prospective, general population–based Lifelines cohort from Northern Netherlands, 78,346 participants free of chronic kidney disease (CKD) at baseline responded to a 110-item FFQ. We used a multivariable regression analysis to study the associations of the proportion (in grams/day) of UPFs in the total diet with a composite kidney outcome [incident CKD or a ≥30% estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline relative to baseline] and annual change in eGFR.ResultsOn average, 37.7% of total food intake came from UPFs. After 3.6 ± 0.9 years of follow-up, 2470 participants (3.2%) reached the composite kidney outcome. Participants in the highest quartile of UPF consumption were associated with a higher risk of the composite kidney outcome (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.09–1.47; P = 0.003) compared with those in the lowest quartile, regardless of their macro- or micronutrient intake or diet quality. Participants in the highest quartile had a more rapid eGFR decline (β, −0.17; 95% CI, −0.23 to −0.11; P < 0.001) compared with those in the lowest quartile. Associations were generally consistent across different subgroups.ConclusionsHigher UPF consumption was associated with a higher risk of a composite kidney outcome (incident CKD or ≥30% eGFR decline) and a more rapid eGFR decline in the general population, independent of confounders and other dietary indices.

In vitro Evaluation of Polyphenol Rich Fraction of Ipomea batatas (Mother delight) Leaf Extract as Anti-inflammatory Agents and its LCMS Profile

High intake of plant foods is associated with lower risk of chronic diseases as suggested by epidemiological evidence. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of polyphenol rich fraction of Ipomoea batatas leaf extract and the compounds possibly responsible for the activity using LCMS. The anti-inflammatory studies were carried out in vitro by protein denaturation technique. The result shows significant different (p&lt;0.05) percentage inhibition of denaturation 90.59% at 1000 μg/ml of the extract compared to the standard drug (declofenac) 95.12% at 1000 μg/ml. The LCMS profiling of the extract revealed the presence of many metabolites (polyphenols) such as chrogenic acid, myricetin, furocoumarinic acid, aromadendrin, naringenin, 4,5-dicaffeolquinic acid and abietinol among others. The presence of these metabolites could be the reason for the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract observed. This implies that the plant can be exploited for its medicinal, therapeutic properties and possibly used to reduce the risk of many chronic diseases. Keyword: Anti-inflammatory activity, Protein denaturation technique, Mother delight, LCMS, Phytochemicals.

대학 운동선수의 영양섭취, 신체조성에 관한 연구

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine characteristics between nutritional intake, body composition in college athletes. Method: Thirty-five participants were recruited in this study and were divided into the Taekwondo athletes (n=24), track and field athletes (n=11). An independent sample t-test was used to compare and analyze the physical characteristics of subjects between groups and the average daily nutritional intake. In addition, Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to understand the relationship between the physical characteristics of the subjects and the daily average intake nutrients. Results: In terms of body composition, it was found that there was a difference between groups in height and body fat percentage (p&lt;.05), As a result of comparing the nutritional intake, it was shown that the track and field athletes had a higher intake of nutrients excluding vitamin C than the taekwondo athlete. (p&lt;.001). Conclusion: There was a significant difference in nutritional intake between taekwondo and track and field athletes, and taekwondo athletes showed significantly less nutritional intake than the recommended intake for the general public. The negative effects of nutritional deficiencies in athletes need to be studied.

Methylglyoxal and high glucose inhibit VEGFR2 phosphorylation at specific tyrosine residues.

Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia and a significant risk of vascular complications. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its main receptor VEGFR2 (KDR), which is highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells, are essential mediators of vascular maintenance and angiogenesis. During glycolysis after high calorie food intake, methylglyoxal (MGO) is formed and MGO blood levels are elevated in diabetes. MGO reacts with arginine residues to generate MG-H1 or with lysine residues to carboxyethyl lysine which are common components of advanced glycation end-products. Therefore, the question arises whether hyperglycemic conditions affect VEGF signaling via a ligand-independent direct modification of signaling components. As a first step, the effect of MGO on VEGFR2 activation was investigated in cultured endothelial cells from human umbilical vein by determination of VEGFR2 phosphorylation at selected tyrosine residues by ELISA and immunoblotting using phospho-specific antibodies. Phosphorylation of VEGFR2-Y996, VEGFR2-Y1054, or VEGFR2-Y1175 reached a maximum 5min after stimulation of endothelial cells with VEGF. Phosphorylation wassignificantly inhibited by 100µM MGO and to a lesserextent by high glucose treatment. 2,3-Pentanedione and glyoxal were investigated for comparison. In summary, VEGFR2 phosphorylation is sensitive to MGO or high glucose concentrations which may be relevant in the pathophysiology of microvascular disease in diabetes.

Ildr1 gene deletion protects against diet-induced obesity and hyperglycemia

ObjectiveImmunoglobulin-like Domain-Containing Receptor 1 (ILDR1) is expressed on nutrient sensing cholecystokinin-positive enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract and it has the unique ability to induce fat-mediated CCK secretion. However, the role of ILDR1 in CCK-mediated regulation of satiety is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of ILDR1 on food intake and metabolic activity using mice with genetically-deleted Ildr1.MethodsThe expression of ILDR1 in murine tissues and the measurement of adipocyte cell size were evaluated by light and fluorescence confocal microscopy. The effects of Ildr1 deletion on mouse metabolism were quantitated using CLAMS chambers and by targeted metabolomics assays of multiple tissues. Hormone levels were measured by ELISA. The effects of Ildr1 gene deletion on glucose and insulin levels were determined using in vivo oral glucose tolerance, meal tolerance, and insulin tolerance tests, as well as ex vivo islet perifusion.ResultsILDR1 is expressed in a wide range of tissues. Analysis of metabolic data revealed that although Ildr1-/- mice consumed more food than wild-type littermates, they gained less weight on a high fat diet and exhibited increased metabolic activity. Adipocytes in Ildr1-/- mice were significantly smaller than in wild-type mice fed either low or high fat diets. ILDR1 was expressed in both alpha and beta cells of pancreatic islets. Based on oral glucose and mixed meal tolerance tests, Ildr1-/- mice were more effective at lowering post-prandial glucose levels, had improved insulin sensitivity, and glucose-regulated insulin secretion was enhanced in mice lacking ILDR1.ConclusionIldr1 loss significantly modified metabolic activity in these mutant mice. While Ildr1 gene deletion increased high fat food intake, it reduced weight gain and improved glucose tolerance. These findings indicate that ILDR1 modulates metabolic responses to feeding in mice.

Risk Factor of Dietary Habit with Cholelithiasis

Cholelithiasis affects 10-15% of the adult population. There are four main factors commonly associated with cholelithiasis abbreviated as "4F’’namely female, forty, fertile and fat. However, the relationship between dietary habits as a risk factor of cholelithiasis has not been explained. The aim of the study was to determine the association between dietary habits and cholelithiasis. This study used a systematic review design with a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and SAGE published from 2017 to 2021. Five studies (three prospective cohorts and two case-control studies) were included. The overall analysis of studies reported a significant risk factor of cholelithiasis in high intake of animal fats, meat, and fried foods and significant protection against cholelithiasis in high intake of fruits, nuts, fish, MUFA/SFA, n-3 FA/omega-3 fatty acids, and vegetables. Healthy dietary habits characterized by high intake in vegetables, fruits, fish, MUFA/SFA, n-3 FA/omega-3 fatty acids, and nuts will lower the risk of cholelithiasis.

The potential use of Artemia for larval rearing of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi)

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of three live feeds for the larvae of the domesticated strain of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi). Larvae of this strain of mandarin fish with salinity activation ingested Artemia nauplii was firstly observed. The larvae at 3 days post hatch (dph) were reared from first feeding to 9 dph and fed on starving (no food supplied), zebrafish (Danio rerio) (newly hatched larvae), Artemia nauplii and Daphnia magna, respectively. The results showed that the highest survival was found in the newly hatched larvae group (41.7 ± 1.5 %), and the lowest growth was found in the Daphnia group, respectively. A high food intake was found in the Artemia nauplii group, and the npy expression between the Artemia nauplii and newly hatched larvae groups had no significant difference (p＞0.05), whereas they were significantly lower than that of the starving group (p＜0.05). At the first feeding day, the activities of amylase, lipase and trypsin and the target of rapamycin (tor) expression in the Artemia nauplii and newly hatched larvae groups were significantly higher than those of the starving group. These results suggested that larvae of this strain of mandarin fish could feed on the newly hatched larvae and Artemia nauplii, and both of them could be digested, but the digestion might be insufficient in the Artemia nauplii group. Together, this study indicates that larvae of this strain of mandarin fish can ingest and digest Artemia nauplii during first-feeding.

What did we learn in 35 years of research on nutrition and supplements for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review.

The aim of this paper is to summarize all available evidence from systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative nonrandomized studies (NRS) on the association between nutrition and antioxidant, vitamin, and mineral supplements and the development or progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane register CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase were searched and studies published between January 2015 and May 2021 were included. The certainty of evidence was assessed according to the GRADE methodology. The main outcome measures were development of AMD, progression of AMD, and side effects. We included 7 systematic reviews, 7 RCTs, and 13 NRS. A high consumption of specific nutrients, i.e. β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, copper, folate, magnesium, vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin C, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid, was associated with a lower risk of progression of early to late AMD (high certainty of evidence). Use of antioxidant supplements and adherence to a Mediterranean diet, characterized by a high consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and nuts and a low consumption of red meat, were associated with a decreased risk of progression of early to late AMD (moderate certainty of evidence). A high consumption of alcohol was associated with a higher risk of developing AMD (moderate certainty of evidence). Supplementary vitamin C, vitamin E, or β-carotene were not associated with the development of AMD, and supplementary omega-3 fatty acids were not associated with progression to late AMD (high certainty of evidence). Research in the last 35 years included in our overview supports that a high intake of specific nutrients, the use of antioxidant supplements and adherence to a Mediterranean diet decrease the risk of progression of early to late AMD.

Association between abdominal obesity, screen time and sleep in adolescents

ObjectiveTo assess the association between abdominal obesity, food intake, sleep deprivation, and screen time in adolescents. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted with 432 adolescents aged 14–19 years, from public and private schools. Anthropometric and body composition measures included body weight, waist circumference, body mass index for age, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, and body fat percentage. Abdominal obesity was defined by age and sex specific cut-off points for waist circumference. Food intake, screen time, sexual maturation, and sleep duration were evaluated by self-administered questionnaires. ResultsThe prevalence of excess body weight and abdominal obesity was 16.7% and 27.5%, respectively. Students in the adult phase (post-puberty), with inadequate waist-to-height ratio, high body fat percentage, and screen time ≥ 3 h/day were, respectively, 2.5 (95% CI 1.40–4.46), 7.44 (95% CI 1.08–51.46), 2.79 (95% CI 1.04–7.50), and 1.43 (95% CI 1.24–3.89) more likely to have abdominal obesity. Low intake of unprocessed or minimally processed foods was associated with inadequate sleep duration, while high intake of ultra-processed foods was associated with high screen time. ConclusionsAbdominal obesity was associated with the adult phase, short sleep duration and high screen time. The degree of food processing was associated with screen time and sleep duration. Assessing the risk factors of abdominal obesity may be a useful strategy for preventing cardiovascular disease in adolescents.

Dietary and lifestyle changes among Pakistani adults during COVID-19 pandemic: A nationwide cross-sectional analysis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction:During the pandemic, sedentary behaviors, anxiety, and boredom caused by confinement at home could affect lifestyle patterns, degrade diet quality, and promote overconsumption. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the impact of lockdowns on lifestyle behaviors among Pakistan’s population and changes in the nutritional and eating patterns.Materials and Methods:This is an online, questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study. The study collected demographic information, dietary habits, and lifestyle patterns. Descriptive and summary statistics were used to describe data, and Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests were used for associations.Results:Most respondents were females (82.1%) aged 18–29 years (98.1%). 90.3% of them were students. 16.0% were overweight pre-pandemic, which increased to 20.0% during the pandemic. The majority ate more during the pandemic (P < 0.001). 47.9% reported a physical activity duration of 0.5–2 h pre-pandemic, and 50.6% reported decreased physical activity during the pandemic, with increased food intake (P = 0.007). Screen time was <4 h for most (48.8%) participants pre-pandemic, and the majority (89.7%) of respondents reported an increased screen time during the pandemic, associated with a higher food intake (47.9%, P = 0.029).Conclusion:The pandemic has negatively impacted lifestyles and diets, including a significant decrease in physical activity, increased food intake, and increased screen time.

Flattening of circadian glucocorticoid oscillations drives acute hyperinsulinemia and adipocyte hypertrophy.

Disruption of circadian glucocorticoid oscillations in Cushing's disease and chronic stress results in obesity and adipocyte hypertrophy, which is believed to be a main source of the harmful effects of obesity. Here, we recapitulate stress due to jet lag or work-life imbalances by flattening glucocorticoid oscillations in mice. Within 3days, mice achieve a metabolic state with persistently high insulin, but surprisingly low glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream, that precedes a more than 2-fold increase in brown and white adipose tissue mass within 3weeks. Transcriptomic and Cd36-knockout mouse analyses show that hyperinsulinemia-mediated de novo fatty acid synthesis and Cd36-mediated fatty acid uptake drive fat mass increases. Intriguingly, this mechanism by which glucocorticoid flattening causes acute hyperinsulinemia and adipocyte hypertrophy is unexpectedly beneficial in preventing high levels of circulating fatty acids and glucose for weeks, thus serving as a protective response to preserve metabolic health during chronic stress.

Food Attentional Bias and Eating Disordered symptomology: The moderating role of cognitive reappraisal

IntroductionCognitive reappraisal (CR) is a cognitive regulation strategy aimed at changing how people think about certain stimuli in order to change their emotional impact. CR strategies have been used in research to try to change eating behaviors and other food-related responses. This study is the first to use a behavioral measurement to examine the effect of CR on food attentional bias (FAB) in people with elevated FAB.ObjectivesIt was hypothesized that CR would reduce FAB. Ninety-five participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: CR, upregulation (UP) or controls (CN).MethodsAll participants performed a computerized Visual Dot Probe (VDP) task using food stimuli to measure their FAB before and after the manipulation. The CR group recited five sentences aimed at curtailing the reward of high caloric food. Participants in the UP group recited five sentences aimed at strengthening the reward of high caloric food. The CN group recited five mundane sentences about their day. Participants also self-reported on eating disordered symptomology and BMI.ResultsPeople with elevated FAB had more disordered eating than people low on FAB. A significant interaction was observed between group and time (pre/post-test), with the lowest FAB levels in the CR group following the manipulation.ConclusionsCR, a self-administered strategy can be effective in reducing FAB. CR may be an effective strategy for developing resistance to tempting food stimuli and curbing high caloric food intake. Being highly attentive to food cues may contribute to obesity. The attentional bias paradigm can be used to detect early signs of FAB.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

222-LB: Switching Palmitoyl and Oleoyl Position in Sn-2 and Sn-3 of a Triacylglycerol Led to Differential Body Weight Gain Rates and Hepatic Gene Expressions in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Alterations of fatty acid metabolism have been associated with diabetes. Triacylglycerol (TAG) can be obtained from dietary sources and synthesized de novo. The composition and location of the fatty acyl groups in a TAG can affect its physicochemical features such as melting temperature, and physiological characteristics such as digestion, absorption, and lipid metabolism. We hypothesize that the TAG fatty acyl position affects the body weight gain and lipid metabolism of mice in a high-fat diet (HFD) setting. Twenty-seven 6-week-old male C57/BL6J mice were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatment groups, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoylglycerol (PPO, 36 % w/w diet) , 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (POP, 36% w/w diet) , and the chow diet control groups. Mice in each group were fed their respective diet for 6 weeks, and food intake and body weight were measured daily. Mice fed the PPO diet had significantly higher food intake, calories intake and body wight gain rate, and lower liver to body weight ratio than those fed the POP diet. Mice fed the chow diet had significantly higher total grams of food intake, but lower calories intake, liver and epididymal fat weight, and body weight gain rate than those fed the PPO, but not the POP, diet. Mice in the PPO group had significantly higher serum glucose than that in other two groups, whereas mice fed the chow diet had significantly lower plasma cholesterol level than those HFD groups. The plasma TAG levels were not different among them. The hepatic levels of insulin receptor substrate 1, and fatty acid synthase, and phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase in mice fed the chow diet are significantly higher than those fed the PPO or POP diet, whereas the hepatic expression level of stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 in mice fed the POP diet was lower than those fed the PPO or chow diet. We conclude that feeding a HFD affects the expression levels of hepatic proteins for lipid metabolism in mice. In addition, the position of fatty acyl group in a TAG affects the food intake, the body weight gain rate and lipid homeostasis in mice. Disclosure X. Hu: None. T. Wang: None. G. Chen: None.

Dental Caries: Epidemiological &amp; Public Health Approach among Children of District Nowshera Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Background: Dental caries is a global public health problem, and affects 60-90% of children; and has relationship with social; dietary; and behavioral factors. The main objective of this study was to assess the frequency and risk factors of dental caries among children of District Nowshera Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in District Nowshera, in which a total of n=295 children were examined regarding presence of dental caries, from January to April 2022. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data regarding determinants of dental caries and its risk factors from parents. Data was analyzed by SPSS and results were presented in form of tables. Results: The results showed that 60.68% of children had dental caries. Approximately, 54.92% were male; 64.41% had age &lt; 5 years; 42.03% were working mothers; and 53.56% were form rural setup. Moreover; 46.78% use toothbrush; 26.78% use fluoride toothpaste; 73.56% were breastfed; 20.0% were bottle fed; and 83.39% had night feeding. Furthermore; 29.49% children preferred high caloric food intake; 32.88% prefer sugars in food; and 47.80% added sugar during bottle feeding of their children. Conclusions: It was concluded that dental caries showed moderate to high frequency among children; and showed strong relationship family income, body mass index, parent’s education level; and job status of parents. Moreover, frequency of tooth-brushing, fluoride tooth-paste, and sugar preference showed association with dental caries and thus social, dietary and health promotion strategies were needed to reduce prevalence and complications of dental caries. Keywords: Dental Caries, Toothbrush, Fluoride; Caloric Diet; Bottle Feedings; Nowshera, Pakistan

Chronic Treatment With Psilocybin Decreases Changes in Body Weight in a Rodent Model of Obesity.

BackgroundThere are currently relatively few effective pharmacological treatments for obesity, and existing ones may be associated with limiting side-effects. In the search for novel anti-obesity agents, drugs that modify central serotonergic systems have historically proven to be effective in promoting weight loss. Psilocin, which is rapidly metabolized from psilocybin, is an agonist at multiple serotonin receptors. In the present study we assessed the effects of psilocybin and a positive control (metformin) on changes in body weight in a rat model of obesity.MethodsFive groups of adult male rats were pre-conditioned with a cafeteria diet until obese (>600 g) and then treated with either psilocybin (0.1, 1, or 5 mg/kg, i.p.), metformin (300 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle control. Treatments were for 27 consecutive weekdays, and body weights and high calorie food intake were recorded daily. Fasting glucose levels were recorded after 11 days of treatment. At the end of treatment rats completed a glucose tolerance test, and multiple fat pads were dissected out to assess adiposity.ResultsThe medium dose psilocybin group had to be terminated from the study prematurely. Both the low and high dose psilocybin groups caused a significant decrease in changes in body weight compared to controls. The metformin group produced a greater decrease in change in body weight than either psilocybin groups or controls. Both high dose psilocybin and metformin decreased consumption of the high calorie diet, and exhibited decreased central adiposity.ConclusionPsilocybin demonstrated modest but significant effects on weight gain. Further study is recommended.

Cross-sectional study of association between dietary pattern and cognitive performance in people aged 50 and above years in Shanghai

Objective: To investigate the association between dietary pattern and cognitive performance in local residents aged ≥50 years in Shanghai. Methods: Data were obtained from the second round of Study of Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) survey in Shanghai. Dietary patterns were surveyed by factor analysis. Cognitive tests were conducted to assess subjects' cognitive performance, including verbal recall, verbal fluency and digit test. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between dietary patterns and cognition performance. Results: A total of 4 132 subjects with complete dietary and cognitive performance test data were included. Factor analysis was used to obtain three dietary patterns: including plant-based pattern, high animal-food pattern, high salt-oil pattern. After controlling for gender, age, education level and other factors, it was found that plant-based pattern (β=0.26,95%CI: 0.17-0.36) and high animal-food pattern (β=0.18, 95%CI:0.06-0.29) were positively associated with total cognitive test score while high salt-oil pattern (β=-0.28, 95%CI:-0.85--0.07) was negatively associated with verbal fluency test score. Conclusion: A dietary pattern with high intake of plant food and appropriate intake of animal food might be associated with better cognitive function of residents aged ≥50 years.