Highest Number Of Cases Research Articles

Assessing the Waste and Sanitation Infrastructures toward COVID-19 Spreading in Surakarta City, Indonesia

COVID-19 can spread rapidly in areas having high-density populations. The COVID-19 spreading in urban areas is higher than that in rural areas due to the population of urban areas being denser than that of rural areas. The existence of urban infrastructures is assumed to affect COVID-19 spreading in cities. The existence of waste and sanitation systems are the critical urban infrastructures relating to COVID-19 spreading. Surakarta is one of the cities in Indonesia having a high number of COVID-19 infection cases. Based on the Surakarta official website concerning COVID-19, it is known that COVID-19 infected about 37132 persons, or seven percent of the population until the end of the year 2022. This research seeks to reveal the correlation between the existence of waste and sanitation systems and COVID-19 spreading in Surakarta City. This research uses a quantitative approach supported by the statistical data which were retrieved from the Surakarta Statistics Agency, and the official website of the Surakarta Government concerning COVID-19 cases. The statistical data was processed by correlation analysis. The research result revealed that waste management correlates with the number of COVID-19 survivors’ cases. Meanwhile, the sanitation facilities even individually or communally do not correlate with the number of COVID-19 survivors’ cases. Furthermore, the factor of implementing health protocols has a low correlation with the number of COVID-19 survivors’ cases. The waste management is one of the important urban strategies for COVID-19 spreading. Furthermore, this study case describes that COVID-19 risk reduction relates more to urban management than urban planning.

POLA SEBARAN DAN ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease that causes death, known for > 200 years, and has become a health problem in the world, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Deli Serdang Regency had the highest number of cases in North Sumatra Province in 2019 with 1,326 cases, in 2020 there were 974 cases, IR: 50.4. In 2021, the Regency/City ranked 14th out of 514 Regency/City in Indonesia for the highest number of dengue fever cases in 2021 with 803 cases, IR/morbidity rate: 34.63/100,000 population, CFR/death rate: 0.12%. It is possible to identify the location of the patient to the address of the individual's location, so as to obtain information regarding the distribution pattern of cases in each region using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and analysis of factors related to the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever.This type of research is analytical observation with a case control approach. The sample in this study was all people living permanently in the working area of ??the Tanjung Morawa Community Health Center, totaling 48 respondents, 24 cases and 24 controls. The sampling technique was carried out using Simple Random Sampling, data was analyzed using the Chi Square test. Based on the research results, it shows that the variables related to the incidence of dengue fever are knowledge (p-value = 0.00; OR = 0.06), attitude (p-value = 0.00; OR = 21), 3M PSN (Mosquito Nest Eradication) actions Plus (p-value=0.000; OR=17) and unrelated variables are occupation (p-value=0.029; OR=0.23) and age (p-value=0.081; OR=0.29). It is recommended that the community health center be better able to increase public understanding about the management and prevention of dengue fever.

Dengue virus serotypes and related factors in children with dengue hemorrhagic fever in Southern Vietnam.

After the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic, a high number of cases and severe dengue in children were reported in some provinces in the south of Vietnam. This study aimed to determine the distribution of dengue virus serotypes and their correlation with demographic factors, disease severity, clinical manifestations, and laboratory findings. This study employed a cross-sectional design. Ninety-six dengue-infected children admitted to Can Tho Children's Hospital between October 2022 and March 2023 were included. Confirmation of dengue infection was achieved through the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Among the identified serotypes, DENV-2 accounted for the highest proportion (71.87%), followed by DENV-1 (23.96%), and DENV-4 (4.17%). DENV-3 was not detected. No significant demographic, disease severity, or laboratory differences were observed among the identified dengue serotypes. However, DENV-2 was associated with a higher occurrence of mucous membrane hemorrhages and gastrointestinal bleeding compared to other serotypes. Although DENV-2 was the most prevalent serotype responsible for dengue in children in southern Vietnam, it did not lead to more severe cases compared to other serotypes. This finding is crucial for evaluating the illness's prognosis.

INVOLVEMENT OF TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS PATIENT WITH HOSPITAL ACQUIRED PNEUMONIAE Case Report

Meningitis is a global public health problem. The causes can be viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Meningitis is an infectious disease that cannot be overcome and is still a problem in developing countries. As a developing country Indonesia, Tuberculosis has a high number of cases throughout the year. Tuberculous meningitis (TB) is an infection byMycobacterium tuberculosisabout meningor brain parenchyma resulting variety morbidity and mortality. A 39 years old woman came to the emergency room at Drs. H. Amri Tambunan complained of seizures 1 day ago with a duration of more than 1 hour. Seizures are found throughout the body. Also a fever was found 1 day today. Shortness of breath and cough were found for the past 3 days. Decreased appetite has been observed for the past 1 week. There was no history of nausea and vomiting. Os post VP shunt installation on May 29th, 2023. Female patient, 39 years old, with a diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis with Hospital Acquired Pneumoniae has been hospitalized from 9 to 20 September of 2023. And also outpatient treatment at the Pulmonology Departement is recommended.

Clinical epidemiological characterization of leptospirosis during the period 2001-2022 in the Santa Clara municipality, Cuba

The objective of the study was to characterize clinically and epidemiologically human leptospirosis in the Santa Clara municipality, between 2001 and 2022. An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out. In the affected human population, the incidence, trend, seasonality and endemic channel were determined in a 21-year time series. The occurrence of outbreaks by year, morbidity, lethality, mortality, cases by area, seasonality, were found. The incidence of human leptospirosis in the municipality of Santa Clara is high, and the most affected were the “Captain Roberto Fleites” and “Marta Abreu” health areas. The age group with the highest number of cases was emphasized in patients with age comprehend between 15 and 59 years old, with a predominance of males. Human leptospirosis manifests a seasonal behavior with a tendency to persist. The most frequent symptoms in affected humans were headache, pyrexia, myalgia and jaundice and afebrile cases in pediatric age are described as contributions to the epidemiology in the territory.

Violence-Related Injuries: The Most Common Cases in Hyderabad, Pakistan

The law influences every aspect of human activity, including medical practice. The nature of casualty is affected by geographical regions, cultures, and social values. Determining characteristics of casualty can guide health policy and can assist in managing healthcare resources. Objective: To profile the cases at casualty department of a tertiary teaching hospital. Methods: The study was conducted at the casualty department of Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad, Pakistan and Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology LUMHS, Jamshoro, over a period of one year from January 2021 to December 2021. A total of 3,487 cases were recorded and categorized into violence-related, transportation-related, substance-related, and sexual assault-related injuries. Results: The majority of cases were violence-related incidents (84.65%), followed by transportation-related accidents (14.65%), substance-related injuries (3.61%), and sexual assault-related injuries (0.69%). Violence-related injuries were divided into assault cases, firearm incidents, and police torture. Transportation-related injuries were categorized as road traffic accidents and train accidents. Assault and road traffic accidents were the leading cause of violence-related and transportation-related injuries, respectively. The highest numbers of cases were observed in April, June, and May. Conclusions: A substantial portion of cases at casualty department of Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad is contributed by violence-related injuries

Clinical Profile of Leprosy in Post-elimination Era in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction Leprosy is a chronic disease that primarily affects peripheral nerves and skin. It has a long incubation period and clinical presentations are variable leading to deformities and social stigma. Leprosy was eliminated in Nepal in 2010 AD. This study was undertaken to determine the demographic and clinical profile of Leprosy in the past three years. MethodsA retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. Records of all the newly diagnosed leprosy patients attending the Out-Patient Department from April 2021 to March 2023 were reviewed retrospectively and analyzed. ResultsThere were 109 newly diagnosed leprosy cases among which majority were males. The maximum clinical diagnosis was lepromatous leprosy and 100 (91.74%) cases were multibacillary. Type 1 lepra reaction was seen in 11 (10.09%) patients and 12 (11%) patients had type 2 lepra reaction. Slit skin smear was positive in 75 (68.80%) patients. On clinical examination, peripheral nerves were palpable in 92 (84.4%) patients with ulnar nerve being the most common palpable peripheral nerve. Type 1 deformity was present in 55 (50.45%) patients and 18 (16.51%) patients had type 2 deformity. Claw hand was the most common type 2 deformity observed. ConclusionThough leprosy has been eliminated in Nepal, there are still considerable cases of Leprosy. Higher number of cases with multibacillary disease and increasing number of Lepra reaction is an alarming sign.

Is lithium from geothermal brines the sustainable solution for Li-ion batteries?

The rising demand for Li, paramount for energy storage, necessitates expanded supply. As the supply is concentrated in a few countries, this poses supply chain risks for Li-ion battery makers. To diversify suppliers, alternative Li ore deposits such as geothermal brines are being explored. However, Li extraction from geothermal brines is challenging due to the unique chemistry and elevated temperatures. Since Li-extraction from geothermal brines is in its infancy, data availability and quality are still poor, hampering life cycle assessments. Hence, this study provides a parametrized life cycle inventory model of Li carbonate production from geothermal brines. The model accounts for site-specific environmental conditions and technological features. Life cycle impacts at the Salton Sea in the US (1686 cases) and the Upper Rhine Graben in Germany (1982 cases) are quantified. The high case numbers are chosen to mitigate the high uncertainties in input parameters. Specifically, the brine chemistry, adsorption yield, drilling required and energy inputs are varied. Climate change impacts of selected cases vary within 18–59 kg CO2eq/kg Li carbonate at the Salton Sea and within 5.3–46 kg CO2eq/kg Li carbonate at the Upper Rhine Graben, compared to 2.1–11 kg CO2eq/kg Li carbonate in existing ecoinvent data sets. The wide range of potential impacts underscore the necessity of early-stage assessments of the technologies. In case of high drilling demand and use of fossil energy, climate change impacts of Li-ion batteries using Li carbonate from geothermal brines can increase by 30–41 % compared to literature values.

Spatial Analysis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Incidence in Kupang City in 2019-2021

Abstract Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis has a fairly high number of cases in several regions of Indonesia, including Kupang City. In 2019, tuberculosis cases in Kupang City amounted to 667 cases, in 2020 it increased to 693 cases and in 2021 it decreased to 419 cases. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis which are studied in a spatial analysis model.Methods : This research is a quantitative research with an analytical observational design using an approach to Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This study aims to see the autocorrelation of population density, poor families, and healthy homes with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis and to see the pattern of relationships that are formed.The data used in this research is secondary data taken from related agencies. The samples in this study were 11 community health centers in Kupang City, namely Naioni Health Center, Alak Health Center, Manutapen Health Center, Sikumana Health Center, Penfui Health Center, Bakunase Health Center, Oebobo Health Center, Oepoi Health Center, Pasir Panjang Health Center, Kupang City Health Center, and Oesapa Community Health Center. Spatial analysis uses computer programs, namely the QGIS and GeoDa applications. QGIS was used to produce a map of the distribution of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in 11 health centers in Kupang City in 2019-2021 and the GeoDa application was used to see the pattern of TB distribution in Kupang City in 2019-2021, in general or globally through the LISA (Local Indicators Spatial Autocorrelation) tests.Results: Based on the results of the LISA (Local Indicators Spatial Autocorrelation) bivariate test, it shows that population density, poor families, and healthy housing coverage have no relationship with the incidence of TB in Kupang City (p-value > 0.05) and show a random pattern of case distribution (Morans Index ' I is smaller than E[I] = -0.1000). However, in 2019-2020, the Morans I Index value covering healthy homes was greater than E[I] = -0.1000, which shows a clustered pattern of case distribution.Conclusion: It was concluded that there was no positive spatial autocorrelation between population density, poor families, and healthy homes with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Kupang City in 2019-2021

Sociodemographic Characteristics Associated with Higher Numbers of COVID-19 Cases: A Neighbourhood Level Study in Ottawa, Ontario

INTRODUCATION: The complex interplay of the social conditions that one lives in and functions greatly influences the exposure to a certain health condition and the ability to recover from it. Reports on COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalization and fatality reveal a clear sociodemographic divide with the marginalized communities bearing a disproportionately higher burden of the outcomes. The objectives of this study was to explore the neighbourhoods characteristics associated with higher COVID-19 rates in Ottawa by employing a social determinants of health framework that identifies critical intersections that impact of multi-level determinants of health. METHODOLOGY: This study is based on data on 98 neighbourhoods in Ottawa that were collected from the Ottawa Neighbourhood study (ONS). The outcome variable was COVID-19 rate between March 09, 2020 - January 31, 2021. The independent variables were potentially vulnerable groups, Socioeconomic, neighbourhood, and demographic factors. We used descriptive and logistic regression methods to analyse the data. RESULTS: The neighbourhoods that had relatively high number of rates COVID-19 cases were Hunt Club Park (909), Manor Park (831), Greenboro East (739), Overbrook McArthur (641), and Hunt Club Upper-Blossom Park (619); and the ones with lowest rates were Laurentian (44), Old Ottawa South (31), Richmond (22), Riverside South Leitrim (19), Wateridge Village (5), and Westboro (3). Multivariate regression analysis showed that neighborhood characteristics such as percentage of community health center within a 50m walk, higher population density, higher percentage of people taking public transportation to work, higher percentage of people with no high school diploma, perceived walkability score, low income prevalence, higher percentage of unsuitable housing,  households with multiple family,  refugee population, new comer during 2011-16, single parent family, and higher percentage of living alone were associated higher odds of above average COVID-19 rates. CONCLUSION: These findings reflect a greater likelihood of COVID-19 infection in the neighbourhoods with poorer socioeconomic and living conditions such as low income, unhealthy housing, and higher population density. Addressing the challenges among the disadvantaged communities may help reduce the higher vulnerability and promote health conditions.

Children under attack: trends and patterns of sexual offences against children in India

Introduction: Recently, the United Nations declared November 18 as the World Day for the Prevention of and Healing from Child Sexual Exploitation, Abuse, and Violence. Despite sexua l offences against children being frequently reported in Indian media, scientific studies analysing the annual trends and re gional patterns of these crimes are scarce in India. Objectives: To describe annual trends and regional patterns of sexual crimes against children (CAC) in India Methods: National Crimes Record Bureau (NCRB) data on sexual c rimes for years 2014-2021 were analysed to describe annual trends and regional patterns of sexual offences against childr en in India. Results: An incremental trend in sexual offences was reported dur ing the 2014-2021 period. Sexual offences had the highest crime rate in 2021 (12.1%). There was a continuous increase in sexual offences in each succeeding year during the 2014-2021 period. The highest year-over-year increase was reported in 2017 (142%). The proportion of sexual offences in all CAC increased from 10% in 2014 to 36% in 2021. A higher num ber of cases were reported among girls (mean=25112; SD=5371) than boys (mean=241; SD=47). In 2021, Delhi had the highest crime rate for all CAC, while Andaman and Nicobar Islands had the highest crime rate for sexual offences. Conclusions & Recommendations: Despite the legal framework av ailable to protect children, there is still an increase in sexual offences against children in India. Regional patterns suggest a diverse distribution of sexual offences across India. A higher concentration of sexual offences was reported on remote, g eographically smaller Indian islands as well as on the densely populated mainland of India. Interventions aimed at providi ng knowledge about reporting sexual offences, altering community attitudes, and encouraging a safe and healthy childhood a re recommended.

Evaluation of Mean Square Errors in Simple Moving Average versus Exponential Smoothing Method and Assessment of Time as Predictor in Forecasting Myocardial Infarction Cases in the Philippines

This study aimed to identify the best forecasting model and evaluate if time (in months and years) is a predictor for Myocardial Infarction cases in the Philippines. The research design was quantitative research, specifically descriptive study design. Secondary data on monthly reported cases of myocardial infarction for the past five years (November 2018-November 2023) from Google Trends was utilized. Microsoft Excel and SPSS were the software used to obtain results. Simple Moving Average (SMA) and Exponential Smoothing Method (ESM) were the forecasting techniques used in this study. At the same time, Mean, Standard Deviation, Analysis of Variance, and Independent sample t-test were the statistical tools utilized for both descriptive and inferential analyses. Results revealed that the mean level of cases reported for the past five years was 54. Also, according to SMA and ESM, the forecasted cases for the next succeeding month (December 2023) were 66 and 61, respectively. Results also showed that the Mean Squared Error (MSE) value of SMA is lower than ESM, making SMA a better forecasting method. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the reported cases when grouped according to year, with Year 5 having the highest number of cases and Year 1 having the lowest. Further, there was no significant difference between the SMA and ESM forecasted cases. Furthermore, time (year and month) significantly predicted the number of myocardial infarction cases reported in the Philippines.

Effect of time post warming to embryo transfer on human blastocyst metabolism and pregnancy outcome.

This study is aiming to test whether variation in post warming culture time impacts blastocyst metabolism or pregnancy outcome. In this single center retrospective cohort study, outcomes of 11,520 single frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles were analyzed from January 2015 to December 2020. Patient treatments included both natural and programmed cycles. Time categories were determined using the time between blastocyst warming and embryo transfer: 0 (0- <1h), 1 (1-<2h), 2 (2-<3h), 3(3-<4h), 4 (4-<5), 5 (5-<6), 6 (6-<7) and 7 (7-8h). Non-invasive metabolic imaging of discarded human blastocysts for up to 10h was also performed using Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to examine for metabolic perturbations during culture. The mean age of patients across all time categories were comparable (35.6 ± 3.9). Live birth rates (38-52%) and miscarriage rate (5-11%) were not statistically different across post-warming culture time. When assessing pregnancy outcomes based on the use of PGT-A, miscarriage and live birth rates were not statistically different across culture hours in both PGT-A and non-PGT cycles. Further metabolic analysis of blastocysts for the duration of 10h of culture post warming, revealed minimal metabolic changes of embryos in culture. Overall, our results show that differences in the time of post warming culture have no significant impact on miscarriage or live birth rate for frozen embryo transfers. This information can be beneficial for clinical practices with either minimal staffing or a high number of patient cases.

ADULTERATION IN FOOD INDUSTRY IN 2023 - OVERVIEW

This review focuses on food fraud and shows a picture of the most critical notifications reported by the Knowledge Centre for Food Fraud and Quality worldwide during the year 2023. Knowledge4Policy (K4P) is the EU Commission's platform for evidence-based policymaking. This study aims to provide an overview of the cases of food fraud focused on specific food groups - (fish and seafood, oils and fats, fruit and vegetables, honey and sugar, meat and meat products, wine, alcohol, milk and dairy products, spices and herbs, grain-based food – cereals - bakery products, eggs, snacks, coffee, tea, cocoa, non-alcoholic beverages, dietic foods supplements, fortified food). The data on food fraud was divided based on world continents (Asia, Africa, South America, North- Central America, Australia, and Europe). The next part of our overview shows the count of food fraud incidents separately each month for 2023. Overall, 419 cases were registered worldwide in 66 countries in 2023. Most cases were registered in Europe, South America, Africa, North-Central America, and Australia. Based on our findings, we can conclude that the highest number of cases were registered in Pakistan, followed by Italy, Brazil, Nigeria, the Dominican Republic, and Australia. The most abundant was alcohol-beverages adulteration (18.13 % of the total number of cases reported in 2023 worldwide), followed by meat and meat products (15.03 %), fish and seafood (13.60 %), and grain-based food, cereals, and bakery products (11.69 %). Analysis of notification data showed that the most used type of fraud was grey market trading, mislabeling, document forgery, dilution/mixing, substitution, and unapproved enhancement. Food fraud databases serve as valuable tools for the food industry and regulatory bodies, aiding in mitigating food fraud risks.

Review of Sexual Violence Against Children: Reality, Impact, and Protection Efforts

The reality of sexual violence against children in Indonesia has become a serious issue that requires joint attention and action. Data shows a high number of cases, although many incidents are not reported. For example, the case in Way Serdang, Mesuji Regency, where a father had sexual intercourse with his pregnant biological child, illustrates the complexity of this problem. The impact of sexual violence on children includes profound psychological, social, and physical consequences, such as PTSD, behavioral disorders, and social stigma. Protection and prevention efforts must involve the government, child protection institutions and the community. Education, strong regulations and changing social norms are key to creating a safe environment for children. Early detection, the role of child protection institutions, and collaborative efforts across sectors are important strategies in overcoming the complex challenges of preventing sexual violence. Education and increased awareness are needed to change public perceptions, as well as investment in resources and research to support effective prevention efforts

Comparative analysis of the fire performance of pipe insulations depending on test standards

Due to the high number of cases in which fire spreads from the combustion of pipe insulation installed to prevent piping from freezing, fire-retardant products are widely used in building construction. Although pipe insulation is generally installed with tube shape, rectangular flat specimens are used to evaluate the reaction-to-fire performance. In this study, the reaction-to-fire performance of various types of pipe insulation was investigated in accordance with the NFPA 274 and ISO 20632 test standards, which consider actual installation conditions. The insulation materials were classified with reference to the criteria of EN 13501-1. Fire growth rate (FIGRA) values were calculated from each test procedure to analyze the correlation between the standard test methods. The materials that passed the NFPA 274 criteria could be assigned the reaction-to-fire performance classification of CL or higher according to EN 13501-1. This result can be used to predict the actual fire performance of pipe insulations.

Self-mutilation: a systematic review.

Self-mutilation lesions can represent a clinical diagnosis challenge for healthcare professionals, as patients do not admit to self-mutilation. This leads to failed diagnoses due to the similarity of this condition to other diseases. Searches on the subject were carried out at the PubMed, Periódicos Capes, Scopus, Science Direct and WoS databases, according to the following inclusion criteria: articles in English, Portuguese or Spanish, published from 2018 to June 2023, encompassing case reports, case series and literature reviews. Men are slight more affected by self-mutilation injuries, also presenting the most serious lesions. Self-mutilation injuries are reported globally, mostly in the Asian and American continents. Clinical presentations are varied, but morphology is, in most cases, associated to the form/instrument used for self-mutilation. Greater evidence of diagnosed mental disorders in women and underreporting of these cases in men due to low demands for specialized treatment are noted. A higher prevalence of self-mutilation lesions was verified for men, affecting a wide age range, with the highest number of cases in the USA. The most affected body areas are arms and external genitalia, mostly due to knife use. An association between self-mutilation injuries and mental disorders is clear, with most cases being previously undiagnosed.

Epidemiological evolution of COVID-19: a three-year perspective on coping with the pandemic in the States of Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná, Southern Region of Brazil

Introduction: The novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and represents the agent responsible for a respiratory and metabolic disease with a high fatality rate, remaining a public health problem to this day. There has been an exacerbation of social inequalities experienced in Brazil and worldwide. Notably, the absence of a consolidated and universal healthcare system has contributed to the increased inequalities and survival opportunities for those affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection and manifestation of COVID-19. The southern region has become the second region with the highest number of cases in Brazil. Objective: To avaluate the epidemiological outcomes of incidence, lethality, and mortality among the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná in the southern region of Brazil. Methods: An ecological time-series study was conducted using official secondary data on COVID-19 cases and deaths publicly disclosed by the health departments of the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná. Time series were constructed applying the Prais-Winsten regression model. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA 14.0 software. Results: It was observed that for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the trends regarding incidence were increasing in 2020 and decreasing in 2021 (p&lt;0.05). Regarding mortality, it increased in 2020 and decreased in 2021 and 2022 (p&lt;0.05). When assessing lethality, a decreasing trend was observed for the entire period (p&lt;0.05). In relation to Paraná, incidence increased in 2020 and over the entire period, while it decreased in 2021 and 2022 (p&lt;0.05). Mortality was stationary in 2020 and decreased in 2021 and 2022 (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious public health problem in the states of Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul. Paraná presented a more severe epidemiological outcome compared to Rio Grande do Sul.

Demographic and clinical features of dengue fever infection in Pakistan: a cross-sectional epidemiological study

BackgroundDengue fever caused by dengue virus is a tropical disease and is among the deadliest vector-borne diseases. The humid and hot summers of Pakistan support the probation of the vectors responsible for the transmission of viral and other parasitic diseases.MethodologyA retrospective study, from 2012- 2019, of dengue infected individuals from the Punjab province of Pakistan was carried out to analyze epidemiology, clinical and laboratory findings of subjects with dengue virus infection. Data was derived from National Institute of Health (NIH) followed by Dengue control program of Pakistan, covering the incidence rate in 36 districts of Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) respectively. Patients data including the presence of dengue specific antigen or/and antibodies such as NS1 and IgG/IgM were observed. The study also included the analysis of demographic data, geographic data, and the month-wise distribution of dengue cases to examine seasonal trends.ResultsWe analyzed 25,682 dengue infected individuals. The statistical analysis revealed a significant association between genders in which male population was more affected by dengue than females. It was also noted that the middle age group was the most affected age group while the highest number of cases were reported in October. Rawalpindi and Lahore were the most affected cities in Punjab province while Islamabad represented the highest number of cases during the recent outbreak in 2019. The IgM and IgG antibodies were highly prevalent among the infected patients.ConclusionDengue is endemic in Pakistan, circulating throughout the year. Highest number of cases were observed in the month of October, September and November respectively. Association between climate change and vector-borne diseases need to be investigated in Pakistan as they significantly influence the timing and intensity of dengue and other disease outbreaks. Further exploration of hematological parameters is required to better diagnose and treat the disease. For the effective control of dengue outbreaks, awareness campaigns on sewage management and vector control along with social factors are strongly recommended for better control and eradication of the disease.

IJCM_11A: Clinico-epidemiological profile of malignancies in the tertiary care centres in Mangalore

Background: The Hospital-based Cancer Registry (HBCR) part of the National Cancer Registry Programme provides the number of cancer cases attending the hospital in various disciplines and the exact type of cases classified, diagnosed and treated. This study was done to assess the socio-demographic, clinical profile, and trend of malignancy cases in the tertiary care centres of Mangalore. Methodology: This Record-based retrospective study was conducted in tertiary care hospitals affiliated with Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore and all the cases of malignancies admitted during the study period were included. The data were collected using a proforma and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. The results were expressed as proportions using appropriate tables and graphs. Results: A total of 600 cancer cases were identified, with females comprising nearly half 48.8%(n=293) and among them the highest number of cases, 28% (n=82) were found in the age group 60 and above. Overall, cancer cases appear to be more prevalent in older age groups for both genders. Among males, the most common cancers were Oral cavity cancers 34.2%(n=105), followed by Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers,16.3%(n=50). In females the most common cancers were found to be of the breast followed by uterine cancer then by oral cavity Conclusion: The prevalence of cancer in both genders were found to be almost the same. The highest number of cases were reported from Karnataka followed by Kerala. The highest prevalence was found in higher extremes of age above 60 years.