Highest Number Of Tillers Research Articles

Effect of nitrogen levels and weed management methods on weed abundance and yield of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Weed infestation and inherent low soil fertility are among the major factors attributed to the low yield of rice in Nigeria. Field trials were therefore conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen application levels and weed control methods on growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2) at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (07o 15?N, 03o 25?E) during 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons. Three nitrogen (N) levels (0, 60 and 90 kg/ha) were evaluated and they constituted the main plot treatments, while three weed control treatments, viz: pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus? (propanil plus 2, 4-D) at 2.0 kg a.i ha-1, Orizo Plus? at 2.0 kg a.i ha-1 followed by supplementary hoe weeding (SHW) at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) and three hoe-weeding regimes at 3, 6 and 9 WAS, and a weedy check constituted the sub-plot treatments. All the treatments in different combinations were laid out in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Results indicated a significant (p?0.05) increase in weed density and dry matter with an increase in N application level from 0 to 90 kg ha-1. Similarly, crop vigour and plant height increased significantly (p?0.05) with increasing N application levels up to 90 kg ha-1. However, 60 and 90 kg N ha-1 were at par in increasing the number of tillers, leaf area index and yield attributes of rice. All the weed control methods resulted in a significant (p?0.05) reduction in weed density and dry matter with subsequent increase in rice growth and yield than the weedy check. Pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus? followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimes resulted in significantly (p?0.05) lower weed density and dry matter, and a higher number of tillers, panicle weight and grain yield than a sole application of Orizo Plus?. With Orizo Plus? followed by one SHW or three hoe-weeding regimes, increasing N application levels resulted in a significant (p?0.05) increase in grain yield of rice. However, with Orizo Plus? applied alone, increasing N application levels did not increase rice grain yield. These results suggest that Orizo Plus? at 2.0 kg a.iha-1 followed by one SHW at 6 WAS integrated with N application at 90 kg ha-1 is adequate to effectively control weeds and increase rice yield in the rainforest-savannah transition zone of Nigeria.

Effect of soil and foliar application of boron on growth and seed yield of onion

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season, 2015-16 at Research Farm, Chilli and Vegetable Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola with an objective to study the effect of soil and foliar application of boron on growth and seed yield of onion (cv. Akola Safed) on Inceptisol in randomized block design with seven treatments and three replications fertilized with different levels of boron fertilizers. The treatments comprised of three levels of basal dose of boron through borax @ 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 kg ha-1 at the time of planting of onion bulbs and foliar sprays of boron through borax @ 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% at buttoning stage (60 DAP). The result revealed that the growth attributing characters such as highest number of tillers per plant (11.85), lowest number of days to attain 50% buttoning stage (27 days after planting), highest number of umbels per plant (12.83) and highest polar diameter (4.06 cm) and equatorial diameter (4.92 cm) were recorded with the soil application of borax @ 3.0 kg ha-1 (T3). However the significantly highest yield and yield attributing characters viz., umbellate per umbel (227.55), seeds per umbel (680.87), seed weight per umbel (3.46 g), seed yield (14.84 q ha-1) and quality parameters such as test weight – g/1000 seeds (5.18 g) were found most effective with the foliar sprays of borax @ 0.2% at buttoning stage (60 DAP) which was at par with foliar sprays of borax @ 0.3% at buttoning stage (60 DAP) followed by soil application of borax @ 3.0 kg ha-1. It could be concluded that, foliar application of borax @ 0.2% at buttoning stage (60 DAP) or soil application of borax @ 3.0 kg ha-1 at the time of planting of onion bulbs recorded highest seed yield.

Population Characteristic and Genetic Relationship on 25 Bengkulu Heirloom Rice Based on Morpgological Traits

Bengkulu Province has many local rice germplasms that have adapted to specific areas. The germplasm has certain character advantages so that it is maintained by farmers. The characteristics of each germplasm need to be identified in order to improve the properties of the existing germplasm. This study aimed to determine the performance, to estimate the value of genetic parameters, and to determine the genetic relationship of local rice genotypes collected from four districts in Bengkulu Province. The results showed that the ‘Kuning Sulaowangi’ genotype was the earliest in maturity had the highest number of tillers amongst genotypes. Genotypes which have significantly the highest average component yields were ‘Kunig Air Dingin’ and ‘Impera’. Traits that have a high heritability estimated value were weight of 100 grains (91.046%) and grain weight per panicle (80.252%). The weight of 100 grains also has the highest genetic variability value. Thus increasing local rice production is possible. Based on the results of the analysis with the similarity coefficient of 55%, the local rice genotypes could be grouped into two groups. Group I consisted of 9 genotypes namely ‘Kuning Pendek’, ‘Humbur’, ‘Cantik’, ‘Pandak Kelabu’, ‘Cisadane Putih’, ‘Kuning Sulaowangi’, ‘China Abang’, ‘China Putih’ and ‘Impera’. Other genotypes were in Group II. Trait improvement can be done through hybridization between individuals of different groups. To develope early in maturity and high-yielding varieties can be done through hybridization of the ‘Kunig Sulaowangi’ and ‘Kunig Air Dingin’

Molecular Analysis and Phenotypic Performances of BC3F2 Upland Rice Lines Containing Alt and Pup1 Loci

<p>The challenges in upland rice cultivation are phosphorous (P) deficiency and aluminum (Al) toxicity, each controlled by Pup1 and Alt loci, respectively. Pyramiding the two genes into Indonesian rice varieties were previously done through Marker-Assisted Backcrossing method to obtain BC3F2 populations. The aims of this study were to analyze the BC3F2 upland rice lines containing the Alt and Pup1 loci molecularly (foreground and background analyses) and to test their phenotypic performances. Genetic materials tested included Dupa variety (donor of Alt) and three improved Indonesian genotypes (Dodokan-Pup1, Situ Bagendit-Pup1, and Batur-Pup1) as recurrent parents, Kasalath (donor of Pup1), and 300 BC3F2 lines from Dodokan-Pup1+Alt, Situ Bagendit-Pup1+Alt, and Batur-Pup1+Alt, respectively. The rice genotypes were selected individually using modified Yoshida nutrient solution, followed by foreground and background analyses. 150 out of 300 seedlings were selected and maintained until harvest in the greenhouse. Foreground analysis using markers (RM1361, RM12031, and Kas46-2) and tiller number performances resulted in 18 plants from BC3F2 Dodokan-Pup1+Alt, 30 plants from BC3F2 Situ Bagendit-Pup1+Alt, and 25 plants from BC3F2 Batur-Pup1+Alt still carrying Alt and Pup1 loci. Background analysis using molecular markers showed that the best individual lines of BC3F2 were number 56 for BC3F2 Dodokan-Pup1+Alt, number 32 or 70 for BC3F2 Situ Bagendit-Pup1+Alt, and number 20 for BC3F2 Batur-Pup1+Alt. The selected lines having both both Alt and Pup1 loci in homozygote condition with highest number of tiller per plant which are useful genetic materials for developing upland rice variety tolerance to low P and Al toxicity.</p>

Performance evaluation of released bread wheat varieties at mid altitude areas of Southern Ethiopia

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereal occupying a protruding position among major food crops in the world in terms of acreage and production and is an important cereal crop which is receives the most attention of specialists in plant breeding and production in the world wide in general and in Ethiopia in particular. And also a number of improved bread wheat varieties have been released by different research centres for different agro-ecology in Ethiopia. Evaluate the performance of different bread wheat varieties at diverse agro-ecology is an important for effective selection of the variety. This experiment was conducted on ten bread wheat varieties against local check (Digalu) at Meskan and Dalocha wereda with the objective of identify and recommend high performance in terms of yield, insect pest tolerant, and stable varieties. The varieties were assigned in randomized complete block design with four replication. Data were collected on six major agronomic traits. Based on the mean separation, the highest average grain yield was recorded from Hidasse and Ogolcho varieties with 5210 and 5080 kg/ha respectively. However the lowest average yield (3220kg/ha) was recorded from Digalu variety. In both locations Digalu variety provided the lowest yield due to high susceptibility for stem rust. Statistically, the variety Hidasse gave the highest number of tillers per plant and the tallest spikes length at both locations those are positive contributions to grain yield. There were significantly positive and negative correlations between traits. In this study, it is found that there is 38.19% increment of yield for using Hidasse variety (high yielder) as compared to Digalu variety (low yielder) at the study area. Therefore, farmers located at the study areas are recommended to use Hidasse variety to increase bread wheat yield.

Morpho-phenological traits and yield performance of rice cultivars as affected by submergence stress

Complete submergence up to 1-2 weeks of low land rice crops during flash floods occurs in large areas of South-East Asia including Bangladesh, resulting in increased mortality of plants as well as low productivity of rice crops. A pot experiment was conducted at the Net House, Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during Aman season from July 2017 to December 2017 to evaluate morphological and phenological traits associated with submergence tolerance in rice. The experiment consisted of two factors—Rice cultivars (Binadhan-11, Binadhan-12, BRRI dhan51 and BRRI dhan52 as tolerant and BRRI dhan49 as susceptible) and submergence stress for 14 days at vegetative stage and control. Submergence stress was imposed by dipping of pots into a water tank with about 90 cm depth of water. After desubmergence, the plants were grown with proper care till maturity. Control plants are maintained in the pot house of field laboratory. Leaf greenness was measured after desubmergence to physiological maturity. The tolerant cultivars maintain higher leaf greenness for a long time than the susceptible cultivar after desubmergence. Reduction of grain filling rate and yield was significantly higher in susceptible cultivar than the tolerant cultivars. Among the five cultivars, BRRI dhan51 contributed the highest yield under stress treatment. Submergence tolerant rice cultivars (Binadhan-11, Binadhan-12, BRRI Dhan51 and BRRI Dhan52) had maintained higher tiller number, 1000-grain weight and the higher number of grains per panicle during submergence, as compared to susceptible rice cultivar BRRI Dhan49.
 
 J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 545–550, 2019

Growth characteristics, biomass yield and mineral concentrations in seven varieties of Napier grass (<i>Cenchrus purpureus</i>) at establishment in Kelantan, Malaysia

Growth characteristics, biomass yield and mineral concentrations were evaluated in a completely randomized design study of 7 Napier grass varieties. Data on tiller number per plant, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, leaf:stem ratio and dry matter (DM) yield, as well as concentrations of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, zinc, copper, manganese and iron, were obtained at 2 months growth. The growth characteristics, DM yields and mineral concentrations (except phosphorus) varied significantly (P<0.01) among varieties. The variety Indian was tallest (221 cm) and produced the highest DM yield (6.3 t/ha), whereas Dwarf had the highest tiller number and leaf:stem ratio. Purple had the longest and Taiwan and Indian the widest leaves. Kobe, Pakchong and Purple had the greatest stem diameter. Concentrations of Ca, K and Na were greatest in Zanzibar, while Dwarf had the highest concentrations of N, Zn, Mn and Fe. Studies beyond the establishment phase over a range of seasons and in a range of environments at different ages of harvest are needed to confirm the merits of different Napier grass varieties in the study zone.

Beneficial implications of sugar beet proteinase inhibitor BvSTI on plant architecture and salt stress tolerance in Lotus corniculatus L.

Food demands of increasing human population dictate intensification of livestock production, however, environmental stresses could jeopardize producers' efforts. Forage legumes suffer from yield losses and poor nutritional status due to salinity increase of agricultural soils. As tools aimed to reduce negative impacts of biotic or abiotic stresses, proteinase inhibitors (PIs) have been promoted for biotechnological improvements. In order to increase tolerance of Lotus corniculatus L. to salt stress, serine PI, BvSTI, was introduced into this legume using Agrobacterium rhizogenes, with final transformation efficiency of 4.57%. PCR, DNA gel-blot, RT-PCR and in-gel protein activity assays confirmed the presence and activity of BvSTI products in transformed lines. Plants from three selected transgenic lines (21, 73 and 109) showed significant alterations in overall phenotypic appearance, corresponding to differences in BvSTI accumulation. Lines 73 and 109 showed up to 7.3-fold higher number of tillers and massive, up to 5.8-fold heavier roots than in nontransformed controls (NTC). Line 21 was phenotypically similar to NTC, accumulated less BvSTI transcripts and did not exhibit an additional band of recombinant trypsin inhibitor as seen in lines 73 and 109. Exposure of the transgenic lines to NaCl revealed different levels of salt stress susceptibility. The NaCl sensitivity index, based on morphological appearance and chlorophyll concentrations showed that lines 73 and 109 were significantly less affected by salinity than NTC or line 21. High level of BvSTI altered morphology and delayed salt stress related senescence, implicating BvSTI gene as a promising tool for salinity tolerance improvement trials in L. corniculatus.

Effects of Integrated Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Growth Parameters of Rice Varieties

We investigated the effects of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of indica rice variety Manawthukha and japonica rice variety Genkitsukushi. In a split-plot design, the two rice varieties were assigned as main plot factors, and the integrated treatments were the subplot factors, including no-N fertilizer (N0), 50% chemical fertilizer (CF) (CF50), 100% CF (CF100), 50% CF+50% poultry manure (PM) (CF50PM50), 50% CF+50% cow manure (CM) (CF50CM50), and 50% CF+50% compost (CP) (CF50CP50). CF100 was equivalent to N at 85kg/hm2. Manure was applied based on the estimated mineralizable nitrogen (EMN) level, which is dependent on total N (%) of each manure type. Manawthukha rice plants were taller with higher tiller number and dry matter content. However, higher soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) values were measured in Genkitsukushi throughout the crop growth period, resulting in higher seed-setting rate (%) and greater yield. At the same N level, CF50PM50 application in both rice varieties resulted in higher SPAD values, plant height and tiller number than CF100. CF50PM50 containing total N more than 4% supplied synchronized N for the demands of the rice plants, resulting in maximum dry matter, yield and yield components. CF50CM50 and CF50CP50 treatments containing total N less than 4% resulted in lower yields which were similar to CF100. These results indicated that integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers enhanced growth parameters and yields of Manawthukha and Genkitsukushi, while reducing the dose of chemical fertilizer.

Morphological Characteristics and Productivity of Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum CV Purple Guinea) Irradiated with Gamma-Ray

Mutation breeding using gamma irradiation is one of the alternative ways to increase the variability and productivity of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum cv Purple guinea). The aimed of the study was to determine the dosage of gamma irradiation and morphological characters for high-yielding of the putative mutant of guinea grass. The Guinea grass seeds was irradiated by gamma- ray. The treatment was 8 doses of gamma irradiation and control (non-irradiated). The treatment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The study was conducted for 3 generations, which were mutants 1 (M1), mutant 1 vegetative 1 (M1V1), and mutant 1 vegetative 2 (M1V2). The results showed that the gamma irradiation dose affected variables observed. The variables affected in M1 were fresh and dry weights of shoot, the number of tillers, and the length of the leaves. Whereas in the populations of M1V1 and M1V2, almost all characters were influenced by gamma irradiation, except stem diameter, length of internode, and leaf length. Gamma irradiation doses of 175 x 2 Gy, 250 Gy and 350 Gy in M1V1 and 100 x 2 Gy, 150x2 Gy and 175 x 2 Gy in M1V2 produced the high number of tillers, fresh and dry shoot weights. Heritability value and GCV of number of tillers, fresh and dry weight of shoot were high for M1V1 and M1V2 populations. These results indicated that gamma-ray irradiation can be applied to increase productivity and genetic variability of Guinea grass. The highest forage production was obtained at a dose of 100 x 2 Gy, which was 625 g/plant.

Growth and Yield of Kalimantan Landrace Rice and “IPB 8G” as Affected by Dose and Time of Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer

The study aimed to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer dose and the frequency of application on the growth and production of landrace rice Kalimantan and a new rice cultivar "IPB 8G". The study was conducted in December 2017 until June 2018 at the Sawah Baru Experimental Field, Bogor Agricultural University, West Java, Indonesia. The experimental design was a split-split plot consisting of three treatment factors, i.e. rice cultivars (main plots), fertilization time (sub-plots) and fertilizing doses (sub-plots). The three rice cultivars used in this trial were local cultivars "Mayas" and "Samarinda", and a newly developed rice cultivar "IPB 8G". The application rates of Nitrogen were 0, 75, and 150 kg N.ha-1 applied at different phases of rice growth: 50% N dose was applied at planting, 25% N dose at the vegetative phase, and 25% at the primordial phase. The different rates of N fertilizer were applied four times, 40% at planting, 20% during the vegetative phase, 20% at the primordial phase, and 20% at heading. Each treatment consisted of three replications totalling 54 experimental units. The N fertilizer application gave a significant effect on all growth parameters except for the harvest index. Time of fertilization significantly affected rice panicle number per hill and harvest index. There were significant differences in the growth of the three rice cultivars, except for the number of tillers. Rice crops fertilized three times with a dose of 75 kg N.ha-1 had the highest number of tillers at 5 week after planting, but it was not significantly different from N at 150 kg.ha-1. The highest grain yield of 2.9 t.ha-1 was obtained from "IPB 8G" cultivar fertilized with 75 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen.

Covariation among Root Biomass, Shoot Biomass, and Tiller Number in Three Rice Populations

ABSTRACTBreeding for improved rice (Oryza sativa L.) root systems could improve crop yield by increasing water and nutrient uptake while also protecting the environment by reducing excess nutrients in runoff and methane emissions. Collection and measurement of roots is laborious, preventing direct selection for root biomass (RB) in large breeding populations. Tiller and root development are physiologically connected in rice where the root system is composed predominantly of nodal roots. Each tiller and its associated roots emerge from the same node on an originating stem. Here, we hypothesized that genes affecting tiller number (TN) also have sufficiently large effect on shoot biomass (SB) and RB that selections made on TN can be used to impart improvements in RB and SB. Associations among TN, RB, and SB were evaluated in three recombinant inbred line (RIL) rice mapping populations by first selecting subsets that were divergent for TN to determine if those contrasting RILs exhibited corresponding shifts in SB, RB, SB/RB, RB/TN, or SB/TN. Traits were measured in 6‐wk‐old potted plants. Selection for high vs. low TN resulted in corresponding shifts in RB and SB in all three populations, suggesting that it might be common for TN genes to also affect RB and SB through pleiotropy or linkage. However, further quantitative trait locus (QTL) study using 62 RILs of one population found instead that just one of the six detected TN‐QTL was co‐located with a RB‐QTL. Gene × gene interactions were detected, with TN selections causing larger shifts in RB and SB among a sd1 (semidwarf) subgroup than among the Sd1 sibling RILs in one of the populations.

Evaluation of Bio Complementary Organic Nutrient Management Practices on Growth of Rice in Rice Blackgram cropping Sequence

Field experiments were conducted to develop the suitable organic farming package for rice-blackgram crop sequence. Treatments consisting green manure @6.25 t ha-1+split application of vermicompost @ 4t ha-1 in four equal splits (basal, AT,PIand F) + Panchagavya @ 3% as foliar spray twice (AT and PI) recorded significantly high number of tillers and highest plant height, dry matter production, root length, root volume and root dry weight over rest of the treatments. The recommended practice also recorded relatively, more number of tillers,leaves hill-1, higher plant height, dry matter production, root length, root volume and root dry weight which is on par with the aforesaid treatment.Therefore the application of green manure @6.25 t ha-1+split application of vermicompost @ 4t ha-1 in four equal splits (basal, AT, PI and F) + Panchagavya @ 3% as foliar spray twice (AT and PI) can be recommended for adoption in organic cultivation of rice- black gram crop sequence grown organically.

Agro-morphological Characteristics of Local Upland Rice in Arakan Valley, Cotabato, Philippines

Agronomic and morphological characteristics of fourteen (14) local upland rice cultivars of Arakan Valley, Cotabato, Philippines were evaluated to determine desirable traits in improving upland rice production and for future breeding purposes. Traditional upland rice seeds differ in shape, size, colour and aroma. Azucena and Kapalawan have longer grains of 9-12 mm and the smallest grain was from Mal-os of 5.5 - 8 mm.  Bungulan, Ulipapa, and Magalitok cultivars have medium size grain of about 8-11 mm. Azucena and Bungulan have translucent caryopsis and aromatic. Mubpon had medium grain size and semi-aromatic and Dinorado had aromatic pinkish to purplish caryopsis and medium size grain. Hinumay and Azucena have the tallest height among rice cultivars with 126.5 and 127 cm, respectively.  Malundiang got the shortest height of 91 cm. Kawilan got the highest number of tillers with 6.5 and 5 panicles per plant. Malundiang cultivar flowered early at 65-70 days while Azucena and Kawilan have late flowering of more than 90 days after planting. Magalitok  had the longest panicle with 31.06 cm and the shortest panicle was measured from Malundiang with 16.63 cm. Ulipapa had the highest 1,000-grain weight of 28.54 g while Manisi got the lowest grain weight of 15.33 g only.  The result of the study showed variation in the agro-morphological characteristics of the indigenous upland rice. Bungulan, Ulipapa, Malundiang, Mubpon, Sinulid and Kawilan have potential agronomic characteristics in improving upland rice production in the IP community. Dinorado, Hinumay, and Azucena have been planted by the local farmers for its desirable grain characteristics and aroma. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijhss.11.2.2

Effect of Land Configuration and Crop Residue – Mulch on Millet Performance in Minna, Savanna of Nigeria

A 2 x 3 factorial experiment was conducted in cropping season at the old Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Technology, Minna, to determine the effect of land configuration and crop residue – mulch on the growth and yield of millet in Minna, Southern guinea savanna zone of Nigeria. It was a randomized complete block design with two types of land configuration (ridge and flat surface) and three mulch application rates (0, 10 and 15 t/ha), replicated three times. Composite soil samples were collected from the experimental site at 0 – 15 and 15 – 30 cm depths prior to the commencement of this study, for the determination of initial soil physicochemical properties. Crop growth parameters measured were plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of tillers per plant and leaf area index at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after planting. Yield indices determined were panicle length and stover yield. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance at 0.05 level of significance, while means separation was done using Duncan’s multiple range test. Findings in this study showed that planting on ridge resulted in taller (P ≤ 0.05) millet plants and a higher number of leaves per plant, a higher number of tillers per plant and higher leaf area index than planting on the flat. Plant height, the number of leaves per plant, the number of tillers per plant, leaf area index, panicle length and stover yield increased with increasing mulch application rates.

SOIL PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND PRODUCTION COMPONENTS OF SUGARCANE CULTIVARS IN CONSERVATIONIST TILLAGE SYSTEMS

Machine traffic and conventional tillage can cause structural degradation of the soil, affecting the physical attributes and, consequently, the production and longevity of the sugarcane field. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production components of sugarcane cultivars (RB965902, RB985476, RB966928, RB855156, RB975201, RB975242, RB036066 and RB855536) and physical attributes of a Dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol) under no-tillage and reduced-tillage systems. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized experimental design in an 8 × 2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates. The soil attributes evaluated were density, total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity and penetration resistance. The production components evaluated were stalk length and diameter, number of tillers (NT), tons of cane per hectare (TCH), sucrose content (Pol), tons of sucrose per hectare (TPH), soluble solids content (Brix), total recoverable sugars (TRS) and plant fiber. Cultivars RB965902, RB966928, RB855156 and RB985476 have productivity and technological attributes that are superior to the other cultivars, whereas these are lower for RB036066 in both soil tillage systems. Cultivars RB966928, RB855156, RB975242 and RB855536 exhibited higher TCH and TPH in the no-tillage system, and all cultivars displayed equal or higher performances than those observed in the reduced-tillage system. In the no-tillage system, which exhibits lower penetration resistance values between wheel tracks and in the subsurface layer of the planting row (0.20–0.40 m), cultivars RB985476 and RB975242 had a higher NT, and RB855156 had higher stalk lengths and NT.

Effects of endophyte infection on the competitive ability of Achnatherum sibiricum depend on endophyte species and nitrogen availability

Abstract Aims The leaves of almost all terrestrial plant species are colonized by endophytic fungi. Compared to agronomic grasses, which usually harbor few endophytes, native grasses generally possess greater endophyte species diversity. Existing studies examining endophyte effects on natural grasses under competition normally considered the infection status (infected or uninfected), and rarely considered endophyte species. Methods We examined the effects of endophyte infection and of endophyte species on the interspecific competitive ability of a subdominant species, Achnatherum sibiricum, at two nitrogen levels (high nitrogen and low nitrogen). Achnatherum sibiricum plants infected by two different species of endophyte (Epichloë sibirica and E. gansuensis) and uninfected plants were grown in monoculture and binary mixtures with a dominant species, Stipa grandis (six individuals per species for monocultures and three + three individuals of each species in mixtures). Shoot and root biomass, tiller number and total phenolic concentration were measured after 3 months. Moreover, the aggressivity index was calculated to compare the competitive ability of A. sibiricum relative to S. grandis. Important Findings Both E. gansuensis (Eg)- and E. sibirica (Es)-infected A. sibiricum plants showed a greater competitive ability than the uninfected plants under high nitrogen supply, while the opposite result occurred under low nitrogen supply. At high nitrogen levels, Eg plants had a higher tiller number and a greater shoot biomass inhibitory effect on S. grandis than Es plants had when growing in mixture, while Es plants showed better root growth performance than Eg and uninfected plants under mixture conditions at all nitrogen levels. A higher concentration of phenolic compounds in Eg plants than in Es plants might contribute to the higher inhibitory effect of Eg plants on competing plants. Our study indicates that the interaction between endophyte infection and nitrogen availability can alter the competitive ability of the host plant A. sibiricum but that these two endophyte species work in different ways, which may influence the coexistence of A. sibiricum with the dominant species.

Respond of vegetative variable of forteen upland rice genotype in dry land of Banyumas and Purbalingga Districts, Central Java

Abstract. Adi EBM, Wibowo H. 2019. Respond of vegetative variable of fourteen rice genotype in dry land of Banyumas and Purbalingga Districts, Central Java. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 5: 77-80. Upland rice is a plant that cultivated in dry land. This condition of cultivation requires tolerance cultivar for drought condition. The performance of vegetative phase can show the ability of plant in cultivated environment. The evaluation of 14 genotype upland rice in two locations there are Banyumas and Purbalingga District with the experimental design Randomized Block Design with four replication, so the unit of experiment consists of fifty-six unit. The research aims to know the adaptation of 14 genotypes in two locations. The result are from twelve genotypes that used in the test the vigor performance is better than Situ Patenggang cultivar as the check, the highest tiller number is G12 in Purbalingga Residences, and the tallest plant height is G1, G3, G8, G11, G4, G10 and G7 from both location. According to vigor and plant height characters is resulted in two genotypes better than the best check Inpago 9 varieties there are G10 and G11, which is suspected able to adapt in these locations.

Suitable Priming for Rice Yield Improvement

Abstract Low yield of rice has made reaching self-sufficiency level in Malaysia elusive. So, Malaysia has become a target of rice exporting countries within and outside Asia. To solve this problem, a pre-sowing seed treatment was used as a physiological intervention to alleviate the impeding problems of achieving better growth and yield of Malaysian rice variety MR219. A glass house experiment, which involved the use of solutions of osmotic salts and plant hormones, was used for this investigation. Data on germination percentages, height, number of tillers and productive tillers, tiller efficiency and yield were taken. In both osmopriming and hormonal priming treatments, the highest number of tillers and productive tillers were from pre-germination. The tallest plants from osmopriming were from 150mM treatment, while 50 ppm GA3 had the tallest in hormonal priming. The highest tiller efficiency for osmopriming was from 150mM and and 200mM sodium chloride, while in hormonal priming it was 200 ppm salicylic acid. For yield per panicle in osmopriming, it was 50mM and 100mM magnesium chloride that had the highest, while in hormonal priming it was 200 ppm methyl jasmonate. Finally, the highest grain yield per hill was produced by 200 ppm methyl jasmonate in hormonal priming, while 50Mm magnesium chloride had the highest yield in osmotic priming. So, it is concluded that the use of 200 ppm methyl jasmonate and 50Mm magnesium chloride could be used as potential hormonal priming and osmopriming, respectively, for yield improvement of MR219 rice in Malaysia.

Assessment of genetic divergence among sugarcane genotypes (Saccharum officinarum L.) based on cane yield and quality traits

A set of 72 genotypes including 5 checks was used to study the extent of genetic divergence based on the different agronomic traits of importance. the divergence analysis based on Mahalanobis d2 grouped 72 genotypes into 9 divergent clusters. the intra-cluster distances were smaller as compared to the inter-cluster distances indicating that genotypes within a cluster are sufficiently divergent from the genotypes of other clusters. The clusters differed with respect to cluster means for different agronomic traits under study. Cluster I and II were characterized by high cane yield, commercial cane sugar and single cane weight. cluster ii and iV had highest number of tillers and number of millable canes. cluster V, Vii and iX were characterized by better quality. only few traits viz. cane yield, number of tillers, number of millable canes and cane length contributed towards the genetic divergence.