High Percentage Of Mortality Research Articles

Hemodynamic optimization protocol using ventricular arterial coupling-guided approach for critically ill patients with septic shock (HEMOVACS)

Background Septic shock is considered as a subset of sepsis in which there is marked cellular and circulatory impairment that is associated with higher mortality. It is important to differentiate septic shock from cardiovascular dysfunction and to recognize the effects of cellular abnormalities. The task force stated that there is an agreement that patients who develop septic shock are predicted to have more severe illness with a higher percentage of mortality than having sepsis alone.Objective To evaluate the use of a hemodynamic optimization protocol using a ventricular arterial coupling-guided approach for critically ill patients with septic shock.Patients and methods This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 100 adult patients who were admitted to the units of the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Alexandria Main University Hospital, with a diagnosis of septic shock requiring mechanical ventilation for 6 months from January 1, to the June 30, 2019.Results The results of this study demonstrated significant hemodynamic improvement for the HEMOVACS group. This was illustrated by an increase in mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output and a decline in serum lactate without an effect on 28-day mortality. The effect of applying the HEMOVACS protocol was preliminarily encouraging, although it was applied for only a single time, at the time of diagnosis.Conclusion Early initiation of this protocol at the time of diagnosing septic shock and for follow-up and monitoring may provide better outcomes for patients with septic shock.

Diversity and fluctuation of cultivable Vibrio bacteria populations in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system of Holothuria scabra, Chanos chanos and Gracillaria sp

Sea cucumber is one of the vital aquaculture commodities in the global market. Progressive demand and limiting the supply of sea cucumber from natural sources drove sea cucumber aquaculture development. An integrated multi-trophic aquaculture system (IMTA) was a polyculture system in aquaculture to improve production by promoting nutrient utilisation through different tropical levels. This system combined sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra), milkfish (Chanos chanos), and seaweed (Gracillaria sp.) in a rearing tank system. Several factors affect the success of IMTA processes, including microorganisms. Microorganisms in the aquaculture environment play a crucial role in elements cycling, energy flow and farmed-species health. Diseases caused by the bacteria, mainly from the Vibrionaceae family, were often chronic than acute and may cause a high mortality percentage. This study aimed to investigate the Vibrio bacterial diversity and fluctuation in the water of IMTA rearing tanks. The result indicated that the Vibrio bacterial diversity from the polyculture system (IMTA) was generally higher than the monoculture system. Vibrio bacteria populations from different culture systems have been found to consist of varied bacterial species. However, the predominant species was the same. The polyculture system is suggested as a sustainable and eco-friendly culture system.

A retrospective analysis of sexually transmitted infections among males presenting to a tertiary care hospital of India.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are one of the most neglected diseases, leading to a high percentage of morbidity and mortality in India. The World Health Organization estimated that 20% of persons living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are in their 20s and one out of twenty adolescents contract an STI each year. The present study was conducted to study the characteristics of the pattern of STI in adult males and study the prevalence of various STIs among them. This retrospective study was conducted by retrieving records of males presenting to STI laboratory of our tertiary care hospital between (April 2018 and December 2019). The patients comprised high-risk group males, approached through nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and slum population visiting the dispensary attached to our institute. The age group of the patient included was between 0 and 85 years. A total of 1023 males presented to our STI laboratory out of which 124 (12.12%) were symptomatic. The most common complaint was urethral irritation seen in 22.5%, followed by discharge in 9.6%. The most common sexually transmitted disease among symptomatic (34/124) as well as asymptomatic (172/899) men was syphilis showing a combined prevalence of 20% (206/1023). Out of 124 symptomatic patients, 29 (23.38%) complained of urethritis due to gonococcal infection. The association between the two was found to be significant (i.e., P < 0.05). STIs are a serious health problem in our country. Approximately 6% of the adult population have one or the other STI amounting to 30-35 million cases per year. An intensive study is the need of the hour which could help clinicians as well as microbiologists to control the spread of these infections.

To Study the Features of the Use of Phytotherapeutic Drug Herba Gnaphalii Uliginosi in Combination with the Main Group of Pharmacological Drugs in the Treatment of Hypertension with Concomitant Angina

The article looks into the spread of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly in Ukraine. It is noted that with the approach of old age with the development of various somatic and mental diseases there are changes in health, changes in the direction of life interests, and changes in social status [6]. It is established that the combination of a group of drugs with a non-medicinal mixture of medicinal herbs gives a positive result in lowering blood pressure, improving heart rate, and clinical performance of the cardiovascular system [13]. Deep dynamic changes–a new phenomen on that is characteristic of our century,have led to a significant "aging" of the population. The aging process largely explains the high percentage of morbidity and mortality (62.5%) from cardiovascular system diseases [16]. Due to the accumulation of several diseases in old age, with a predominantly chronic course and constant exacerbation, the majority of elderly people are in increased demand for medical care. At present, more than half of the patients who see a therapist at the clinic are elderly and senile [7, 11].

Religious paradigms of medieval medicine

It is shown that in the Middle Ages the sanitary and epidemiological state was characterized by the absence of a sewerage and water supply system; complete unsanitary conditions, both in the city as a whole and in individual houses; lack of elementary rules of personal hygiene; a high percentage of infant mortality and almost unceasing epidemics. It is shown that medicine in the Middle Ages was based on the principles of scholasticism, which rejected in principle any scientific discoveries and opposed faith and science, which made its development impossible in principle. The methods of treatment used by medieval medicine were based on gross superstitions, which boiled down to belief in the healing power of amulets and talismans; attributing the influence on human health to the location of the stars; the role of conspiracies and the healing power of crushed stones and minerals. It has been established that the basis of medieval medicine was primarily the teachings and ideas of the medieval church about the immortality of the soul, saints, illness, education, in which rude pagan beliefs and philosophy prevailed, making not only impossible the development of medicine as such, but also leading to mass epidemics, unsanitary conditions, the growth of neuropsychiatric diseases, and decrease of the duration and quality of life of the population.

Late effects of Beauveria bassiana on larval stages of Aedes aegypti Linneo‎, ‎1762‎ (Diptera: Culicidae).

Aedes aegypti is a culicide that has gained relevance over the years due to its ability to transmit various viruses that cause diseases in humans that all the years cause high mortality rates in the world population. The main problem is that Ae. aegypti has managed to establish and maintain a close relationship with humans and their habitat, which is why the search for alternatives to control vector populations becomes imperative. The objective of the present work was to study the effects of two Beauveria bassiana strains on Aedes aegypti. Third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti in 250 mL plastic containers were inoculated with the GHA and NB3 strains at different concentrations (1.5 × 104, 1.5× 105, 1.5 × 106 and 1.5 × 107 conidia/mL). The NB3 strain presented highest mortality values ​​with 63% in the highest concentration i.e., 1.5 × 107, while for the GHA strain the highest mortality value was 30.7% at the same concentration. The results showed significant difference in mortality with respect to the strain and days post treatment (P = 0.0001), but not with respect to the conidial concentration (P = 0.634). The average mortality of larvae per day for the NB3 for different concentrations ranged from 20 to 25 larvae per day, while for the GHA daily mortality ranged from 5 to 12 larvae. In post-treatment mortality, the highest mortality was recorded in the third stage larvae for the NB3, while for GHA the highest percentage mortality was observed in individuals who managed to reach the adult state. The findings of the current research depicted the noteworthy role of B. bassiana for the management of an important vector of human disease.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in children: experience in two hospitals.

The COVID-19 pandemic is the most significant current public health crisis. We conducted a retrospective case series, including patients under 18 years of age admitted to respiratory triage and hospitalized with COVID-19 infection in two hospital centers. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and radiological findings were documented. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For the analysis, patients were classified into three groups: no comorbidities, immunocompromised, and with chronic disease. Fifty-four patients with COVID-19 were identified: 40 (74.1%) were admitted through respiratory triage. Of these, 28 (70%) were hospitalized, and 14 (25.9%) were already in the hospital. In addition, 26 (48.1%) presented comorbidities. A mild clinical course was observed in 14 cases (53.7%). The mean age was 6 years, with an interquartile range from 11 months to 13 years. The male sex was more frequent, representing 59.3%. Fever was the most common symptom in 74% of the patients. Lymphopenia was observed in 28.6%, and 69.3% had elevated C-reactive protein. Ground glass injuries were documented in 30.9% of COVID-19 cases; 11.1% of the patients required mechanical ventilation and vasopressor treatment. Fever was the main symptom, and mild infection was the principal presentation. In hospitalized patients with some comorbidity and COVID-19, the disease was more severe, with a high percentage of mortality.

Effect of Different Organic Substrates on Selected Life History Traits and Nutritional Composition of Black Soldier fly (Hermetia illucens).

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L. [Diptera: Stratiomyidae]) has gained huge popularity in different industrial and commercial sectors because of its excellent potential to treat organic waste and high biomass production. As the industrial application of BSF is expanding at accelerated rates, there is a need to optimize its mass scale production where the organic substrates play a very crucial role in optimal growth and development. The present study deals with the investigation of different life history attributes of BSF such as larval and adult weights, survival, pupation rate, and the development time as the function of different organic substrates [fruits and vegetable mix (T1); wheat bran, soy, and corn meal mix (T2); and the dairy manure (T3)]. The larval, pupal, and adult weights differed across all three treatments (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the survival rate of larvae among T1 and T2 however, T3 differed significantly from T1 and T2. Likewise, the pupation rate and the development time differed significantly between the three treatments. Results indicated that the BSF development was least in dairy manure treatment and therefore, higher percent mortality and higher development time were observed. However, to deal with the problems of waste management and treatment, BSF larvae can be successfully employed for the treatment of any type of waste since it showed significant treatment efficiencies.

TMOD-23. MODELING PEDIATRIC BRAIN CANCER WITH HUMAN ORGANOIDS

Abstract Among children/infant brain tumors, Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common and stands as a cause for a high percentage of morbidity and mortality among patients During the past few years, studies on human MB have uncovered the existence of four major MB groups: WNT, SHH, Group3 and Group4. Patients with Group3 MB currently have the worst outcome among the four groups, and nearly 50% are metastatic at the time of diagnosis. In the last 3 years in our laboratory, we have developed a novel pediatric Medulloblastoma organoid model. We generated human iPSC-derived cancer organoids upon c-MYC/OTX2 and C-MYC/Gfi1 overexpression, mimicking human MB genetic alterations. Furthermore, the use of DNA methylation signature in combination with MB-specific markers analysis indicates that our organoid-based cancer model recapitulates several features of human MB. Now, we are taking advantage of this technology to produce novel brain cancer organoids that we are using to address cancer biology questions.

Study of The Effect of Hot Water Extract of Some Plants on The Alfalfa Weevil Hypera Postica (Gyllenhal, 1813) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The research was conducted in the laboratory of insects in the Faculty of Agriculture/the University of Muthanna about studying the effect of Hot water extract of the pomegranate peels, eucalyptus leaves and basil leaves in different stages (egg, larva, pupa and adult) for Alfalfa Weevil Hypera postica. The results showed that the pomegranate peel extract superiority the percentage of mortality in all the stages used in the experiment over the other plant extracts mentioned above, followed by eucalyptus leaf extract and then basil leaf extract, The results showed that the pomegranate peel extract was effective in controlling the larval stage of the insect, especially st and 2nd larvae instars in addition to the adult stage, the highest percentage of mortality in the larval stage of the insect at the first larval age was (60.0, 46.6 and 26.7%) For all extracts respectively at 1.5 mg/ml after 5 days of treatment. In the pupae stage the highest percentage of mortality was (16.7, 10.0 and 03.3%) at the concentration of 1.5 mg/ml For all extracts respectively. while the effectiveness was very weak in controlling of the eggs and pupa of insect and all extracts. where the highest percentage of mortality in the eggs was at 1.5 mg/ml. It was (20.0, 10.0 and 03.3%) respectively after 7 days of treatment. While The highest mortality rate in adult was (53.3, 40.0 and 16.7%) At 1.5mg/ml for all extracts respectively compared with control treatment (00.0%) for all the insect stages. The plant extracts used in the experiment at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml did not show any effect on the rates of insect death after a day of treatment and for all stages that reaching (00.0%).

Isolation and Identification of The Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus aflatoxiformans Strain and Its Role in Controlling The Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch) عزل وتعريف المسبب المرضي Aspergillus aflatoxiformans ودوره في مکافحة أکاروس العنکبوت الأحمر ذي البقعتين Tetranychus urticae (Koch)

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is the major mite pest infesting many cultivated crops. The fungus, Aspergillus aflatoxiformans Frisvad, Ezekiel, Samson & Houbraken produces aflatoxins where it considered as secondary polyketide metabolites, which cause the death of pests. Therefore, this work aimed to isolate and identify this fungus by amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA, as well as to evaluate the efficiency of this fungus to control T. urticae. Results showed 300bp DNA product corresponding to the omt-A gene. The existence of omt-A gene in A. aflatoxiformans reflected its ability to produce aflatoxin, which may be responsible of mite control. The efficacy of A. aflatoxiformans against T. urticae recorded the highest reduction percentage of eggs hatch at concentration of 1x108 conidia/ml within the 5th and 6th day after exposure. These percentages were 99.42 and 100%, respectively. The highest mortality percentage was recorded on the 4th, 5th and 6th day at higher concentration of 1x108. No eggs and larvae of T. urticae were observed within the 5th and 6th day after treatment at 1x108. There were not observed nymphs at all tested concentrations. Microelectronic photos showed fungal conidia with cluster shaped which were developed at all T. urticae body surface 6 days after treatments at 1x107 and 1x108. Results also confirmed that A. aflatoxiformans could be used successfully to control T. urticae eggs, immature stages and adults. Therefore, this fungus could be involved in any IPM programs of the two-spotted mite.

Response of Meloidogyne javanica to Silver Nanoparticle Liquid from Agricultural Wastes

Plant-parasitic nematodes attack is an important problem on crop production worldwide. Meloidogyne javanica is a potentially damaging pest of several crops. Laboratory studies were conducted to examine the effect of supernatant liquid from the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with agricultural wastes on the survival and hatching of Meloidogyne javanica juveniles and eggs. The experiment consisted of five treatments (carbofuran, corn cobs, rice husk, guinea corn chaff, and distilled water served as control) at three concentrations of 10, 20, and 30%. Each was repeated three times in a complete randomized design. Nematicidal bioassay revealed a consequential (p=0.05) decrease in egg hatch rate in 20 and 30% concentrations of the nanoparticle supernatant liquid. Similarly, percentage mortality increased significantly (p=0.05) in the nano supernatant liquid, with the corncob silver nanoparticle having the highest percentage mortality. These results confirmed that the agricultural waste silver nanoparticle supernatant liquid could be a cost-effective and eco-friendly nematicide.

Reverse Engineering of the Pediatric Sepsis Regulatory Network and Identification of Master Regulators.

Sepsis remains a leading cause of death in ICUs all over the world, with pediatric sepsis accounting for a high percentage of mortality in pediatric ICUs. Its complexity makes it difficult to establish a consensus on genetic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. A promising strategy is to investigate the regulatory mechanisms involved in sepsis progression, but there are few studies regarding gene regulation in sepsis. This work aimed to reconstruct the sepsis regulatory network and identify transcription factors (TFs) driving transcriptional states, which we refer to here as master regulators. We used public gene expression datasets to infer the co-expression network associated with sepsis in a retrospective study. We identified a set of 15 TFs as potential master regulators of pediatric sepsis, which were divided into two main clusters. The first cluster corresponded to TFs with decreased activity in pediatric sepsis, and GATA3 and RORA, as well as other TFs previously implicated in the context of inflammatory response. The second cluster corresponded to TFs with increased activity in pediatric sepsis and was composed of TRIM25, RFX2, and MEF2A, genes not previously described as acting in a coordinated way in pediatric sepsis. Altogether, these results show how a subset of master regulators TF can drive pathological transcriptional states, with implications for sepsis biology and treatment.

EVALUATION OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA COMPLEX AND COCCINELLID PREDATORS AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS OF RICANIA SPECULUM (WALKER, 1851) (HEMIPTERA RICANIIDAE)

Ricania speculum is an alien insect feeding on several host plants belonging to several families, including important vegetables, crops, ornamental plants, wild plants as well as trees. For the first time, recently, Chrysoperla sp. and coccinellid beetles have been observed preying on this species in the field on Citrus sp. and Laurus nobilis plants. The main purposes of this work were to evaluate the possible predation capability of these groups of insects and determine their prey preference in laboratory trials. In the choice trials, R. speculum nymphs were paired in a confined space and exposed for 24h to single predators: Ch. carnea complex and to the coccinellids Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella septempunctata, and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata. Specimens of Aphis rumicis, an aphid frequently found on her baceous plants, were used as a control prey. In the cage trials, a single Ch. carnea complex second-instar larva was placed into a jar containing a tomato plant with ten R. speculum nymphs. In the choice trials, a high mortality percentage of both preys was observed with the Ch. carnea complex, while in those with Coccinellids only high A. rumicis mortality was reported. In the cage trials, 13% mortality of R. speculm was recorded after 24h while after 72h and 168h prey mortalities reached 18% and 25%, respectively. The results of the study showed that larvae of the Ch. carnea complex could be potential predators of R. speculum, while coccinellids do not seem promising predators of this alien species.

Effects of sizes and concentrations of different types of microplastics on bioaccumulation and lethality rate in the green mussel, Perna viridis

Microplastics (MPs) can be defined as small pieces of plastics that are less than five millimetres in diameter. MPs can be consumed and may be accumulated by filter-feeding organisms such as mussels. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the acute effects of different types, sizes and concentrations of artificially synthesized MPs on the mortality rate and MP accumulation of the green mussel Perna viridis. The samples were exposed to 66, 333, 666, and 1333 items/L of small MPs (<30 μm), medium MPs (30–300 μm), and large MPs (300–1000 μm) polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), and polybutylene succinate (PBS) for 96 h. MPs accumulation in the soft tissue of mussels and mortality effects from MPs ingestion were assessed. There was no mortality observed in the control group. Small PP particles can lead to more mortality than PS and PBS particles of the same size. However, medium- and large PS caused a higher mortality percentage than the same size particles of PP and PBS. Large PS, PP, and PBS showed higher mortality potential than other sizes. MPs largely accumulated in the soft tissues rather than in gill tissues following the 96-hour exposure period. Increased accumulation of the three types of MPs was accompanied by an increase in the percentage of mussel mortality. The study highlights how particle size and type are key factors in plastic particulate toxicity.

Study the effect of some plant extracts on biological control of bed bugs Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimacidae).

This research aims to study the effect of some plant extracts on biological control of bed bugs Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimacidae) using the cold aqueous extracts of plant leaves of Eucalyptus camaldelulensis Dehnh, Eruca sativa L. and extracts plant seeds of Melia azaderach L. and Ricinus communis L., the study was conducted in Ishaqi city Salahdin governorate , the results diagnosing bed bugs male Cimex lectularius, . Adult male C. lectularius were maintained in the laboratory at 25 ± 2 ° C and 75 ± 5% relative humidity, cold aqueous extracts of plant seeds, R. communis, caused the highest percentage mortality 92.31% while cold aqueous extracts of plant seeds M. azaderach caused percentage mortality 83.14% as well as the cold aqueous extract leaves E. camaldelulensis caused percentage mortality 78.32% while the cold aqueous extract plant leaves E. sativa showed the lowest percentage mortality of 71.23%a all previous results at the highest concentration of 0.8 mg / ml after 72 hours of treatment. It is clear that the percentage mortality increase with the increase in treatment and the increase in the exposure period of the treatment.

Effect of propolis extract (bee glue) on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) under greenhouse conditions

The pesticide efficacy of propolis (a bee-hive product) was studied on the different stages of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, under greenhouse conditions. Five concentrations of ethanolic extract of propolis 250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm and the control were used in bioassay experiments. Results showed highly significant differences between mortality percentages at all concentrations. The mortality percentage at concentration 250 ppm was calculated for all stages (egg, larva, nymph and adult) after 24 hours which recorded 41.21 ± 0.54, 19.47 ± 0.82, 20.83 ± 0.60, and 44.35 ± 0.47 %, respectively. While the mortality percentages at concentration 250 ppm after 48h for egg, larva, and nymph stages of T. urticae were 62.05 ± 0.16, 50.18 ± 0.28, and 56.03 ± 0.28 %. The high mortality percentage was observed after 72h of treatment of all concentrations and all stages. At concentrations of 1500 and 2000 ppm, the mortality percentage reached its maximum in immature stages, which recorded 95.67 ± 0.47 % in the egg stage. Both larva and nymph stages were 93.86 ± 0.28 and 93.36 ± 0.35% at concentration 1500 ppm. Meanwhile, the concentration of 2000 ppm, the mortality rate was 98.27 ± 0.57% for eggs and 98.25 ± 0.37 and 97.42 ± 0.39% for larva and nymph stages in comparing with the control. Our findings showed that the average value of total phenolic content was 2494.4 µg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g ethanolic bee glue (propolis) extract. The antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay using ascorbic acid as a standard antioxidant. The obtained results exhibited that the ethanolic extract of propolis has a higher scavenging activity (92.99 %) than that of ascorbic acid (87.32 %) at 30 μg/mL.

P-OT020. Profile and mortality rate of cerebrovascular accident in patient with acute myeloid leukemia in dr. Sardjito hospital yogyakarta

Introduction . The incidence of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) patients tends to increase worldwide. AML was 50-fold increase the risk of CVA. In a previous study, CVA patients with AML were found to have significantly higher inpatient mortality. It has serious implications both medically and financially and reduces the patient's quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the CVA profile in AML patients and the incident of mortality. Methods . A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted based on secondary data from the medical records inpatient Dr. Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta from January 2015 until December 2019. Samples were part of the population that fulfilled inclusion criteria. CVA was diagnosed based on clinical examination findings and head computed tomography (CT) scan. Results . There were 31 subjects, consisted of 17 (54.8%) males and 14 (45.2%) females. The mean age was 48 (± 16.72) years old. There were 22 (71%) subjects diagnosed as intracerebral hemorrhage and 9 (29%) as brain infarction. There were 22 (71%) with high leukocytosis and 26 (83%) with very low thrombocyte count. In-hospital mortality in intracerebral hemorrhage subjects were 48.4% (15 of 22) and brain infarction were 19.4% (6 of 9), with the highest percentage of mortality in very low count of thrombocyte (58.1%) and high leukocytosis (51.6%). Conclusion . The most common type of CVA was intracerebral hemorrhage, with higher incidence in middle age because of the highest incidence of AML in that age group. The highest mortality was mostly found in intracerebral hemorrhage and very low count of thrombocyte because of disturbances in intrinsic factors and high leukocytosis, which can lead to leukostasis in the endothelial wall causing rupture of the vessel endothelium.

Larvicidal potential of cell wall degrading enzymes from Trichoderma asperellum against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Aedes aegypti is a mosquito vector of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, zika and yellow fever that cause important public health diseases. The incidence and gravity of these diseases justifies the search for effective measures to reduce the presence of this vector in the environment. Bioinsecticides are an effective alternative method for insect control, with added ecological benefits such as biodegradability. The current study demonstrates that a chitinolytic enzyme complex produced by the fungus Trichoderma asperellum can disrupt cuticle formation in the L3 larvae phase of A. aegypti, suggesting such biolarvicidal action could be used for mosquito control. T. asperellum was exposed to chitin from different sources. This induction of cell wall degrading enzymes, including chitinase, N-acetylglucosaminidase and β-1,3-glucanase. Groups of 20 L3 larvae of A. aegypti were exposed to varying concentrations of chitinolytic enzymes induced with commercial chitin (CWDE) and larvae cell wall degrading enzymes (L-CWDE). After 72 h of exposure to the CWDE, 100% of larvae were killed. The same percent mortality was observed after 48 h of exposure to L-CWDE at half the CWDE enzyme mixture concentration. Exoskeleton deterioration was further observed by scanning and electron microscopy. Our findings indicate that L-CWDE produced by T. asperellum reflect chitinolytic enzymes with greater specificity for L3 larval biomolecules. This specificity is characterized by the high percentage of mortality compared with CWDE treatments and also by abrupt changes in patterns of the cellular structures visualized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. These mixtures of chitinolytic enzymes could be candidates, as adjuvant or synergistic molecules, to replace conventional chemical insecticides currently in use.

Damage potential and control of the common mormon butterfly, Papilio polytes Cramer on citrus

Studies were conducted to know the damage potential and effect of insecticides on leaf area feeding and larval mortality of the common Mormon butterfly, Papilio polytes Cramer in the homestead garden and germplasm center of the Patuakhali Science and Technology University (PSTU) campus and in the laboratory, Department of Entomology, PSTU, Patuakhali, Bangladesh during October to December 2016. Ten Citrus host plants such as Kagoji lime-BAU-1, BAU-2, BAU-3, BAU-4, BARI kagoji, elachi lime, sweet orange, orange, jamir and pumelo were used as study materials. To determine the effects of insecticides on leaf area feeding and larval mortality, five treatments viz., T1 = Voliam flexi 300SC @ 0.5 ml/l of water, T2 = Voliam flexi 300SC @ 1.0 ml/l of water T3 = Bioneem Plus @ 0.5 ml/l of water, T4 = Bioneem Plus @ 1.0 ml/l of water T5 = control were applied. Under natural field conditions, the highest percentage of leaf infestation was recorded in orange, followed by BAU-3, BAU-4, malta and elachi lime, while the lowest percentage was in BARI kagoji on 23 and 30 November, 2016. At the top canopy, the highest percentage of leaf infestation was recorded in orange and elachi (56%), while the lowest was in BAU-4 (8%). At the middle canopy, the highest percentage of leaf infestation was recorded in orange (56%), while the lowest was in jambura (12%). At the lower canopy, the highest percentage of leaf infestation was recorded in BAU-3 (40%), while the lowest was in elachi (8%). At the top canopy, significantly the highest percentage of infested leaves per branch was observed in orange (51.39%) and the lowest percentage of infested leaves per branch was in BAU-4 kagoji lime (10.86%). At middle and lower canopies, no significant difference was observed in the percentage of infested leaves per branch among different citrus varieties. The lowest percentage (6%) of leaf area consumed by 4th instar larva was recorded in T2 (Voliam flexi 300SC @ 1.0 ml/l of water) treated leaf, while the highest percentage of leaf area consumption was found in T5 (control) at 3 HAT. The highest percent mortality (100%) of larvae was found in T2 treated citrus plant, while the lowest percent mortality was in the T3 (70%) treated plant. No mortality was recorded in the untreated control (T5) plant.&#x0D; J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 47(1): 35-46, June 2021