Higher Total Cholesterol Levels Research Articles

#1411 Intrarenal hemodynamics in patients with coronary heart disease in the post-COVID-19 period

Abstract Background and Aims Coronary heart disease (CHD) and obesity are common pathologies in patients who have had COVID-19. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) markers determination has been important in such patients due to the high risk of cardiovascular diseases progression and complications development. THE AIM Assessment of endothelial dysfunction severity in patients with CHD and obesity in the post-COVID-19 period to improve the management of these patients. Method 49 patients were examined, who had COVID-19 a year ago. The first group (n=24) included patients with coronary artery disease in the post-COVID period. The second group (n=25) included patients with CHD and obesity who had COVID-19. We evaluated data from an ultrasound examination of the kidneys with duplex scanning of the renal arteries (resistance index (RI), pulsation index (PI)). We also studied the medical history, performed an objective examination, the results of a biochemical blood test, albuminuria levels. Results We demonstrated higher RI and PI of interlobar, segmental arteries in persons of the second group. An increase in RI and PI of segmental arteries accompanied by an increase in uric acid (p=0.001). The average level of microalbuminuria in the first group was 15.71 ± 4.51 μg/l, in the second group it was 24.38 ± 5.38 μg/l (p=0.110). Increasing glucose levels accompanied by an elevation of C-reactive protein levels. Obese patients had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins than patients in the first group. Conclusion We observed changes in lipid metabolism, a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus in females, and changes in intrarenal hemodynamic parameters associated with uric acid levels in patients with coronary heart disease and obesity in the post-COVID-19 period.

Association between infertility and risk of cardiovascular diseases in young women

Scientists and medical experts are beginning to understand the significant role that a woman’s past reproductive experiences play in her potential risk of developing heart disease. Reproductive history is seldom considered when assessing the cardiovascular risk. Infertility, high blood pressure, and hypertension are risk factors for heart disease. Additional analyses were conducted to determine whether the apparent increase in risk could be influenced by other risk factors associated with infertility such as irregular menstruation, thyroid conditions, and waist circumference. This study aimed to investigate the association between cardiovascular risk and infertility in women and those who are fertile. The objectives of this study were to estimate the levels of serum creatinine kinase (MB) in both infertile and fertile control groups, as well as to estimate the LDL and HDL levels in the same groups. The study group comprised 78 participants, of which 39 were fertile and 39 were infertile. CK (MB), HDL, LDL, Uric acid, and high sensitivity C reactive Protein (hs-CRP) levels were analyzed. In this study, we discuss how infertility may share common pathways with cardiovascular diseases. Numerous mechanisms may be involved in mediating infertility, including ovulatory abnormalities, endometriosis, and uterine fibroids. For example, in addition to having lower HDL levels, women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are more likely to have higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL. PCOS patients typically exhibit elevated UA levels and hyperuricemia, which are commonly associated with increased androgen levels.

Anti-dyslipidemic and cardio-protective effects of dietary <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> leaves in monosodium glutamate intoxicated high fat diet fed Wistar rats

The study evaluated the proximate analysis, anti- dyslipidemic and cardioprotective effects of dietary incorporated Vernonia amygdalina (VA) leaves in Monosodium glutamate (MSG) intoxicated High fat diet (HFD) fed Wistar rats. The proximate analysis of the leaves revealed the highest ash and carbohydrate content in the control (basal) diet, highest protein, crude fibre and moisture content in the 10% VA incorporated HFD and the highest crude fat in the HFD only group. Dietary incorporation of VA in HFD reversed the trend of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia observed in experimental animals after chronic MSG, HFD and MSG + HFD administration. At the end of week 8, HFD only group produced a higher level of total cholesterol and triglyceride when compared to the basal control diet group and the MSG only group while the 10% VA HFD group produced the greatest reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride from week 9 – week 12. Possible mechanisms include the presence of crude fibers which binds to bile acids reducing the absorption of cholesterol. Histopathology studies of the myocardial tissues at the end of the study revealed in the MSG + HFD group signs of a marked diffused edema of the myocardium which was absent in the MSG only and HFD only groups while 5% and 10% VA incorporated HFD and the standard drug Orlistat 10 mg/kg failed to reverse the observed toxicity. Conclusion: Dietary VA reversed lipid derangement observed but failed to reverse myocardial histopathologies after chronic MSG + HFD administration and could be used as an adjunct for the treatment of obesity.

Dyslipidemia among adult HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy and its association with age and body mass index in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Dyslipidemia is a common public health problem in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are receiving antiretroviral therapy and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Although evidence indicates that the prevalence of dyslipidemia is high, estimated pooled data are not well documented. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of dyslipidemia in adult people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. The following databases and grey literature were searched: PubMed, WorldCat, ScienceDirect, DOAG, African Journals Online, Google Scholar, and African Index Medicine. We included all comparative epidemiological studies that reported the prevalence of high concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein, and low concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol that were published between January 2003 and July 2023. The random effects model was used to pool the outcome of interest. Additionally, subgrouping, sensitivity analyses, and funnel plots were performed. R software Version 4.2.1 was used for statistical analysis. Seventeen studies with a total of 3929 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of dyslipidemia, high total cholesterol, high triglyceride, elevated level of low density lipoprotein and low level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol were 69.32% (95% CI: 63.33, 74.72), 39.78% (95%CI: 32.12, 47.96), 40.32% (95%CI: 34.56, 46.36), 28.58% (95%CI: 21.81, 36.46), and 36.17% (95%CI: 28.82, 44.24), respectively. Age and body mass index were associated with high total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The authors concluded that the prevalence of dyslipidemia in Ethiopia is high in people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy. Early detection of dyslipidemia and its integration into treatment are essential for preventing cardiovascular disease. Protocol registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023440125).

Causal relationship between dyslipidemia and risk of facial aging: Insights from Mendelian randomization in East Asian populations.

Emerging observational studies showed an association between dyslipidemia and aging. However, it remains unclear whether this association is causal, particularly in the case of Asians, which are aging more rapidly than other continents. Given the visible manifestations of aging often include changes in facial appearance, the objective of this study is to assess the causal relationship between dyslipidemia and facial aging in East Asian populations. SNPs related to dyslipidemia in East Asian people such as Total cholesterol (TC), High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), Low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and Triglyceride (TG) along with outcomes data on facial aging, were extracted from public genome-wide association studies (GWAS). A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was then performed using publicly available GWAS data to investigate the potential causal relationship. The effect estimates were primarily calculated using the fixed-effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. Totally, 88 SNPs related to HDL among 70657 East Asian participants in GWAS. Based on the primary causal effects model using MR analyses with the IVW method, high HDL level was demonstrated as significantly related to the risk of facial aging (OR, 1.060; 95% CI, 1.005-1.119, p=0.034), while high TC level (OR, 0.995; 95% CI, 0.920-1.076, p=0.903), high LDL level (OR, 0.980, 95% CI, 0.924-1.041, p=0.515), as well as high TG level (OR, 0.999, 95% CI, 0.932-1.071, p=0.974), showed no significant correlation with facial aging. The two-sample MR analysis conducted in this study revealed a positive causal relationship between high HDL levels and facial aging. In contrast, facial aging demonstrated no significant correlation with high levels of TC, LDL, or TG. Further large-sample prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and to provide appropriate recommendations regarding nutrition management to delay the aging process among old patients in East Asia.

The role of BMI, serum lipid profile molecules and their derivative indexes in colorectal polyps

Abstract Objectives To investigate the role of body mass index (BMI), serum lipid profile molecules and their derivative indexes in colorectal polyps. Methods A total of 352 individuals who underwent colonoscopy at our center were included in this retrospective analysis. Of these, 247 patients without evident abnormalities (control group), while 105 patients diagnosed with colorectal polyps (patient group). Serum lipid profile molecules and their derivative indexes were then compared between the two groups. Results The patient group exhibited significantly higher levels of total cholesterol (TC) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) compared to the control group (p<0.05). In males, the patient group displayed elevated levels of ApoB and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio compared to the control group (p<0.05). Additionally, the triglycerides (TG) and TG/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratios were significantly higher in the multiple polyps group than in the single polyp group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the HDL-C and HDL-C/ApoA1 ratio levels were higher in the adenomatous polyp group when compared to the non-adenomatous polyp group (p<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that total cholesterol (TC), TG, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), TC/HDL-C ratio, TG/HDL-C ratio and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were risk factors for the occurrence of colorectal polyps (p<0.05). ROC curve analyses revealed that TC, ApoB, and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio were associated with colorectal polyps. No significant difference in BMI between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusions The incidence and progression of colorectal polyps are linked to serum lipid molecules and their derivative indexes. Dyslipidemia may increase the risk of colorectal polyps, potentially leading to colorectal cancer (CRC).

The underlying mechanisms by which Post-Traumatic Growth is associated with cardiovascular health in male UK military personnel: The ADVANCE cohort study.

Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) is associated with good cardiovascular health, but the mechanisms of this are poorly understood. This cross-sectional analysis assessed whether factors of PTG (Appreciation of Life (AOL), New Possibilities (NP), Personal Strength (PS), Relating to Others (RTO) and Spiritual Change (SC)) are associated with cardiovascular health in a cohort of 1006 male UK military personnel (median age 34). The findings suggest AOL, PS and RTO are associated with better cardiovascular health through cardiometabolic effects (lower levels of triglycerides, and total cholesterol) and haemodynamic functioning (lower diastolic blood pressure), but not inflammation. However, NP and SC were associated with poorer cardiovascular health through cardiometabolic effects (lower levels of high-density lipoproteins and higher levels of total cholesterol) and AOL had a non-linear association with low-density lipoproteins. These findings suggest that the relationship between PTG and cardiovascular functioning is complex and in need of further scrutiny.

Relationship of serum total cholesterol and triglyceride with risk of mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a multicenter prospective cohort study

Objective The relationship between serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients remains inconsistent. We aimed to explore the individual and combined association of TC and TG levels with the risk of mortality in Chinese MHD patients. Methods 1036 MHD patients were enrolled in this multicenter, prospective cohort study. The serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were measured at baseline. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality and secondary outcome was cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Results During a median follow-up duration of 4.4 years (IQR= 2.0–7.9 years), 549 (53.0%) patients died, and 297 (28.7%) deaths were attributed to CVD. Compared with patients with TC levels in the first three quartiles (<182.5 mg/dL), a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality was found in participants with TC in the fourth quartile (hazard ratio [HR], 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–1.76). However, a significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality was observed in participants with TG in the fourth quartile (≥193.9 mg/dL) (HR, 0.78; 95%CI: 0.63–0.98), compared with participants with TG in the first three quartiles. Similar trends were observed in CVD mortality. When analyzed jointly, patients with lower TC (<182.5 mg/dL) and higher TG (≥193.9 mg/dL) levels had the lowest risk of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality. Conclusions: In MHD patients in southern China, higher TC levels were associated with higher risk of mortality, while higher TG levels were related to lower risk of mortality. Patients with lower TC and higher TG levels had the best survival prognosis.

Unravelling genetic architecture of circulatory amino acid levels, and their effect on risk of complex disorders.

Variations in serum amino acid levels are linked to a multitude of complex disorders. We report the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) on nine serum amino acids in theUK Biobank participants (117944, European descent). We identified 34 genomic loci for circulatory levels of alanine, 48 loci for glutamine, 44 loci for glycine, 16 loci for histidine, 11 loci for isoleucine, 19 loci for leucine, 9 loci for phenylalanine, 32 loci for tyrosine and 20 loci for valine. Our gene-based analysis mapped 46-293 genes associated with serum amino acids, including MIP,GLS2, SLCgene family, GCKR, LMO1, CPS1and COBLL1.The gene-property analysis across 30 tissues highlighted enriched expression of the identified genes in liver tissues for all studied amino acids, except for isoleucine and valine, in muscle tissues for serum alanine and glycine, in adrenal gland tissues for serum isoleucine and leucine, and in pancreatic tissues for serum phenylalanine. Mendelian randomization (MR) phenome-wide association studyanalysis and subsequent two-sample MR analysis provided evidence that every standard deviation increase in valine is associated with 35% higher risk of type 2 diabetes and elevated levels of serum alanine and branched-chain amino acidswith higher levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride andlow-density lipoprotein, and lower levels ofhigh-density lipoprotein. In contrast to reports by observational studies, MR analysis did not support a causal association between studied amino acids and coronary artery disease, Alzheimer's disease, breast canceror prostate cancer. In conclusion, we explored the genetic architecture of serum amino acids and provided evidence supporting a causal role of amino acids in cardiometabolic health.

Prevalence and related factors of first-time suicide attempts in the past 14 days in Chinese adult patients with first-episode drug-naïve major depressive disorder.

This study aimed to identify socio-demographic, physiologic, and psychologic related factors of the first-time suicide attempt (FSA) in the past 14 days in Chinese adult patients with first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) major depressive disorder (MDD). A total of 1718 adult patients with FEDN MDD were enrolled in this cross-sectional survey. Depression, anxiety symptoms, and suicide attempts were assessed. Additionally, biological samples were collected and measured, while Logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the risk factors for FSA in the past 14 days among FEDN MDD patients. Among suicide attempters, 12.11% (208 out of 1718) reported experiencing FSA in the past 14 days. Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for FSA included more severe anxiety symptoms (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.28-1.48, p<0.001), higher levels of total cholesterol (TC) (OR=1.42, 95%CI: 1.13-1.77, p=0.003), and elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (OR=1.13, 95%CI: 1.03-1.25, p=0.01). The regression model exhibited good discriminatory power for FSA with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82. FEDN MDD patients with more severe anxiety and higher levels of TSH and TC are more likely to develop FSA in the past 14 days. These factors are risk factors for short-term (in the past 14 days) FSA and may serve as indicators for early intervention.

Increased carotid intima-media thickness and cardiometabolic risk factors are associated with IL-6 gene polymorphisms in Mexican individuals: The Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease Mexican study.

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a cytokine implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. This study aimed to determine the association of three IL-6 gene polymorphisms with increased carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and cardiometabolic risk factors. Three IL-6 polymorphisms (rs1800795, rs2069827, and rs1800796) were analyzed in 178 individuals with increased CIMT (CIMT ≥75th percentile) and 906 individuals without increased CIMT (CIMT <75th percentile). Logistic regression, adjusted for confounding variables, was employed to assess the associations. The rs1800796 polymorphism was significantly associated with an elevated risk of increased CIMT (OR = 1.354, Padditive = 0.016; OR = 1.803, Precessive = 0.014; OR = 1.989, Pcodominant2 = 0.008). One haplotype (GCG) correlated with a higher risk of increased CIMT (OR = 1.288; P = 0.008), while another (GGG) demonstrated a reduced risk (OR = 0.773; P = 0.006). In individuals without increased CIMT, the rs2069827 polymorphism was associated with low risks of central obesity, hypoalphalipoproteinemia, and a low risk of presenting with high levels of total cholesterol (TC), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) /HDL-C index, apolipoprotein B, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. The rs1800796 polymorphism was associated with a low risk of adipose tissue insulin resistance, and the rs1800795 was associated with a minimal risk of central obesity and hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Among those with increased CIMT, the rs2069827 was associated with low risks of central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, metabolic syndrome, and a high triglyceride (TG)/HDL-C index, while rs1800796 was associated with a low risk of fatty liver. Similar IL-6 concentrations were observed in both individuals with and without increased CIMT. In conclusion, the rs1800796 polymorphism is associated with increased CIMT, while the rs2069827 and rs1800795 are linked to cardiovascular risk factors.

EXPLORING LIPID VARIATIONS IN UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD ACROSS DIFFERENT DELIVERY MODES

Objective: The mode of delivery (vaginal or cesarean) may affect the lipid profile of the newborn, which has implications for their future health. Methods: The study included 150 mothers who gave birth vaginally and 50 mothers who underwent elective cesarean sections. All mothers were aged between 21 and 44 years. The main outcome measures were the serum lipid levels of umbilical cord blood of newborns. The lipid levels included total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-D), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C). The study compared the obstetric variables and the serum lipid levels between the two groups of mothers. Results: The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of maternal age, neonatal weight, gestational duration, placental weight, and neonatal gender distribution. The newborns delivered by normal vaginal delivery had higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, VLDL-D, and LDL-C than those delivered by cesarean section, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: This study suggests that the mode of delivery does not have a significant impact on umbilical cord serum lipid levels. However, the sample size was small, and the results may not be generalizable to other populations.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Atherosclerotic Plaque and Stenosis in Renal Arteries: A Community-Based Study.

The epidemiology of renal artery atherosclerosis in community populations is poorly documented. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of renal artery plaque (RAP) and atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS), and the association of plaque and stenosis with vascular risk factors and kidney disease markers among community-dwelling adults. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the Polyvascular Evaluation for Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Events (PRECISE) study. RAP and ARAS were evaluated by thoracoabdominal computed tomography angiography. A total of 3045 adults aged 50-75years were included. The prevalence of RAP and ARAS was 28.7% and 4.8%, respectively. The prevalence of RAP and ARAS was 41.3% and 7.7% in individuals aged ≥60years, 42.9% and 8.7% in hypertensives, and 45.4% and 8.5% in individuals with chronic kidney disease. Older age, hypertension, higher total cholesterol level, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level were independently associated with RAP and ARAS. A higher urinary albumin-creatinine ratio was independently associated with RAP, whereas a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate was independently associated with ARAS. In conclusion, there was a non-negligible prevalence of RAP and ARAS among the older, community population in China.

Prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of familial hypercholesterolemia in Chinese Han patients with acute coronary syndrome after a coronary event: a retrospective observational study

BackgroundFamilial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal semi-dominant disease, characterized by markedly elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) from conception and accelerated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, often resulting in early death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clinically defined FH in Chinese Han patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and compare the long-term prognosis of ACS patients with and without FH receiving lipid-lowering therapy containing statins after a coronary event.MethodsAll ACS patients were screened at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University between Jan 2019 and Sep 2020, and 531 participants were enrolled. All were examined for FH under the Dutch Lipid Clinical Network (DLCN) criteria, and those patients were divided into definite/probable FH, possible FH and unlikely FH. The severity of coronary artery disease was evaluated by the Gensini scoring system. Plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), very low-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (VLDL-c), apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), apolipoprotein B (apoB) and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) were determined centrally at baseline and the last follow-up visit in the fasting state. The non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c) concentration, the TC/HDL-c and apoB/apoA1 ratios were calculated. After FH patients received lipid-lowering treatment containing statin, the target LDL-c levels recommended by the guidelines (LDL-c < 1.8 mmol/L or < 1.4 mmol/L and a reduction > 50% from baseline) were evaluated, and the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) during the 12-month follow-up was recorded.ResultsThe prevalence of clinically definite or probable FH was 4.3%, and the prevalence of possible FH was 10.6%. Compared with the unlikely FH patients with ACS, the FH patients had higher levels of TC, LDL-c, apoB, Lp(a), non-HDL-c, TC/HDL-c and apoB/apoA1 ratio, more severe coronary artery diseases and greater prevalence of left main and triple or multiple vessel lesions. After lipid-lowering therapy containing statins, a minority of FH patients reached the target LDL-c levels defined by the guidelines (χ2 = 33.527, P < 0.001). During the 12-month follow-up, a total of 72 patients experienced MACCE. The survival curve in patients in the FH group was significantly lower than that in the unlikely FH group (HR = 1.530, log-rank test: P < 0.05). Furthermore, the survival curve in patients with high LDL-c (≥ 1.8 mmol/L) was significantly lower than that in patients with low LDL-c (< 1.8 mmol/L) at the 12-month follow-up visit (HR = 1.394, log-rank test: P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between patients with LDL-c levels ≥ 1.4 mmol/L and with < 1.4 mmol/L at the 12-month follow-up visit by using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis (HR = 1.282, log-rank test: P > 0.05).ConclusionsFH was an independent risk factor for MACCE in adult patients after a coronary event during long-term follow-up. However, there was inadequate high-intensity statins prescriptions for high-risk patients in this current study. It is important for FH patients to optimize lipid-lowering treatment strategies to reach the target LDL-c level to improve the long-term prognosis of clinical outcomes.

Association between exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and levels of lipid profile based on human studies.

Epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is associated with lipid profile levels, but with inconsistent conclusions from different studies. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of the relationship between PFAS exposure and lipid profile levels based on population-based epidemiological studies. Embase, PubMed, Ovid database, The Cochrane Library and Web of Science database were used to search appropriate studies (before September 6, 2022) on the correlation between PFAS exposure and lipid profile levels. βvalue, odd ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted from studies. In this study, we found that higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were associated with exposure to perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) (βvalue=0.13, 95 % CIs: 0.02, 0.24) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) (β value=0.13, 95 % CIs: 0.04, 0.21). PFOA, PFOS and PFNA exposure were significantly related to the higher levels of total cholesterol (TC) with the pooled effect estimates of 0.08 (95 % CI: 0.02, 0.14), 0.13 (95 % CI: 0.05, 0.21) and 0.14 (95 % CI: 0.08, 0.20) respectively. In sum, our results identified that PFOA, PFOS, PFNA and PFUnDA were the most important risk factors for abnormal levels of lipid profile, indicating that we should prevent cerebrovascular disease by reducing and controlling PFAS exposure.

Lipoprotein Ratios: Correlation With Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Among Thyroid Disorders' Patients.

Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus are prevalent conditions in the modern era. Moreover, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the established (prognostic as well as diagnostic) marker for long-term glycemic control, whereas the lipid profile is the marker for cardiovascular risks. The association of hypothyroidism with dyslipidemia is also a well-established fact. The current study explores a correlation between thyroid profile, glycemic status, and various lipoprotein indices. To look for an association between thyroid profile, glycemic status, and various lipoprotein indices. The cross-sectional study conducted at AIIMS Gorakhpur included a total of 108 subjects, with 37 normal subjects (Group I) and 71 patients) with T2DM (Type-2 diabetes mellitus) (Group II). Baseline characteristics of the two groups were compared for age, sex, presence of hypertension, fasting blood glucose, and body mass index (BMI). Blood samples were collected from the patients. The sera were analyzed for HbA1c and lipid profile, which included total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Serum samples were also used to estimate the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and triiodothyronine (fT3). The association between thyroid profile, glycemic status, and various lipoprotein indices was calculated. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality of the data. Spearmann correlation was used for nonparametric data. There were significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C levels in T2DM subjectsthan in non-diabetic subjects. There was also a significant positive correlation observed between TSH and TC among the normal control group (ρ =0.348, P=0.04). Similarly, significant positive correlations were found for TG (ρ =0.354, P=0.04) and LDL-C (ρ =0.431, P=0.03) among non-diabetic subjects. Among patients with T2DM, TSH was significantly correlated positively with TG (ρ =0.530, P=0.006) and LDL-C (ρ =0.443, P=0.03). Similarly, in the same group, among lipid ratios, TG/HDL-C (ρ =0.311, P=0.04) and LDL-C/HDL-C (ρ =0.227, P=0.05) were significantly correlated to TSH. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between TSH and HbA1c (ρ =0.301, P=0.04). fT3 was found to have a strong negative correlation with HbA1c among patients with T2DM (ρ =-0.454, P=0.02). Thyroid disorders exert significant effects on glycemic control and lipid metabolism, which may impact HbA1c levels and lipid profile parameters.

Dyslipidemia: A risk factor for cataract.

Objective: To determine lipid profile in patients of age-related cataract and compared them with age-matched controls. Study Design: Case Control study. Setting: Naseer Memorial Hospital, Dadyal. Period: January 2022 to December 2022. Material &amp; Methods: A total of 300 patients were recruited using a consecutive non-probability sampling method and divided in two groups, one control and the other having cataract. The patients underwent a thorough ocular assessment and lipid profile evaluation. Inclusion criteria was age 40 years or older of any gender having senile cataracts of any morphological form. Exclusion criteria was history of ocular trauma, systemic disease, ocular surgery, oral steroids or cataract other than senile cause. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. The results showed that patients with senile cataracts had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol, and significantly lower levels of HDL cholesterol than the controls. The collected data was entered in the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21 for analysis. Independent t test was applied and p value ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: It was found that patients with senile cataracts had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL and significantly lower levels of HDL than the age-matched controls. Conclusion: The findings suggested that dyslipidemia is a modifiable risk factor for age-related cataract.

THE EFFECT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA ON THE INCIDENCE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN WOMEN

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the non-communicable diseases that causes the highest mortality in the world. Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for CHD. This study aims to determine the relationship of dyslipidemia in detail including increased cholesterol, increased triglycerides, increased LDL cholesterol and decreased HDL cholesterol on the incidence of CHD in women at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Yogyakarta. This study used a case-control design involving 58 women as research subjects. The case group consisted of 29 women diagnosed with CHD and the control group consisted of 29 women diagnosed as non-CHD patients, including chronic lung disease, pneumonia, heart failure, dyspepsia and malignancy. Data tracing through medical records was carried out in March-September 2019. The results of this study the age range in the case group was 45-84 years and in the control group was 42-90 years. Based on the Chi-Square test, there was a significant relationship between dyslipidemia (RO = 7.04 (1.73-28.6), p = 0.003), high total cholesterol levels (RO = 5.14 (1.54-17.2), p = 0.012), high LDL cholesterol levels (RO = 9.286 (2.29-37.6), p = 0.001) and the incidence of CHD in women. From the Chi-Square test there was no significant relationship between high triglyceride levels (OR=2.16 (CI:0.62-7.49), p=0.358), low HDL cholesterol levels (RO=2,554 (0.83-7.84), p=0.167) and CHD incidence in women. The conclusion of this study is the effect of dyslipidemia including increased cholesterol and LDL cholesterol on the incidence of CHD in women at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Yogyakarta.

Impact of smoking on Galectin-3 and GDF-15 among pregnant women

In order to shed an understanding of the complicated mechanisms behind the health implications of tobacco use during pregnancy, this study examines the complex interplay between smoking and pregnancy on the levels of the biomarkers Galectin-3 and GDF-15, and to provide a comprehensive analysis, facilitating a deeper understanding and offering potential pathways for targeted interventions to mitigate health risks. Pregnant smokers had higher levels of hemoglobin and white blood cell counts, while both pregnant groups had lower platelet counts. Additionally, pregnant smokers had higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, liver enzymes (ALT and AST), and C-reactive protein. These significant changes in hematological and metabolic parameters were found in a cross-sectional analysis involving 90 female participants who were divided into three groups: pregnant smokers, pregnant non-smokers, and non-pregnant non-smokers. Although there were slight variations in the levels of GDF-15 and Galectin-3 between the groups, they did not reach statistical significance. These results highlight the extensive and harmful metabolic alterations brought on by smoking during pregnancy, highlighting the need for focused actions to protect the health of both the mother and the fetus even in the face of largely stable biomarker levels.

Cardiovascular risk factors in Pakistan: Current trends

To ascertain the prevalence of major cardiovascular dangerous aspects in a Pakistani community, we conducted case-control research. This research enrolled a total of 825 patients (550 man and 275 women) and 784 control participants (436 men and 258 women). We included patients who had a history of coronary artery disease. Using pre-established criteria, we evaluated significant risk variables such as age, hypertension, body mass index, and dyslipidemia. The student’s t test was used to compare the biochemical and clinical markers between controls and patients. We noticed that the patient group had greater cardiovascular disease risk factors than the controls did (P&lt;0.06). In comparison to men, women in the entire study group had higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.02, 0.03, and 0.03, respectively). In patients when compared to man, all risk variables in the patient group were considerably greater and more common in women (P&lt;0.06). To investigate the effects of these risk variables separately, the study population was also examined in relation to smoking status and body mass index. Blood pressure and cholesterol levels were considerably higher in smokers and study participants with a higher body mass index in the current study; the risk factor of age was also examined. Among the three age groups (46, 47–56, and 57 years), people under 46 had the highest levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. In summary, the current study shows a greater tendency for cardiovascular disease risk factors at a younger age, with a preponderance of women. The most noticeable dangerous aspects are dyslipidemia and hypertension.