Higher Serum Triglyceride Levels Research Articles

Role of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 in hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes.

In diabetes, the impairment of insulin secretion and insulin resistance contribute to hypertriglyceridemia, as the enzymatic activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) depends on insulin action. The transport of LPL to endothelial cells and its enzymatic activity are maintained by the formation of lipolytic complex depending on the multiple positive (glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 [GPIHBP1], apolipoprotein C-II [APOC2], APOA5, heparan sulfate proteoglycan [HSPG], lipase maturation factor 1 [LFM1] and sel-1 suppressor of lin-12-like [SEL1L]) and negative regulators (APOC1, APOC3, angiopoietin-like proteins [ANGPTL]3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8). Among the regulators, GPIHBP1 is a crucial molecule for the translocation of LPL from parenchymal cells to the luminal surface of capillary endothelial cells, and maintenance of lipolytic activity; that is, hydrolyzation of triglyceride into free fatty acids and monoglyceride, and conversion from chylomicron to chylomicron remnant in the exogenous pathway and from very low-density lipoprotein to low-density lipoprotein in the endogenous pathway. The null mutation of GPIHBP1 causes severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis, and GPIGBP1 autoantibody syndrome also causes severe hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the elevated serum triglyceride levels negatively correlate with circulating LPL levels, and positively with circulating APOC1, APOC3, ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 levels. In contrast, circulating GPIHBP1 levels are not altered in type 2 diabetes patients with higher serum triglyceride levels, whereas they are elevated in type 2 diabetes patients with diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. The circulating regulators of lipolytic complex might be new biomarkers for lipid and glucose metabolism, and diabetic vascular complications.

EVALUATION OF COMBINED EFFECT ON ANTIHYPERLIPIDAEMIC ACTIVITY OF MADHUCA LONGIFOLIA AND BUTEA MONOSPERMA L. IN TRITON WR-1339 INDUCED HYPERLIPIDAEMIC RATS

The use of herbal remedies in India has a long history for various medical conditions. High serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations, and a decline in high-density lipoprotein are the main risk factors for coronary heart disease. It has been observed that Butea monosperma L. flower extract and Madhuca longifolia bark extract have been used traditionally to treat hyperglycaemia and related hyperlipidaemia. The evolution of atherosclerotic plaques and coronary artery disease are known to be accelerated by hyperlipidaemia. In the current study, hyperlipidaemic rats were used as a model to examine the potential antihyperlipidemic effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of Butea monosperma L. flowers (HA-BM) and Madhuca longifolia bark (HA-ML). Triton WR 1339 (400 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) once to rats to cause hyperlipidaemia, which resulted in rats with persistently high serum levels of triglycerides and cholesterol. The combined dose of HA-BM (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/day) and HA-ML (250, 500 and 750 mg/kg/day) at a ratio of 1:1 was given to normal and hyperlipidaemic rats. Serum and liver tissue were analysed for lipid profile, and the activity was compared to the cholesterol-lowering drug, atorvastatin (10 mg/kg). From the above study, it could be concluded that a combined dose of an extract of Butea monosperma L. and Madhuca longifolia not only resulted in a significant reduction in cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL level but also increased the HDL level, which is good for health.

Ability of high fat diet to induce liver pathology correlates with the level of linoleic acid and Vitamin E in the diet.

Increased uptake of fat, such as through the ingestion of high fat diet (HFD), can lead to fatty liver diseases and metabolic syndrome. It is not clear whether certain fatty acids may be more pathogenic than others to the liver. Linoleic acid (LA) is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in the Western diet and its excessive consumption can lead to increased lipid peroxidation. We hypothesized that a high level of LA in HFD will contribute significantly to the hepatic steatosis and injury, whereas vitamin E (VIT-E) may reverse the effects from LA by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. To test this hypothesis, we fed mice with the following diets for 20 weeks: a standard low-fat diet (CHOW), HFD with a low level of LA (LOW-LA, 1% of energy from LA), HFD with a high level of LA (HI-LA, 8% of energy from LA), or HI-LA diet with VIT-E supplement (HI-LA + VIT-E). We found that the HI-LA diet resulted in more body weight gain, larger adipocyte area, and higher serum levels of triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) relative to the CHOW and LOW-LA diets. In mice fed with the HI-LA diet, severer hepatic steatosis was seen with higher levels of hepatic TG and FFA. Expression of genes related to lipid metabolism was altered in the liver by HI-LA diet, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21), cluster of differentiation 36 (Cd36), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1), and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1). Liver injury, inflammation and fibrotic response were all enhanced in mice fed with the HI-LA diet when compared with the LOW-LA diet. Notably, addition of VIT-E supplement, which restores the proper VIT-E/PUFA ratio, significantly reduced the detrimental effects of the high level of LA. Taken together, our results suggest that a high level of LA and a low ratio of VIT-E/PUFA in HFD can contribute significantly to metabolic abnormalities and hepatic injury.

SERUM ACID URIC AND HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA AND CAROTID PLAQUES: A SUB-ANALYSIS OF THE URIC ACID RIGHT FOR HEART HEALTH (URRAH) STUDY

Objective: High levels of serum uric acid (SUA) and triglycerides (TG) might promote high-cardiovascular risk phenotypes, including subclinical atherosclerosis. An interaction between plaques Xanthine Oxidase (XO) expression, SUA, and HDL-C has been recently postulated Design and method: N = 6211 patients from the URic acid Right for heArt Health (URRAH) study with carotid ultrasound and without previous cardiovascular diseases (CVD), followed over 20 years, were included in the analysis. Hypertriglyceridemia (hTG) was defined as TG > = 150 mg/dL. Higher levels of SUA (hSUA) were defined as > = 5.6 mg/dL in men and 5.1 mg/dl in women Results: A carotid plaque was identified in 1742 subjects (28 %). SUA and TG predicted carotid plaque (HR 1.09 [1.04 - 1.27], p < 0.001 and HR 1.25 [1.09 - 1.45], p < 0.001) in the whole population, independently of age, sex, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, HDL and LDL cholesterol and treatment. Four different groups were identified (normal SUA and TG, hSUA and normal TG, normal SUA and hTG, hSUA and hTG). The prevalence of plaque was progressively greater in subjects with normal SUA and TG (23%), hSUA and normal TG (31%), normal SUA and hTG (34%), hSUA and hTG (38%) chisquare 0,0001) Logistic regression analysis showed that hSUA and normal TG [HR 1.159 (1.002 to 1,341); P = 0.001], normal SUA and hTG [HR 1. 305 (1.057 to 1.611); P = 0.001], and the combination of hUA and hTG [HR 1. 539 (1.274 to 1.859); P = 0.001], were associated with a higher risk of plaque Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that SUA is independently associated with the presence of carotid plaque and suggest that the combination of hyperuricemia and hypertriglyceridemia is a stronger determinant of carotid plaque than hSUA or hTG taken as single wisk factors. The association between SUA and CVD events may be explained in part because of a direct association of UA with carotid plaqu

Study of the relationship between serum lipid levels and primary open-angle glaucoma.

To determine the association between serum lipid levels and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). In this case-control study, 50 patients with POAG documented by clinical tests using standard ophthalmologic equipment and 50 age-matched controls were investigated. Twelve-hour fasting serum lipid profiles, including total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), were compared between the cases and controls. The mean age of cases and controls was 62.84 ± 9.68 and 60.12 ± 8.65, respectively (P = 0.65). High total cholesterol levels (>200 mg/dl) were found in 23 cases (46%) and 8 controls (16%); high serum triglyceride levels (>150 mg/dl) were found in 24 cases (48%) and 7 controls (14%); high LDL levels (130 mg/dl) were found in 28 cases (56%) and 9 controls (18%); and low HDL levels (<40 mg/dl) were found in 38 cases (76%) and 30 controls (60%). The mean total cholesterol levels were 205.24 ± 36.90 mg/dl in cases and 177.68 ± 22.56 mg/dl in controls (P < 0.001); the mean serum triglyceride levels were 150.42 ± 49.55 mg/dl and 130.84 ± 23.16 mg/dl, respectively (P = 0.013); and the mean LDL levels were 139.50 ± 31.03 mg/dl and 114.96 ± 17.73 mg/dl, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL levels were significantly higher in cases than in controls (P < 0.05). The present study shows that higher proportion of POAG patients have dyslipidemia compared to age-matched controls. Though these findings need to be replicated by others. This study opens new vistas for further studies, such as lowering dyslipidemia, lowering the intra-ocular pressure and incidence of POAG, and whether the use of statins to reduce dyslipidemia affects the progression of POAG.

Presentations and outcomes of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in the pediatric intensive care units (PICUs).

We aimed to describe Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (F-HLH) patients' clinical features, intensive care courses, and outcomes. Multi-center retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients diagnosed with F-HLH from 2015 to 2020 in five tertiary centers in Saudi Arabia. Patients were classified as F-HLH based on their genetic confirmation of known mutation or on their clinical criteria, which include a constellation of abnormalities, early disease onset, recurrent HLH in the absence of other causes, or a family history of HLH. Fifty-eight patients (28 male, 30 female), with a mean age of 21.0 ± 33.9 months, were included. The most common principal diagnosis was hematological or immune dysfunction (39.7%), followed by cardiovascular dysfunction in 13 (22.4%) patients. Fever was the most common clinical presentation in 27.6%, followed by convulsions (13.8%) and bleeding (13.8%). There were 20 patients (34.5%) who had splenomegaly, and more than 70% of patients had hyperferritinemia >500 mg/dl, hypertriglyceridemia >150 mg/dl and hemophagocytosis in bone marrow biopsy. Compared to deceased patients 18 (31%), survivors had significantly lower PT (p = 041), bilirubin level of <34.2 mmol/L (p = 0.042), higher serum triglyceride level (p = 0.036), and lesser bleeding within the initial 6 h of admission (p = 0.004). Risk factors for mortality included requirements of higher levels of hemodynamic (61.1% vs. 17.5%, p = 0.001) and respiratory (88.9% vs. 37.5%, p < 0.001) support, and positive fungal cultures (p = 0.046). Familial HLH still represents a challenge in the pediatric critical care setting. Earlier diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment could improve F-HLH survival.

MiR-27b-5p regulates chicken liver disease via targeting IRS2 to suppress the PI3K/AKT signal pathway

The liver is a vital organ in chickens that performs a number of crucial physiological functions, including the storage of hepatic glycogen, protein synthesis, detoxification, and deoxidation. The growth and metabolism of the liver are complex processes influenced by factors such as environment, diet, and genetics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as post-transcriptional regulatory molecules, play a role in various biological processes. There is growing evidence that miR-27b-5p plays a key role in the regulation of liver development and metabolism in various species. However, its role in chicken livers has yet to be determined. In our experiment, we found that chickens with fatty livers had significantly higher levels of serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) compared to the normal chickens, while the control group had significantly higher levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and serum hormones. Further research showed that the mRNA of miR-27b-5p was highly expressed in fatty livers. By exploring the function of miR-27b-5p in chicken livers, we discovered that it promotes lipogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses, leading to hepatocyte apoptosis. Our study also established the mechanism by which miR-27b-5p interacts with its target gene, and found that miR-27b-5p targets insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) and modulates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Additionally, our investigation of IRS2 in chicken hepatocytes revealed that knocking down IRS2 has the same effects as overexpressing miR-27b-5p. In conclusion, our study revealed that miR-27b-5p directly binds to IRS2, inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and causing steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in chicken liver.

FREQUENCY OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS PRESENTING AT A PUBLIC SECTOR TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF LAHORE: A CROSS- SECTIONAL STUDY

Background and Objective: Metabolic syndrome is characterized by central obesity, deranged lipid profile, high blood pressure and abnormally high levels of blood sugar. It is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that can affect joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels. The extent to which metabolic syndrome is frequent in our population is less known. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of metabolic syndrome amongst SLE patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken in a public sector tertiary care hospital of Lahore from February 2021 through August 2021, including 110 confirmed SLE cases. After institutional approval and taking an informed consent, blood pressure, fasting and random blood sugar levels and fasting lipid profile were measured. Central obesity was assessed using waist circumference. Data were transferred to SPSS 21 for descriptive and inferential analyses. Frequencies were determined using numbers and percentages. Results: Of 110 SLE patients, 14 (12.3%) were males and 96 (87.7%) were females. Mean age of SLE patients was 42.9± 9.9 years. Mean BMI was 28.7±4.7 kg/m2. The frequency of metabolic syndrome in studied SLE patients was 37/110 (33.6%). Conclusion: Systemic lupus erythematosus patients had abnormally high serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, diabetes mellitus, central obesity, high levels of fasting plasma glucose and hypertension. Therefore, one-third of SLE patients may have metabolic syndrome in our population.

The role of high serum triglyceride levels on pancreatic necrosis development and related complications

BackgroundThe relevance of elevated serum triglyceride (TG) levels in the early stages of acute pancreatitis (AP) not induced by hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) remains unclear. Our study aims to determine the role of elevated serum TG levels at admission in developing pancreatic necrosis.MethodsWe analyzed the clinical data collected prospectively from patients with AP. According to TG levels measured in the first 24 h after admission, we stratified patients into four groups: Normal TG (< 150 mg/dL), Borderline-high TG (150–199 mg/dL), High TG (200–499 mg/dL) and Very high TG (≥ 500 mg/dL). We analyzed the association of TG levels and other risk factors with the development of pancreatic necrosis.ResultsA total of 211 patients were included. In the Normal TG group: 122, in Borderline-high TG group: 38, in High TG group: 44, and in Very high TG group: 7. Pancreatic necrosis developed in 29.5% of the patients in the Normal TG group, 26.3% in the Borderline-high TG group, 52.3% in the High TG group, and 85.7% in the Very high TG group. The trend analysis observed a significant association between higher TG levels and pancreatic necrosis (p = 0.001). A multivariable analysis using logistic regression showed that elevated TG levels ≥ 200 mg/dL (High TG and Very high TG groups) were independently associated with pancreatic necrosis (OR: 3.27, 95% CI − 6.27, p < 0.001).ConclusionsAn elevated TG level at admission ≥ 200 mg/dl is independently associated with the development of pancreatic necrosis. The incidence of pancreatic necrosis increases proportionally with the severity of HTG.

Association between atherogenic index of plasma and colorectal neoplasms in patients with hypertension.

Association between atherogenic index of plasma and colorectal neoplasms in patients with hypertension.

Effect of Pemafibrate on Hemorheology in Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia and Aggravated Blood Fluidity Associated with Type 2 Diabetes or Metabolic Syndrome

Persistent high serum triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels, which are common in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, are risk factors for cardiovascular events because of exacerbated hemorheology. To explore the effects of pemafibrate, a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator, on hemorheology, we performed a single-center, nonrandomized, controlled study in patients with type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 6-10%) or metabolic syndrome, with fasting TG levels of ≥ 150 mg/dL and a whole blood transit time of > 45 s on a microarray channel flow analyzer (MCFAN). Patients were divided into a study group, receiving 0.2 mg/day of pemafibrate (n = 50) for 16 weeks, and a non-pemafibrate control group (n = 46). Blood samples were drawn 8 and 16 weeks after entry to the study to evaluate whole blood transit time as a hemorheological parameter, leukocyte activity by MCFAN, and serum FFA levels. No serious adverse events were observed in either of the groups. After 16 weeks, the pemafibrate group showed a 38.6% reduction in triglycerides and a 50.7% reduction in remnant lipoproteins. Pemafibrate treatment did not significantly improve whole blood rheology or leukocyte activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome complicated by hypertriglyceridemia and exacerbated hemorheology.

Serum Uric Acid Predicts All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Independently of Hypertriglyceridemia in Cardiometabolic Patients without Established CV Disease: A Sub-Analysis of the URic acid Right for heArt Health (URRAH) Study.

High serum uric acid (SUA) and triglyceride (TG) levels might promote high-cardiovascular risk phenotypes across the cardiometabolic spectrum. However, SUA predictive power in the presence of normal and high TG levels has never been investigated. We included 8124 patients from the URic acid Right for heArt Health (URRAH) study cohort who were followed for over 20 years and had no established cardiovascular disease or uncontrolled metabolic disease. All-cause mortality (ACM) and cardiovascular mortality (CVM) were explored by the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox multivariable regression, adopting recently defined SUA cut-offs for ACM (≥4.7 mg/dL) and CVM (≥5.6 mg/dL). Exploratory analysis across cardiometabolic subgroups and a sensitivity analysis using SUA/serum creatinine were performed as validation. SUA predicted ACM (HR 1.25 [1.12-1.40], p < 0.001) and CVM (1.31 [1.11-1.74], p < 0.001) in the whole study population, and according to TG strata: ACM in normotriglyceridemia (HR 1.26 [1.12-1.43], p < 0.001) and hypertriglyceridemia (1.31 [1.02-1.68], p = 0.033), and CVM in normotriglyceridemia (HR 1.46 [1.23-1.73], p < 0.001) and hypertriglyceridemia (HR 1.31 [0.99-1.64], p = 0.060). Exploratory and sensitivity analyses confirmed our findings, suggesting a substantial role of SUA in normotriglyceridemia and hypertriglyceridemia. In conclusion, we report that SUA can predict ACM and CVM in cardiometabolic patients without established cardiovascular disease, independent of TG levels.

Serum triglyceride levels and incidence of hypertension in a general Japanese population: ISSA-CKD study.

The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between fasting and nonfasting serum triglyceride (TG) levels and the incidence of hypertension in a general Japanese population. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using annual health check-up data of residents of Iki City, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. A total of 3202 participants without hypertension at baseline were included in the present analysis. TG levels were classified as quartile 1 (<0.82 mmol/L), quartile 2 (0.83-1.13 mmol/L), quartile 3 (1.14-1.70 mmol/L) and quartile 4 (≥1.71 mmol/L) for men, and as quartile 1 (<0.70 mmol/L), quartile 2 (0.71-0.96 mmol/L), quartile 3 (0.97-1.34 mmol/L) and quartile 4 (≥1.35 mmol/L) for women. The outcome was incident hypertension. During an average follow-up of 4.4 years, 983 participants developed hypertension, according to the Cox proportional hazards model. The annual incidence of hypertension increased with an elevation in TG levels for men (5.88% in quartile 1, 8.30% in quartile 2, 7.62% in quartile 3, and 9.82% in quartile 4). This association was significant, even after adjustment for other risk factors: hazard ratio 1.41 [95% CI 1.07-1.85] for quartile 2, 1.30 [0.99-1.71] for quartile 3, and 1.59 [1.22-2.08] for quartile 4 compared with quartile 1 (p = 0.041 for trend). In contrast, there was no clear association between serum TG levels and the incidence of hypertension after adjustment for confounding factors among women (p = 0.240 for trend). High levels of serum TG were associated with the future incidence of hypertension in a general population of Japanese men but were not associated with that in women. Casual serum triglyceride levels and incidence of hypertension in a general Japanese population: ISSA-CKD study.

Relationship between Parameters of Adipokine and Lipid Profiles in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction. Nowadays, it becomes topical to search for methods of diagnosis and treatment for polymorbid patients. The importance of the study on pathophysiological mechanisms of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has been shown. The aim of the study: to examine the relationship between adipokine and lipid profiles in AMI patients with the presence or absence of type 2 DM. Material and methods. The study was conducted over a period from September 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020. A total of 134 patients with ST-segment elevation AMI in the presence or absence of type 2 DM aged 58.97 ± 7.92 years hospitalized in the intensive care unit of Government Institution “L.T. Malaya Therapy National Institute of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine” and Kharkiv Railway Clinical Hospital No. 1 of the branch “Center of Healthcare” were enrolled in the study. Group 1 included 74 patients with AMI and type 2 DM aged 59.42 ± 7.66 years. Group 2 (comparison group) comprised 60 patients with AMI without type 2 DM aged 58.42 ± 8.25 years. The control group consisted of 20 otherwise healthy individuals. Serum concentrations of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) and C1q/TNF-related protein 3 (CTRP3) of patients were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were analyzed by peroxidase enzymatic method. Triglyceride (TG) levels were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method. The atherogenic index was calculated by the A.M. Klimov formula. The levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were estimated by the Friedewald formula. Results and discussion. The patients in Group 1 were found to have higher levels of serum TG in comparison with Group 2 patients (р&lt;0.05). In groups 1 and 2, there was an upward tendency in the levels of TC and LDL (р&gt;0.05), as well as a significant 4.04 and 2.92 times increase in VLDL, respectively, as compared to the control group (p&lt;0.05). The serum levels of FABP4 were significantly increased, while CTRP3 levels were decreased in AMI patients compared to those in otherwise healthy individuals (р&lt;0.05). In AMI patients with type 2 DM (group 1), an inverse correlation was found between FABP4 and VLDL (r = 0.502, p&lt;0.05), TG (r = 0.596, p&lt;0.001); between CTRP3 and TC (r = -0.507, p&lt;0.05), LDL (r = -0.512, p&lt;0.05). In patients with AMI (group 2), an inverse correlation was revealed between FABP4 and VLDL (r = 0.453, p = 0.006), TG (r = 0.439, p = 0.009); between CTRP3 and TC (r = -0.413, p = 0.001), LDL (r = -0.429, p = 0.01). Conclusions. The characteristics of changes in the FABP4 and CTRP3 serum levels are evidence of an adipokine metabolism imbalance in AMI with the presence or absence of type 2 DM, indicating a metabolic shift in this patient category. The relationship between lipid profile markers and FABP4 and CTRP3 may indicate the influence of the latter on lipid metabolism.

Relation Between Adropin Levels and Hyperhomocysteinemia in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Background and aim: Homocysteine and adropin effects on endothelial function are antagonistic. The current study aimed to evaluate the association between serum levels of adropin and homocysteine and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) . Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study included 86 patients submitted to coronary angiography with ≥ 50% stenosis in one or more coronary arteries. Serum Adropin and homocysteine levels were estimated. The anatomical synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) score was utilized to assess the severity of CAD. Results: According to serum homocysteine levels, they were classified into patients with normal homocysteine levels (GI; n=54) and patients with hyperhomocysteinemia (GII; n=32). Comparison between the studied groups regarding clinical and laboratory findings revealed that GI patients had significantly shorter duration of diabetes (3.8 ± 5.3 versus 8.2 ± 7.5 years, p=0.009), higher serum triglycerides levels (204.7 ± 99.6 versus 142.9 ± 55.6 mg/dL, p=0.002), lower HbA1c levels (7.2 ± 1.6 versus 8.2 ± 2.0%; p = 0.013) and significantly higher adropin levels (7.4 ± 2.5 versus 1.6 ±1.0, p

Leptin and other Biochemical Investigations in the Serum of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and serious health consequences can be developed from T2DM such as in the eye (diabetic retinopathy), the renal (diabetic nephropathy), the cardiovascular system (hypertension), etc. Leptin is one of the regulators that released by the adipose tissue, which involved in mediating inflammatory processes, and related to oxidative stress. This article was made to examine the level of leptin in T2DM patients and its association with lipid profile and glycaemia status in T2DM patients. Also, the possibility of using leptin in the prognosis of T2DM was investigated. The study was included 60 T2DM patients and 30 normal glycemic non-diabetic control. The results have shown a significant high levels of serum leptin, glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides, and cholesterol in T2DM patients with significant low level of high-density lipoprotein, when compared to control. Leptin has shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The T2DM patients were contained a significant high levels of leptin in their serum compared to the normal glycemic people without T2DM disease. Furthermore, leptin was correlated significantly with the percentage of HbA1c in T2DM patients, which indicates a major part of influence between leptin and insulin resistance development in T2DM patients. Moreover, lipids were altered significantly in T2DM patients, but the results have revealed no significant involvement of leptin with this alteration. Based on these findings, we suggest the use of leptin in the prognosis of risks in T2DM patients.

Effect of Linoleic Acid on Cholesterol Levels in a High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia Rat Model.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for almost one-third of all deaths. The risk factors for developing this disease include high levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alongside low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Dietary linoleic acid has been suggested to reduce these risk factors. This study aims to determine the effects of linoleic acid on cholesterol levels, liver function tests, and structural changes in liver tissue in comparison with fenofibrate in a hypercholesterolemic rat model. Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats (150-180 g) were divided into non-hypercholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic groups. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in the rats by feeding them with a high-fat diet for two weeks. After two weeks, the non-hypercholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic rats were equally divided into six groups (n = 6): control non-hypercholesterolemic rats, non-hypercholesterolemic rats treated with fenofibrate (60 mg/kg), non-hypercholesterolemic rats treated with linoleic acid (5 mg/kg), control hypercholesterolemic rats, hypercholesterolemic rats treated with fenofibrate (60 mg/kg), and hypercholesterolemic rats treated with linoleic acid (5 mg/kg). The changes in the rats' body weight, serum lipid profiles, atherogenic indices, and liver function test results were obtained. The rats' liver tissues were stained for histopathological analysis. The linoleic acid-treated hypercholesterolemic rats exhibited significantly reduced serum TC, TG, LDL, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels, as well as increased HDL levels compared with the control hypercholesterolemic rats. These linoleic acid effects were comparable to those in the fenofibrate-treated hypercholesterolemic rats. In conclusion, linoleic acid possesses early anti-hypercholesterolemic properties, which may be due to the reductions in serum cholesterol levels and mild early structural changes in the liver tissues of hypercholesterolemic rats. Therefore, continued studies on linoleic acid in atherosclerotic and/or obese animal models are suggested.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MATERNAL SERUM LIPID PROFILE AT LATE GESTATION WITH NEONATAL MACROSOMIA

Background &#x0D; Macrosomia is a serious health problem that is highly prevalent and can negatively affect neonatal and maternal outcomes. Pregnant women and neonates can be negatively influenced by dyslipidemia (high maternal serum lipids) which also results in the development of fetal macrosomia..&#x0D; Objectives &#x0D; The current study aimed to determine how maternal lipid profile during the third trimester of pregnancy correlated with fetal birthweight. &#x0D; Patients and Methods&#x0D; A prospective cohort study was conducted in Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital over eight months, starting from the 1st of September 2018 till the 30th of April 2019. The study included 123 pregnant with a viable singleton pregnancy, gestational age &gt; 32 weeks, delivered between 37 and 42 weeks of gestational age, and women suffering from thyroid disorders and hypertension. For all women, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and serum triglycerides (TG) were measured. In addition, the women were followed up until their childbirth, and the correlation between the mothers’ lipid profile and their neonates’ weight was measured..&#x0D; Results&#x0D; The mean age ± SD (standard deviation) of the studied women was 31.10± 3.65 years, ranging from (25 to 38) years. Regarding their parity, 78% of women were multiparous (have 2-4 children), and the remaining (22%) were primipara. Among the 123 participating women, 23 (18.7%) delivered macrosomic babies (weight &gt; 4kg), and 100 (81.3%) delivered babies with normal birth weight. Fifteen women (12.2%) have high cholesterol levels, and all delivered macrosomic newborns, with a statistically significant association (P=0.001) between macrosomia and maternal cholesterol level. Also, the prevalence of macrosomia was significantly higher among women with high serum triglyceride levels (P=0.001). &#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; There is a significant association between increased risk of macrosomia and high serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels during pregnancy.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARAMETERS OF ADIPOKINE AND LIPID PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Abstract. Introduction. Nowadays, it becomes topical to search for methods of diagnosis and treatment for polymorbid patients. The importance of the study on pathophysiological mechanisms of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has been shown. The aim of the study: to examine the relationship between adipokine and lipid profiles in AMI patients with the presence or absence of type 2 DM. Material and methods. The study was conducted over a period from September 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020. A total of 134 patients with ST-segment elevation AMI in the presence or absence of type 2 DM aged 58.97 ± 7.92 years hospitalized in the intensive care unit of Government Institution “L. T. Malaya Therapy National Institute of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine” and Kharkiv Railway Clinical Hospital No. 1 of the branch “Center of Healthcare” were enrolled in the study. Group 1 included 74 patients with AMI and type 2 DM aged 59.42 ± 7.66 years. Group 2 (comparison group) comprised 60 patients with AMI without type 2 DM aged 58.42 ± 8.25 years. The control group consisted of 20 otherwise healthy individuals. Serum concentrations of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) and C1q/TNF-related protein 3 (CTRP3) of patients were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were analyzed by peroxidase enzymatic method. Triglyceride (TG) levels were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method. The atherogenic index was calculated by the A.M. Klimov formula. The levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were estimated by the Friedewald formula. Results and discussion. The patients in Group 1 were found to have higher levels of serum TG in comparison with Group 2 patients (р&lt;0.05). In groups 1 and 2, there was an upward tendency in the levels of TC and LDL (р ˃0.05), as well as a significant 4.04 and 2.92 times increase in VLDL, respectively, as compared to the control group (p&lt;0.05). The serum levels of FABP4 were significantly increased, while CTRP3 levels were decreased in AMI patients compared to those in otherwise healthy individuals (р&lt;0.05). In AMI patients with type 2 DM (group 1), an inverse correlation was found between FABP4 and VLDL (r = 0.502, p&lt;0.05), TG (r = 0.596, p&lt;0.001); between CTRP3 and TC (r = -0.507, p&lt;0.05), LDL (r = -0.512, p&lt;0.05). In patients with AMI (group 2), an inverse correlation was revealed between FABP4 and VLDL (r = 0.453, p = 0.006), TG (r = 0.439, p = 0.009); between CTRP3 and TC (r = -0.413, p = 0.001), LDL (r = -0.429, p = 0.01). Conclusions. The characteristics of changes in the FABP4 and CTRP3 serum levels are evidence of an adipokine metabolism imbalance in AMI with the presence or absence of type 2 DM, indicating a metabolic shift in this patient category. The relationship between lipid profile markers and FABP4 and CTRP3 may indicate the influence of the latter on lipid metabolism.

Varying Doses of Rare-Earth-Metal-Based Neodymium Zirconate Zinc Sulfide Nanocomposite Disrupt Blood and Serum Parameters, as well as Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Selected Organs of Albino Mice

Despite extensive industrial use, the biocompatibility of nanocomposites has not been extensively explored. The present study was designed to report the effect of variable doses of a newly synthesized nanocomposite, Neodymium Zirconate Zinc Sulfide, on selective serum and complete blood count parameters and on the oxidative stress markers from the vital organs of albino mice. Albino mice (C57BL/6 strain, 5 weeks old) of both sexes were orally treated for 11 days, either with 10 mg (low dose) or 20 mg/mL saline/kg body weight (high dose) of Neodymium Zirconate Zinc Sulfide nanocomposite. A control group that was not treated with the nanocomposite but with saline solution was also maintained. Data analysis revealed that high-dose nanocomposite-treated male mice had significantly reduced hemoglobin concentration as compared to the control males. Female mice treated with both doses of nanocomposite had higher serum triglyceride levels than controls. High-dose-treated female mice had elevated serum cholesterol concentration compared to their saline-treated controls. Oxidative stress marker analysis from selected organs indicated that concentrations of malonaldehyde (MDA) in the kidney and liver, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in the brain and catalase in the kidney of male mice treated with the nanocomposite were significantly higher than in the control group, whereas SOD in the heart, MDA in the heart and kidney and catalase levels in the kidney were significantly disrupted in female mice compared to their respective controls.