High Level Of Human Development Research Articles

Abstract WP265: Connecting the Dots: Human Development Index and Stroke Burden in ASEAN

Introduction: Stroke's far-reaching impact encompasses societal, economic, and healthcare dimensions. A country's Human Development Index (HDI), comprising its performance in health, education, and living standards, offers insights into the nation's capacity in stroke management. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations' (ASEAN) adaptive growth strategy, accommodating the diverse developmental stages of its members, presents a unique context for exploring the relationship between HDI and stroke burden in the region. Methods: Data regarding the burden of stroke, expressed in the form of stroke-related mortality and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) rates, within the current 10 members of ASEAN were sourced from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Data on the 2019 HDI for these countries were obtained using the tool on the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) website. Statistical analysis included normality testing and correlation assessments using Pearson and Spearman methods across 3 age groups (all-ages, 20+, 55+) with 3 sex sub-groups (both-sexes, female, male) in each age category. Results: In terms of mortality, higher HDI correlated significantly with lower mortality rates in all three age groups for both-sexes and female sub-groups. The male sub-groups also showed similar findings in the 20+ and 55+ age groups, but no significant correlation was found in the all-ages group (Table 1). For DALY, a significant correlation was observed between higher HDI and reduced DALY rates in the 20+ and 55+ age groups across all sex sub-group, but no significant correlation emerged in the all-ages group for any of its sex sub-groups (Table 2). Conclusion: These findings collectively suggest that higher levels of human development, as indicated by HDI, are associated with lower stroke-related mortality and DALY rates in ASEAN countries, emphasizing the importance of effective strategies to alleviate the burden of stroke in the region.

The Contribution of Local Government Finance to the Islamic Human Development Index

This research aims to analyze the Islamic Human Development Index (IHDI) scores in East Kalimantan Province for the period 2017-2022 and investigate the impact of the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) in the fields of education, health, and the economy on IHDI and its dimensions (Ad-Dien, Al-'Aql, An-Nafs, An-Nasl, and Al-Maal). This research method is quantitative descriptive, involving the calculation of IHDI scores and its forming indices using appropriate formulas. Hypothesis testing is conducted through simple linear regression analysis. The research results indicate that the IHDI in East Kalimantan Province is generally categorized as a high level of human development, despite experiencing fluctuations with a predominance of improvement. Specifically, the APBD has an influence on the IHDI score, with education spending affecting the Index of Ad-Dien and Al-'Aql, health spending affecting the Index of An-Nafs and An-Nasl, and economic spending affecting the Index of Al-Maal

Индекс человеческого развития Китая и экономический рост: ретроспективный анализ и глобальная перспектива

Currently, it becomes important to examine the role of human capital in the context of China’s economic development and its impact on the world economy. The paper reconstructs a realistic Human Development Index (HDI) and corresponding dimensional indices of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and its provinces for 1990–2020. The obtained indices were compared with those of the major countries of the world or countries similar to Chinese provinces, revealing that China underestimates its HDI, according to the United Nations Development Programme data. To analyse the role of human capital in economic growth of the world, China, and a group of countries similar in population size and HDI to Chinese provinces, a constructed model combined human capital with education quality and physical capital. The findings show that the PRC overcame negative conditions affecting its ability to grow rapidly. It took China just 30 years to reach the same level of HDI that other countries achieved in 40 years. Additionally, inequalities in HDI of Chinese provinces were significantly reduced. By 2025, 90 % of the PRC’s population is expected to reach a very high level of human development, thus completing the transformation from a developing to a so-called developed country. Educational human capital explains almost three-quarters of economic growth variation in the long run, while the average duration of education will continue to influence economic growth in the next 10–30 years. Considering demographic, institutional, and technological effects, as well as the objectives of the 14th Five-Year Plan, an increase in the duration and quality of education in China is predicted. The paper demonstrates that PRC’s recent economic growth is due to an increase in both physical and human capital.

The Wealth-Peace Connection: Human Development Index and Global Peace Index in Middle Eastern Nations

This study investigates the relationship between the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Global Peace Index (GPI) in the Middle East. This quantitative analysis employs the Pearson correlation coefficient formula, with HDI as the independent variable and GPI as the dependent variable. The literature review utilizes numerous sources, including journals, books, news media, and the internet. The research sample included Yemen, Afghanistan, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Qatar, and Israel. HDI and GPI are strongly negatively correlated (-0.854), indicating that an increase in one variable (HDI) diminishes the other variable (GPI). Consequently, countries in the Middle East with higher levels of human development tend to have lower GPI scores, indicating that higher levels of human development are associated with a greater likelihood of peace in this region.

International Migration and Development: The Changing Impact of Migration on Redistributing Global Population

This research note explores the impact of international migration on global population distribution since the 1990s. The impact of migration on population distribution is a function of both the intensity as well as the effectiveness of migration, that is the imbalance between flows and counter-flows. The presence of reciprocal flows is a well-recognized feature of international migration systems; however, this dimension has been difficult to capture at the global level due to a lack of origin-destination flow data. In this research note, we apply metrics developed for the analysis of internal migration to global migration flows to explore the impact of international migration on global population distribution over time, and across levels of human development. In the five years to 2020, international migration redistributed 0.39 percent of the world's population (28 million people) despite 1.38 percent (101 million) changing country of residence. This has declined from 0.56 percent of the global population in 1990–1995. This decline in impact is underpinned by a reduction in migration effectiveness, that is, the migration system is becoming more balanced over time. The impact of migration was greatest for flows between countries at Very High levels of human development, reflecting high migration intensity and exchanges between countries at Low and Very High levels of human development, reflecting significant asymmetry of flows. Our results suggest systematic shifts in both the level and pattern of flows across the development ladder, with flows becoming more intense and balanced with higher levels of human development.

How Does Bilateral Trade and Other Socio-Economic Factors Influence: The International Migration Flows in ASEAN Countries

This study utilizes the gravity model and various estimation methods such as OLS, FGLS, and GMM to analyze the effects of bilateral trade and other factors on migration flows in ASEAN countries. Specifically, the study examines the impacts of population, gross domestic product per capita, rule of law, human development index, and the contiguous border between two countries. The results indicate that bilateral trade and lagged migration flows have a positive effect on migration, while the population has a negative effect. The study finds that bilateral trade encourages more people to migrate from one country to another country and that migration flows display a high degree of persistence over time. Additionally, the study finds that contiguous borders also have a positive impact on migration. Furthermore, the study suggests that the size of the population's impact on migration flows may be increasing due to the surplus of labor in some areas and the lack of labor in others. Interestingly, the study also finds that higher levels of human development in the destination country may lead to a decrease in international migration flows, possibly due to the availability of better educational opportunities.

Improving human development through urbanization, demographic dividend and biomass energy consumption

AbstractThe policy debate on the effects of urbanization, demographic dividend and biomass energy consumption on human development in Africa has long suffered from a scarcity of empirical evidence. This study, therefore, explores the relationship between urbanization, demographic dividend, biomass energy consumption and human development (measured by the human development index, human capital, life expectancy and infant mortality) in 33 African countries between 1990 and 2019. We employ Driscoll‐Kraay, instrumental variable and the panel quantile regression methods. We find that an increase in urbanization, demographic dividend and biomass energy consumption leads to a higher level of human development. Accounting for different facets of human development such as education (human capital) and health (life expectancy and infant mortality), the results show that urbanization and biomass energy consumption improve education and health. The results also show that while demographic dividend improves education and infant mortality, its effect on life expectancy is negative and significant. These findings are robust for reliable and consistent policy directives.

Human Development Index As An Effort To Increase Economic Growth

Human development is the primary goal of the political, social, and economic process for a country. The concept of human development is in line with the concept of human capital. The reasons why human development needs attention are: first, many developing countries including Indonesia have succeeded in achieving economic growth, but have failed to reduce socio-economic inequality and poverty. Second, many developed countries that have high-income levels have not succeeded in reducing social problems. Third, some low-income countries can achieve high levels of human development because they can use all resources wisely to develop basic human abilities. Economic growth is more than just an increase in income and more than just the process of commodity production and capital accumulation. The analytical approach used in this research is quantitative data analysis. The entire data processing and analysis process in this study was carried out with the help of the computer program eViews 10 for Windows. There is a positive and significant influence of the variables of Education Expenditure, Health Expenditure, and Community Income simultaneously on the Human Development Index in Regencies/Cities in Central Java Province. Where the three independent variables are variables that make up the Human Development Index in the Regency/City in Central Java Province. There is a positive and significant influence of each variable of Education Expenditure, Health Expenditure, and Community Income on the Human Development Index in Regencies/Cities in Central Java Province. The variable with the largest influence on the Human Development Index is the Community Income variable, while the variable with the smallest effect on the Human Development Index is Health Expenditure.

Human Development Index As An Effort To Increase Economic Growth

Human development is the primary goal of the political, social, and economic process for a country. The concept of human development is in line with the concept of human capital. The reasons why human development needs attention are: first, many developing countries including Indonesia have succeeded in achieving economic growth, but have failed to reduce socio-economic inequality and poverty. Second, many developed countries that have high-income levels have not succeeded in reducing social problems. Third, some low-income countries can achieve high levels of human development because they can use all resources wisely to develop basic human abilities. Economic growth is more than just an increase in income and more than just the process of commodity production and capital accumulation. The analytical approach used in this research is quantitative data analysis. The entire data processing and analysis process in this study was carried out with the help of the computer program eViews 10 for Windows. There is a positive and significant influence of the variables of Education Expenditure, Health Expenditure, and Community Income simultaneously on the Human Development Index in Regencies/Cities in Central Java Province. Where the three independent variables are variables that make up the Human Development Index in the Regency/City in Central Java Province. There is a positive and significant influence of each variable of Education Expenditure, Health Expenditure, and Community Income on the Human Development Index in Regencies/Cities in Central Java Province. The variable with the largest influence on the Human Development Index is the Community Income variable, while the variable with the smallest effect on the Human Development Index is Health Expenditure.

Research on the Sustainable Development of Big Health Industry in Binhai New Area, Tianjin

The big-health industry is an emerging industry with huge market potential, which plays an important role in economic growth and industrial structure adjustment. After years of development, the big-health industry in the Binhai New Area has begun to take shape and become an important force to promote the high-quality development of regional economy. This paper tries to use the SWOT and gray correlation degree analysis method to explore the correlation degree between the big-health industry and its sub-industries, so as to provide a reference for the Binhai New Area to create deep health resources, release the development potential of the big-health industry, and promote the sustainable development of the regional economy and its people. It is estimated that in the next five years, the per-capita GDP of Beijing and Tianjin will exceed USD 15,000, and the life expectancy of the population will exceed 80 years. The Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region will enter the high level of human development (human development index greater than 0.8). With the improvement of living standards, people’s demand for health will rise sharply, and the market prospects are broad. The Binhai New Area should seize this opportunity to accelerate the development of the big-health industry, to create momentum for regional sustainable development, and to create happiness for its people. The main objective of this study is to ascertain the sustainable development status of the big-health industry in the Tianjin Binhai New Area, as well as the direct relationship between the level of economic development and the development of the big-health industry, to lay a good economic foundation for the vigorous development of the big-health industry.

The impact of governance quality on central bank’s independence

The stable functioning of the public finance system requires a rational regulatory apparatus. The central bank occupies a special place in this system. Science and practice prove that the central bank’s political and economic independence determines its effectiveness. Thus, it is crucial to determine the prerequisites for ensuring its independence. The study aims to assess the influence of governance quality on the central bank’s independence, considering the variance of the socio-political development of countries. The analysis was conducted based on 53 countries. Panel regression modeling with random effects was chosen as a research method. The analysis approach involves calculations for the groups of countries that differ in social and political development parameters according to the following criteria: the initial level of the central bank independence; level of human development; political rights freedom; level of civil liberties; and political regime. Socio-political factors significantly affect the central bank’s independence in the following conditions: a high initial level of independence of the central bank, a high level of human development, and an average level of political and civil freedom. At the same time, the governance quality ensures the growth of the central bank’s independence regardless of the countries’ political regime. Three factors have the most significant influence on ensuring the independence of the central bank, namely “government efficiency,” “quality of regulation,” and “rule of law.”

Relationship Characteristics of Human Development and Its Footprint in the Loess Plateau Based on Decoupling Model

With the rapid economic and social development of the Loess Plateau, the human development index has continued to improve while the ecological footprint of human beings has continued to increase. This paper aims to understand the feedbacks between the HDI and ecological footprint, and to analyse the changes in the correlation patterns between the two driven by economic development, in order to provide theoretical support for the synergistic pathways between human development and ecological conservation on the Loess Plateau. Based on quantitative analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in the ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity, and human development index of the Loess Plateau from 2000 to 2020, this paper applies a decoupling model to reveal the decoupling relationship and patterns between the ecological footprint and the human development index. The results show that: (1) the ecological carrying capacity of the Loess Plateau is smaller than the ecological footprint (i.e., in an ecological deficit) from 2000 to 2020, with the deficit increasing from 0.18ghm2/person in 2000 to 0.66ghm2/person in 2020, and the overall ecological deficit of the hinterland of the Loess Plateau is significantly smaller than that of the northwest and southeast. (2) The human development index of the Loess Plateau increased from 0.54 to 0.75 from 2000 to 2020, with rapid progress in human society and a higher level of human development in the hinterland than in the surrounding areas. (3) The relationship between the ecological footprint of the Loess Plateau and the Human Development Index has undergone a transformation process from “expansionary negative decoupling - weak decoupling strong - decoupling”. That is, the ecological resources consumed are less to support a higher level of human development, and the ecological pressure on human social development tends to decrease. The pressure on human and social development tends to decrease, and the two tend to maintain a “strong decoupling”.

Analysis of factors affecting the level of the human development index

Indonesia Human Development Index is included in the category of a high level of human development, but there are still disparities in human development between regions especially in Eastern Indonesia. This study uses secondary data and purposive sampling with 156 districts and cities as the number of samples that meet the criteria to determine the impact of poverty level, economic growth, education function expenditure, health function expenditure, and capital expenditure on the HDI in districts and cities in Eastern Indonesia from 2015 to 2018. Multiple linear regression is the approach of data analysis used in this study. According to the results of statistical analyses of 156 districts and cities in Eastern Indonesia, Poverty level has a negative and significant impact on HDI, economic growth has no effect on HDI, health function expenditures have a negative effect on HDI, education function expenditures have a positive effect on HDI, and capital expenditures have no effect on HDI. The results of this study can be used to provide input for regional development policy makers in the context of improving regional governance and as material for evaluating the implementation of ongoing development, as well as material for planning future strategies for decision making, especially in relation to human development. The limitation of this study is that it only uses a limited sample from 2015-2018. It is suggested for further research to add other independent variables that may influence HDI, such as the unemployment rate, minimum wage, and regional income. In addition, it is also recommended to add years of research to see the long-term effect of research results.

ANALISIS PENGARUH INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA DAN PENGANGGURAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI PROVINSI BANTEN PERIODE TAHUN 2017-2021

The success of a country's development can be seen from several indicators. One important indicator in the success of the country's development is economic growth. Economic growth is state income that has experienced an aggregate national increase or an increase in output in a certain period. Each country will try to increase and provide the best to support the country's economic growth optimally. Including Indonesia, which is a developing country that seeks to increase its economic growth for the welfare of society and a better life. Conditions in developing countries such as Indonesia, the economic growth that has been achieved is also accompanied by an increase in the number of Indonesian population, a large number of Indonesian people are still unemployed. Unemployment is a problem for countries with high population growth rates, such as Indonesia. Unemployment can also affect the level of the Indonesian economy. Likewise, a high level of human development greatly determines the ability of the population to absorb and manage sources of economic growth, both related to technology and to institutions as an important means of achieving economic growth (Brata, 2004).

Assessing Africa’s Agricultural TFP for Food Security and Effects on Human Development: Evidence from 35 Countries

Population growth, food shortages, and low levels of human development have been longstanding issues confronting many African countries. Agricultural productivity remains a critical goal for mitigating these challenges and ensuring overall economic development. Total factor productivity (TFP) is a crucial metric for determining a sector’s overall growth. However, due to a lack of comprehensive assessments of the trends and determinants of TFP growth in African agriculture, there are disagreements. Within the context of inclusive human development, the impact of agricultural productivity is frequently misrepresented in the current literature. This paper estimated TFP growth and assessed its impact on human development in Africa. Due to technological improvement, TFP increased moderately at a 5.4% growth rate across African countries over the period (2001–2019). Empirical evidence indicates that TFP growth enhances human development in the long run, but the effect varies according to levels of human development (HDI) and the nature of growth over time. For instance, higher levels of human development tend to mitigate the impact of TFP. Further analysis revealed that technical efficiency improvement is critical for enhancing food safety and human development. Policy recommendations for improving TFP for food security and human development in Africa are provided. Further investigation into agricultural TFP’s impact beyond the poverty measure in Africa is encouraged.

The threshold effect of HDI on the relationship between financial development and oil revenues

This paper tried to study the threshold effect of the Human Development Index (HDI) on the relationship between oil revenues and financial development. For this purpose, the threshold regression model is used. In addition, the financial depth index was considered as a measure of financial development. Data were collected with annual frequency (1990–2018) from the most recent statistics published by the Central Bank, Statistics Center of Iran, and OPEC website. The results showed that oil revenues in Iran had a negative significant effect on financial development. This result is consistent with the resource curse phenomenon, despite the expectation of the protective role of oil in the economy of Iran. However, at high levels of human development (index value that is upper than threshold value), this negative impact was reduced. Therefore, promoting human development can be mentioned as a solution to compensate for the negative effect of oil revenues. In addition, the variables of production growth and capital inventory, as expected, had a positive significant effect on financial development.

НАЦІОНАЛЬНА МОДЕЛЬ СТІЙКОГО ЛЮДСЬКОГО РОЗВИТКУ: МЕТА ТА НАПРЯМКИ

The Republic of Belarus belongs to countries with a very high level of human development, implements the principles of gender-oriented health protection, harmonious combination of parental and professional responsibilities, and therefore the issue of forming a Belarusian model of sustainable human development through the innovative reproduction process of the population is relevant. The purpose of the study is to form a scientifically grounded approach to managing the model of sustainable human development in the system of its goals and areas of implementation. The methodological basis of the study was the modern legislative and regulatory acts regulating the socio-economic and innovative aspects of the development of society. The research tasks and their implementation, achievement of the goal are focused on the formation of the Concept of the Belarusian model of sustainable human development, based on the provisions of the fundamental concept of sustainable development of mankind, the basic concepts of the innovative reproduction process of the population and the world experience of state regulation of employment and sustainable employment. The main hypothesis of the study was the assumption about the possibility and feasibility of forming a Belarusian model of sustainable human development through the innovative reproduction process of the population and consolidated mechanisms in the system of state regulation of employment of the population aimed at increasing welfare. Presentation of the main material. This article is devoted to the analysis of the scientific approach proposed by the authors to the construction of a national model of sustainable human development in the system of its goals and components. The originality and practical significance is confirmed by our proposed goals, objectives of the Concept, directions and tools for its implementation. The formation of the concept of the Belarusian model of sustainable human development predetermines the need to reform the system of state regulation of employment, which leads to a change in the system of sources of formation of employment and mechanisms of state regulation of employment through a superstructure in these systems: sources of formation of innovative forms of full employment of the population, ensuring the reproduction of the labor force and human labor; algorithms of scientific and innovative policy for the implementation of mechanisms of state regulation of employment of the population in the system of decisions made at all levels; consolidated mechanisms in the system of state regulation of employment of the population aimed at increasing welfare; social mechanisms and guarantees for their implementation in the national economy on the principles of social equality. The practical significance and scientific novelty of the proposals lies in the fact that the conceptual foundations of the management of innovative employment of the population in the sustainable development of the national economy are built taking into account the forms of social protection of all age and gender strata of the population and professional strata as the determining role of state policy, contribute to the achievement of the criterion of the effectiveness of youth policy, implying a reduction the share of young people aged 15-24 who do not study and work, do not acquire professional skills, and also contributes to the inter-sectoral mobility of the labor force in social production. Conclusions and prospects for further research. In the future, practical recommendations for a more complete use of the resources of the national economy will allow the national economy to achieve not only the goal - GDP growth, but no less important goal - the satisfaction of the needs of a person of labor of social production.

An analysis of Human Development Index and Economic Growth. A case study of Pakistan

Economic growth is an important factor in the economic development of a country. There are some factors that can increase economic growth namely human development. The level of human development in a country array in the value of the Human Development Index (HDI). The growth rate of a country appears in the value of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita. The influence of human power resources is shown in the value of HDI which is able to influence the level of economic growth in the value of its GDP. This study will examine the effect of HDI on economic growth in Pakistan during the period 1980-2018 against its economic growth in its GDP per capita. The result of this research indicates that each country has a strong and significant correlation between HDI and GDP. It is concluded that the level of HDI can affect the GDP per capita. Economic growth makes it possible to reach a high level of human development, on the one hand, increasing levels of human development leading to increase opportunities for economic growth. The causal relationship between economic growth and human development becomes a mutually influential relationship. So it is clear that the human development in the country relates to an influence of economic growth which is seen in per capita income (GDP per capita) which can be an indicator of welfare in the country.

An analysis of Human Development Index and Economic Growth. A case study of Pakistan.

Economic growth is an important factor in the economic development of a country. There are some factors that can increase economic growth namely human development. The level of human development in a country array in the value of the Human Development Index (HDI). The growth rate of a country appears in the value of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita. The influence of human power resources is shown in the value of HDI which is able to influence the level of economic growth in the value of its GDP. This study will examine the effect of HDI on economic growth in Pakistan during the period 1980-2018 against its economic growth in its GDP per capita. The result of this research indicates that each country has a strong and significant correlation between HDI and GDP. It is concluded that the level of HDI can affect the GDP per capita. Economic growth makes it possible to reach a high level of human development, on the one hand, increasing levels of human development leading to increase opportunities for economic growth. The causal relationship between economic growth and human development becomes a mutually influential relationship. So it is clear that the human development in the country relates to an influence of economic growth which is seen in per capita income (GDP per capita) which can be an indicator of welfare in the country.

Breastfeeding and risk of overweight in childhood and beyond: a systematic review with emphasis on sibling-pair and intervention studies

Breastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of subsequent overweight or obesity, but it is uncertain whether this is a causal relation because most studies have not adequately reduced risk of bias due to confounding. The aim of this review was to examine whether 1) ever compared with never consuming human milk and 2) different durations of human milk consumption among infants fed human milk are related to later risk of overweight or obesity, with emphasis on sibling-pair and intervention studies. The 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, together with the Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review team, conducted a systematic review of articles relevant to healthy full-term infants in countries with a high or very high level of human development. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and CINAHL; dual-screened the results using predetermined criteria; extracted data from and assessed the risk of bias for each included study; qualitatively synthesized the evidence; developed conclusion statements; and graded the strength of the evidence. The review included 42 articles, including 6 cohorts with sibling-pair analyses and 1 randomized controlled trial of a breastfeeding promotion intervention. Moderate evidence suggested that ever, compared with never, consuming human milk is associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity at ages 2 y and older, particularly if the duration of human milk consumption is>6 mo. However, residual confounding cannot be ruled out. Evidence was insufficient to determine the relation between the duration of any human milk consumption, among infants fed human milk, and overweight and/or obesity at age 2 y and older. Further research, using strong study designs, is needed to disentangle the complex relation between infant feeding practices and the risk of subsequent overweight or obesity, as well as the biological and behavioral mechanisms if the relation is causal.