Higher Triglyceride Levels Research Articles

Potential mechanism associated with post-heart transplantation diabetes mellitus in Chinese patients.

Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a common metabolic complication following heart transplantation, which not only leads to elevated microvascular morbidity, but also seriously affects graft function and recipient survival. However, the specific metabolites and underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. A total of 106 adult heart transplant recipients (56 PTDM and 50 non-PTDM) who followed for more than one year were enrolled in the study. The untargeted metabolomics was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The demographic, clinical data and drug information were collected at the time of sample collection. PTDM patients were older (p=0.003), with higher BMI (p=0.010), higher triglyceride levels (TG, p=0.007), and a higher prevalence of hypertension (p=0.001) than non-PTDM. A total of 1174 metabolites were detected, of which 99 metabolites showed significantly differentially abundant (VIP>1, p<0.05, FC>1.5 or <0.67). KEGG functional enrichment analysis showed these differently expressed metabolites could be further enriched in ABC transporter, carbon metabolism, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, phospholipase D signaling pathway. Compared with non-PTDM group, glutamate, diacylglycerol (DAG) and D-sorbitol were significantly changed in PTDM through metabolomics. These findings may provide a novel understanding of the pathological mechanism of PTDM and could be utilized to predict the development and progression of PTDM.

Exploring the correlation between triglyceride levels and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevalence in adults with familial hypercholesterolemia: Insights from a cross-sectional analysis in the HELLAS-FH registry.

High triglyceride (TG) levels are associated with increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in the general population. Yet, the role of TG in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) remains understudied. This research aims to evaluate the link between TG levels and ASCVD prevalence in adult patients with FH. This cross-sectional analysis, derived from the Hellenic Familial Hypercholesterolemia Registry (HELLAS-FH), involves categorizing patients into tertiles based on their TG concentrations. In our study of 1772 adults with heterozygous FH (HeFH), aged 51 ± 15 years at registration and diagnosed at 44 ± 16 years, TG concentrations in the 1st (80 mg/dL), 2nd (124 mg/dL), and 3rd (200 mg/dL) tertiles revealed varying ASCVD prevalence (18.0%, 28.5% and 28.5%, respectively). Adjusted for ASCVD risk factors, TGs ≥116 mg/dL were linked to higher ASCVD risk than levels <116 mg/dL (OR: 1.37, 95% CI 1.05-1.80, P = .02). A notable association with ASCVD is evident in FH patients, even at relatively low TG levels, starting from 116 mg/dL (1.31 mmol/L).

The Impact of Glomerular Disease on Dyslipidemia in Pediatric Patients Treated with Dialysis

Background/Objectives: Children on dialysis have a 10-fold increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality when compared to the general population. The development of CVD in dialysis patients is attributed to Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) and dyslipidemia. While the prevalence of dyslipidemia in adult dialysis patients has been described, there are limited data on prevalence, severity, and risk factors for pediatric dyslipidemia. Methods: Data from 1730 pediatric patients ≤ 21 years receiving maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis with at least one lipid panel measurement were obtained from USRDS between 2001 and 2016. Disease etiology was classified as being glomerular (n = 1029) or non-glomerular (n = 701). Comparisons were made across etiologies using both linear and logistic regression models to determine the relationship between disease etiology and lipid levels. Results: The cohort had a mean age of 15.2 years and were 54.5% female. Adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, modality, time with End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD), and body mass index (BMI) and using non-glomerular etiology as the reference, glomerular disease [mean (95% CI)] was associated with +19% (+14.7%, +23.8%) higher total cholesterol level (183 mg/dL vs. 162 mg/dL), +21% (+14.8%, +26.6%) higher low density lipoprotein cholesterol level (108 mg/dL vs. 87 mg/dL), and +22.3% (+15.5%, +29.5%) higher triglyceride level (169 mg/dL vs. 147 mg/dL). Glomerular disease [OR (95% CI)] was associated with 3.0-fold [2.4, 3.9] higher odds of having an abnormal total cholesterol level, 3.8-fold [2.8, 5.0] higher odds of having an abnormal LDL-C level, and 1.9-fold [1.5, 2.4] higher odds of having an abnormal triglyceride level when compared to non-glomerular disease. Conclusions: Pediatric dialysis patients have a high prevalence of dyslipidemia, particularly from elevated triglyceride levels. Specifically, patients with glomerular disease have an even higher risk of dyslipidemia from elevated non-HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels than patients with non-glomerular disease. The long-term impact of this unfavorable lipid profile requires further investigation.

Anabolic-androgen steroids: A possible independent risk factor to cardiovascular, kidney and metabolic syndrome.

Millions of individuals make illicit use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), remaining a public health issue. It often leads to detrimental effects, including cardiovascular and renal diseases, besides hormonal and metabolic imbalances. The objective of this review is to emphasize the contribution of oxidative stress and inflammation to these effects and connect the findings of experimental animal studies with the alterations found in clinical contexts, in AAS users. The study's results showed that AAS promotes a redox disruption and a pro-inflammatory state on organs that are involved in important physiologic processes. These drugs increase inflammatory high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and cytokines that contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease risk or endpoints, including stroke, myocardial infarction and death. In the kidney, the AAS increase proteinuria and structural damage. Studies have linked AAS abuse with high BP, low HDL-C levels, high triglyceride levels and impaired fasting blood glucose that characterize Metabolic syndrome. Overall, the studies indicate that oxidative stress, apoptosis, and AAS-mediated inflammation play a significant role in tissue damage, regardless of the dose and duration of exposure, and we point it as a putative independent risk factor to Cardiovascular, Kidney and Metabolic syndrome.

Phylogenetic and lipid metabolic differences between migratory and Egyptian-domesticated Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).

Although a giant Egyptian domestic non-migratory duck breed is phenotypically identical to the migratory Mallard, yet it is three times larger. The current study sought to determine the genetic and metabolic differences between this duck and Mallard, which arrives in Egypt in September for wintering and departs in March. Mitochondrial DNA control region (D-loop) was extracted, amplified, sequenced, and analyzed in both ducks. Both ducks were given a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to assess their metabolic response to this diet. Polymorphism results indicated that the D-loop is highly variable and both populations expansion is balanced. The hierarchical analysis of molecular variants (AMOVA) and interpopulation difference parameters revealed significant genetic differentiation and minimal gene flow between migrant and resident populations. Phylogeny and Network analyses revealed that domestic ducks are a distinct group that separated from mallards. Physiologically, domestic duck blood and adipose tissue had a higher level of triglycerides and adipocyte volume than that of the depleting arriving migratory Mallard ducks, while leaving Mallard parameters were the highest, suggesting a high level of preparatory fat deposition and utilization before starting the trip. In response to HFD, the expression of FA uptake genes cd36, fabp1 was upregulated similarly in livers of domestic and migratory Mallard ducks, while the expression of lipid accumulation genes dgat2 and plin2 was higher in domestic than in migratory Mallards. However, the highest body mass and adipocytes volume gain was observed in the arriving migratory Mallards. In pectoral muscle, the expression of cd36 and fabp3 was higher in domestic than in leaving ducks, while in arriving Mallards, both genes were not upregulated in response to HFD. Dgat2 was upregulated only in domestic muscle, while lipid oxidation genes cpt1, lpl, and the controlling ppara were more upregulated in leaving Mallard. In conclusion, both ducks can be genetically and metabolically differentiated. Migratory mallards are more flexible and efficient in lipid metabolism than domestic ducks.

Association of cardiac troponin I level with in-hospital and late mortality in dialysis patients

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are highly prevalent among the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Prognostic value of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in patients with asymptomatic ESRD is less conclusive. This study was an observational study to evaluate correlation of first admitted cTnI level with early and late (during 6 months) hospitalization and mortality of ESRD patient admitted due to non-acute coronary and non-heart failure causes in ESRD patients. Materials and Methods: In this prospective observational study, 460 dialysis patients without overt CVD who were admitted at two university hospital were included and followed during 6 months. Patients’ demographic information and laboratory investigations including cTnI level and cause of admission were recorded. The association between cTnI level with in-hospital and late mortality was evaluated. Results: cTnI level was higher in female (35.9%), hemodialysis patients (28.1%), and patients with permanent catheter vascular access (29.4%). There were significant differences in level of triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol between patients with normal and abnormal cTnI levels (P &lt; 0.05). Patients with abnormal cTnI levels had higher level of TG and LDL cholesterol and lower level of HDL cholesterol. cTnI levels were associated with higher in-hospital and 6-month follow-up mortality rate. In logistic regression analysis, only female gender (odds ratio [OR] =1.89, confidence interval [CI] =1.22–3.076) and TG (OR = 1.007, CI = 1.003–1.01) were positively and HDL cholesterol level (OR = 0.994, CI = 0.98–0.99) was negatively associated with increased cTnI level. cTnI level was associated with early (OR = 4.81, CI = 1.64–14.89) and late (OR = 4.31, CI = 1.61–10.96) mortality. Conclusion: Although in this study, cTnI level is not directly associated with cardiovascular disorders and admission and readmission causes, it is a strong predictor of early and late mortality.

Pathophysiology and classification of diabetic retinopathy – risk factors for proliferative diabetic retinopathy progression

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most frequent complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), occurring in at least 1 out of 3 diabetic patients and causing significant visual impairment in approximately 1 out of 100. DR is an important matter of public health, since the projected number of cases in 2045 exceeds 240 million. Currently, DR is estimated to account for over 15% of total blindness cases in the developed world.DR is a microvascular disease of significant pathophysiological complexity. It is believed that, during the early stages of the disease, hyperglycaemia induces potassium channel and endothelial dysfunction, leading to vascular dysregulation, impaired neurovascular coupling, and, eventually, decreased blood flow. Hypoperfusion of the retinal blood vessels soon leads to a state of low‐grade chronic inflammation (leukostasis) and tissue hypoxia. A subsequent switch to hyperperfusion in response to the release of dilatory factors, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), increases capillary pressure and shear stress, leading to thickening of the basal membrane and pericyte and smooth muscle cell apoptosis. This cascade weakens the capillary wall, resulting in microaneurysms, endothelial cell death, and capillary occlusion and dropout. Consequently, DR is characterized by two main pillars: 1) ischemia (with or without concomitant neovascularization) and 2) vasopermeability (leakage), due to disruption of the blood‐retinal barrier.The standard classification of DR is based on the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) scale and focuses on vascular lesions as described by fundoscopy. Based on this staging, DR is subdivided in non‐proliferative and proliferative DR (NPDR and PDR, respectively). The latter signifies the presence of neovascularization. Poor blood sugar control, high triglyceride levels, kidney disease, and early‐onset type I DM are the most important among risk factors for the development and progression of PDR.The ETDRS classification poses with numerous limitations. First, it does not comprise any aspects of visual function or systemic health. Second, it relies on vascular deficits and does not account for neurodegeneration through structural metrics. Last, it does not incorporate the presence of diabetic macular edema (DMO), which is the most frequent cause of DR‐related visual impairment, can occur at any stage of the disease, and is a major drive of clinical management and treatment. Recent efforts have been made in establishing a classification system for DMO, based on morphological characteristics as seen in optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans.

Metabolic and molecular Characterization, following dietary exposure to DINCH, Reveals new Implications for its role as a Metabolism-Disrupting chemical.

Plastic materials are ubiquitous, leading to constant human exposure to plastic additives such as plasticizers. There is growing evidence that plasticizers may contribute to obesity due to their disruptive effects on metabolism. Alternatives like diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) are replacing traditional phthalates such as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which are now banned due to their proven harmful health effects. While DINCH is considered a safer alternative to DEHP and no adipogenic effects have been demonstrated in in vivo studies, recent research suggests that the primary metabolite, monoisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid ester (MINCH), promotes adipocyte differentiation and dysfunction in vitro. However, metabolic and molecular effects are not fully understood in vivo. Here, we performed a comprehensive in vivo analysis using C57BL/6N mice to investigate the effects of DINCH on adipose tissue physiology and function. Mice were exposed to two doses of DINCH for 16weeks, followed by a 10-week recovery period. Tissue analysis confirmed the presence of DINCH and MINCH in liver and adipose tissue after treatment and recovery. After the recovery period, elevated DINCH concentrations in adipose tissue depots indicated possible bioaccumulation. Although no changes were observed in body composition and energy expenditure, sex-specific metabolic effects were identified. Female mice exhibited impaired whole-body insulin sensitivity and higher triglyceride levels, while male mice showed an altered insulin/C-peptide ratio and elevated cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels. Proteomic profiling of serum, adipose and liver tissues revealed changes in pathways related to central energy metabolism and immune response, highlighting the systemic impact of DINCH, potentially on inflammatory processes. Most effects of DINCH, such as changes in insulin response and serum lipid levels, were diminished after the recovery period. Despite many findings consistent with the existing literature suggesting DINCH as a safer DEHP substitute, the observed sex-specific effects on insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism and inflammatory processes, as well as potential bioaccumulation and long-term metabolic effects of DINCH exposure warrant careful consideration in further risk assessment.

Sex differences in the association between lipids and cognitive function in older adults

Background: It is well known that cognitive function is associated with gender differences. However, the effect of sex differences on the relationship between lipids fractions and cognitive function in older adults has been contentious. Methods: 2,170 participants from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1999-2002 and 2011-2014) were included. Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured. Cognitive function was assessed using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Multiple linear regression models and restricted cubic spline curve fitting were used. Results: Overall, low HDL-C levels were negatively associated with DSST scores in every group. The levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C were not significantly associated with DSST scores, not only in the total population but also in the males. In the females, after adjustment for potential confounding factors, high TC levels were negatively related to DSST scores (OR = −3.590, 95% CI: – 6.343 to – 0.837), and high TG levels were found positively associated with DSST scores (OR = 2.323, 95% CI: 0.159–4.488). Conclusion: Low plasma HDL is associated with cognitive dysfunction in older adults. In older women, high TC levels are positively associated with cognitive decline while high TG levels may protect cognitive function.

Association between the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and type 2 diabetes mellitus in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

This study evaluated the ability of the triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio to identify individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) population. We retrospectively studied 4,769 patients with NAFLD from the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University (2020–2023). Binary logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between the TG/HDL-C ratio and lipid parameters with T2DM. TG/HDL-C ratio was positively associated with T2DM in patients with NAFLD, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.72 (95% confidence interval, 2.23–3.31, p < 0.001) for T2DM in the highest TG/HDL-C ratio quartile compared with the lowest one after adjusting for known confounders. The OR for the TG/HDL-C ratio had a stronger predictive value than those of TG, total cholesterol, HDL-C, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, indicating that the TG/HDL-C ratio could be a better discriminator of T2DM. The TG/HDL-C ratio better identifies potential risks of T2DM in individuals with NAFLD than individual lipid parameters. Therefore, clinicians should pay attention to individuals with high TG and low HDL-C levels during T2DM risk assessment in NAFLD cohorts.

Extremely High Triglyceride In A Beta Thalassemia Minor Patient: A Case Report

Introduction: hypertriglyceridemia in pediatric population whether familial or acquired is associated with Diabetes Mellitus type 1, uremia, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome etc. abnormal serum lipid levels are associated with premature atherosclerosis. It is also seen that there is an association of hypertriglyceridemia with beta thalassemia in some cases which indicates the poor prognosis. Materials and methods: in this context here, we are reporting a case of beta thalassemia minor with extremely high triglyceride level. A 2-year-old male child with history of failure to thrive and mild to moderate anemia was investigated for complete blood count (CBC), hemoglobin typing, lipid profile, renal function test, liver function test, thyroid profile and the electrolytes. Result: The Hb typing showed elevated HbA2, CBC showed microcytic hypochromic anemia, triglyceride level was 2010 mg/dl. His father and mother are both beta thalassemia minor patient Conclusion: as hypertriglyceridemia in beta thalassemia is reversible, care should be taken to prevent persistent hypertriglyceridemia which increases chance of atherosclerosis and pancreatitis

Evaluation of Plasma E-Selectin Concentration as a Risk Marker for Atherosclerotic Vascular Damage in Patients with Early CAD.

Inflammation markers in the blood may indicate a higher risk of unstable atherosclerosis. Selectins, a group of transmembrane glycoproteins, contribute to inflammation by helping certain blood cells bind to the endothelium. The study included 100 patients with stable early-onset coronary artery disease (CAD), 75 men (aged 50-54) and 25 women (aged 55-64). Tests performed included biochemical analysis, ultrasound, and Doppler imaging of arteries and peripheral vessels. A biochemical control group of 50 cases without CAD (74% men, average age 48 ± 3.20 years) was also studied. Higher triglyceride levels were strongly linked to elevated plasma E-selectin levels. However, no significant relationship was found between plasma E-selectin levels and biochemical, clinical, radiographic, or echographic measures. Plasma E-selectin levels are not a reliable marker for detecting atherosclerotic plaques or related problems in individuals with stable, well-managed CAD. While E-selectin levels can be measured in clinical labs using immunoassays, they cannot replace standard cardiological and vascular imaging tests for diagnosing cardiac or vascular conditions.

Association between the EHBP1 SNPs and dyslipidemia in the end-stage renal disease patients with dialysis in Chinese Han population

BackgroundLipid metabolism is influenced by mutations in the EH domain binding protein 1 gene (EHBP1). This study investigated the link between the EHBP1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and dyslipidemia risks in maintenance dialysis patients with end-stage renal disease in Chinese Han population.MethodsA total of 539 patients were divided into dyslipidemia (379) and control (160) groups. The patients with dyslipidemia were divided into four subgroups: high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), high triglyceride (TG) and high total cholesterol groups. The genotype distributions of three EHBP1 SNPs (rs2710642, rs10496099 and rs1168816) were determined by high-throughput sequencing technology and were analyzed via generalized multifactor dimension reduction and binary logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe high-TG and control groups differed in terms of the genotype frequency of the rs2710642. One haplotype was detected in both the dyslipidemia and high-TG groups. The risk of dyslipidemia was 2.72-fold higher in participants with rs2710642GG compared with those of rs2710642AA and 2.62-fold higher compared with those with rs2710642AA + GA. Subjects who carried rs2710642GG had a 2.94 times greater risk of high TG levels than those who carried rs2710642AA and a 2.89 times greater risk than those who carried rs2710642AA + GA. Compared with those who carried rs2710642AA + GA, those who carried rs2710642GG were 2.53 times more likely to have low HDLC levels. The rs2710642–body mass index (BMI) (≥ 24 kg/m2) and rs11688816A–rs2710642G haplotype interactions increased the risk of dyslipidemia, and the rs2710642–BMI (≥ 24 kg/m2) interaction increased the risk of high TG levels. The rs10496099–rs2710642 and rs10496099–rs2710642–rs11688816 interactions increased the risk of low HDLC levels.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the EHBP1 rs2710642G and rs2710642GG and interactions with rs11688816A or BMI (≥ 24 kg/m2) were linked to higher dyslipidemia risks in end-stage renal disease patients in Chinese Han population.

A study of body fat distribution-in childhood obesity and its associated metabolic risk factors

Background: The Objective of the present study was to find out fat distribution pattern in obese children between 6 to 12 years of age as compared to non-obese children of same age. Methods: A case control study was done between 1st July 2023 to 1st July 2024 on 138 children between 6 to 12 years of age group in Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana state. Ultra-sonographic measurement of fat thickness including maximum and minimum preperitoneal fat thickness, maximum and minimum abdominal subcutaneous fat, thickness at triceps and subscapular regions were determined in all participants. Fasting blood glucose was measured using enzymatic assay. Total cholesterol was measured by enzymatic assays. Results: Total 138 children were enrolled in the study. Out of 138 children included in study, the study population included 69 obese (35 females and 34 males) and 69 non-obese children (33 females and 36 males). When both groups were compared, weight, Body mass Index (BMI) and ultra-sonographic measurement of body fat thickness differed significantly. Conclusions: Obese children have high serum cholesterol, high serum triglyceride and high serum LDL levels as compared to non-obese children. In obese children, higher the fasting serum insulin level, more is the preperitoneal fat layer 5cm above the umbilicus with p-value of &lt;0.05 which is significant.

Timely Application of Plasma Exchange to Correct Acute Pancreatitis Related to Serum Triglyceride Levels: A Report of 6 Cases and a Literature Review.

BACKGROUND Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is associated with circulating free fatty acids that can cause acute pancreatitis. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a rapid and effective method of reducing triglyceride levels. This case series presents 6 cases of acute pancreatitis associated with hypertriglyceridemia with a rapid response to therapeutic plasma exchange. CASE REPORT Six patients diagnosed with hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP) were hospitalized and received therapeutic plasma exchange at the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Upon admission, laboratory tests and abdominal computed tomography (CT) were performed, and all signs and test results were consistent with the diagnosis of hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis (AP). Among them, 4 patients were discharged after therapeutic plasma exchange. Anaphylaxis and ketoacidosis occurred in 2 cases during therapeutic plasma exchange. CONCLUSIONS High levels of triglyceride can lead to acute pancreatitis events. After therapeutic plasma exchange treatment for hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis, triglyceride levels decrease significantly, and adverse reactions during therapeutic plasma exchange should be actively watched for. However, there are no clear criteria for applying therapeutic plasma exchange, and more studies are needed to assess the value and risks of this treatment option. This case series shows the importance of evaluating triglyceride levels in patients with acute pancreatitis and the role of therapeutic plasma exchange.

The Prevalence and Predictors of MetS Among Commercial Long Distance Bus Drivers (CLDBDs) in Cape Coast, Ghana

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Background&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a foremost risk consideration for the development of cardiovascular disease which is a major cause of mortality around the globe. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Objective&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: This study determined the prevalence and predictors of MetS amongst Commercial Long Distance Bus Drivers (CLDBDs) in Cape Coast, Ghana. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Methods&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: A cross sectional study design that conveniently enrolled 170 registered male CLDBDs from five bus Unions. We included in the study long distance bus drivers registered at the unions, with a valid drivers’ license C. Obesity was determined using the WHO cut-offs. We determined blood pressure among the drivers through diastolic and systolic readings of arterial blood pressures and categorized based on the WHO cut offs. Fasting blood glucose level was reached through laboratory analysis. The MetS was determined based on ATP III NCEP criteria. Percentages were presented for socio-demographic and lifestyle variables. Chi-square statistics was performed on socio-demographic, occupational and lifestyle factors associated with MetS. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the factors that predicted the likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome at 95% confidence interval (95%CI). &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Results&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: The average age and duration of commercial long-distance driving were 41± 8 years and 18± 8 hours respectively. About 14.2% were obese. A total of 22.4% had diastolic blood pressure 90 mmHg or higher and 21.2% had systolic blood pressure 140 mmHg or higher. About 2.2% of respondents had high levels of LDL-c and 8.8% had high HDL-c levels. Whilst 2.2% had high levels of triglyceride, 4.4% had high levels of total cholesterol (TC). About 82.6% had fasting blood glucose level &amp;gt; 6.1 mmol/L. The prevalence of MetS was 44% alcohol intake was statistically associated with metabolic syndrome (p&amp;lt; 0.01). Alcohol intake predicted MetS [OR=5.17; 95% CI: 1.75-15.2; P=0.03]. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Conclusion&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was high among this group. Out of the five symptoms used for MetS classification, fasting blood glucose proportion was highest and alcohol intake placed drivers at about five times at risk of development of MetS compared with drivers who do not.

Patterns of Dyslipidemia Among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus presents a prevalent endocrine and metabolic challenge globally. Type-2 diabetic patients exhibit a heightened incidence of dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL), diminished high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or increased triglycerides (TG) levels. This phenomenon poses a significant public health concern both internationally and within our nation. Objective: This study aimed to assess the patterns of dyslipidemia among diabetes patients. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Outpatient Department (OPD) of Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogura, from July 2018 to June 2019. Both male and female patients with Type2 diabetes were considered as the study population. A total of 90 patients were selected as study subjects through purposive sampling.The study included 45 diabetic patients on therapy, divided into male (A1, n=19) and female (A2, n=26) subgroups. Additionally, 45 newly diagnosed diabetic patients were categorized into male (B1, n=15) and female (B2, n=30) subgroups.Analysis was performed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 22.0. Results: The study found similar ages and BMI among groups. Elevated serum TC was noted in 31.6%, 19.2%, 26.7%, and 30% of subjects in A1, A2, B1, and B2 respectively. High serum TG levels were observed in 36.8%, 38.5%, 40%, and 66.7% of subjects in the respective groups. Dyslipidemia prevalence varied, with A1 at 57.9%, A2 at 53.8%, B1 at 46.7%, and B2 at 76.7%. High HbA1C was prevalent in B1 and B2 (100%). Conclusion: Dyslipidemia patterns among diabetes patients exhibit significant variability, with elevated serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein levels, alongside reduced high-density lipoprotein levels, commonly observed. These findings underscore the importance of tailored lipid management strategies in mitigating cardiovascular risk in this high-risk population. J Rang Med Col. September 2024; Vol. 9, No. 2: 78-83

The phytoestrogen genistein improves hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment and decreases neuroinflammation in an animal model of metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is the medical term for the combination of at least three of the following factors: obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is an accepted animal model for the study of human MS that reveals all the features of the syndrome when fed high-fat, high-carbohydrate diets. The intake of high-fat diets in rats has been shown to produce brain neuropathology. In humans, MS increases the risk of cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Genistein (GEN) is a phytoestrogen found in soy that lacks feminizing and carcinogenic effects and was found to have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in many pathological conditions. Considering that multiple data support that natural phytoestrogens may be therapeutic options for CNS maladies, we aim to elucidate if these properties also apply to a rat model of MS. Thus, GEN effects on neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and cognition were evaluated in SHR eating a fat/carbohydrate-enriched diet. To characterize the neuropathology and cognitive dysfunction of MS we fed SHR with a high-fat diet (4520 kcal/kg) along with a 20% sucrose solution to drink. MS rats displayed a significant increase in body weight, BMI and obesity indexes along with an increased in fasting glucose levels, glucose intolerance, high blood pressure, and high blood triglyceride levels. MS rats were injected with GEN during 2 weeks a dose of 10 mg/kg. We found that MS rats showed a decreased number of DCX+ neural progenitors in the dentate gyrus and treatment with GEN increased this parameter. Expression of GFAP was increased in the DG and CA1 areas of the hippocampus and treatment decreased astrogliosis in all of them. We measured the expression of IBA1+ microglia in the same regions and classified microglia according to their morphology: we found that MS rats presented an increased proportion of the hypertrophied phenotype and GEN produced a shift in microglial phenotypes toward a ramified type. Furthermore, colocalization of IBA1 with the proinflammatory marker TNFα showed increased proportion of proinflammatory microglia in MS and a reduction with GEN treatment. On the other hand, colocalization with the anti-inflammatory marker Arg1 showed that MS has decreased proportion of anti-inflammatory microglia and GEN treatment increased this parameter. Cognitive dysfunction was evaluated in rats with MS using a battery of behavioral tests that assessed hippocampus-dependent spatial and working memory, such as the novel object recognition test (NOR), the novel object location test (NOL), and the free-movement pattern Y-maze (FMP-YMAZE) and the d-YMAZE. In all of them, MS performed poorly and GEN was able to improve cognitive impairments. These results indicate that GEN was able to exert neuroprotective actions increasing neurogenesis and improving cognitive impairments while decreasing astrogliosis, microgliosis, and neuroinflammatory environment in MS rats. Together, these results open an interesting possibility for proposing this phytoestrogen as a neuroprotective therapy for MS.

Optimizing treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in cerebral small vessel disease using genetics.

Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) causes lacunar stroke (LS), intracerebral haemorrhage, and is the most common pathology underlying vascular dementia. However, there are few trials examining whether treating conventional cardiovascular risk factors reduce stroke risk in cSVD, as opposed to stroke as a whole. We used Mendelian randomization techniques to investigate which risk factors are causally related to cSVD and to evaluate whether specific drugs may be beneficial in cSVD prevention. We identified genetic proxies for blood pressure traits, lipids, glycaemic markers, anthropometry measures, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity from large-scale genome-wide association studies of European ancestry. We also selected genetic variants as proxies for drug target perturbation in hypertension, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, and obesity. Mendelian randomization was performed to assess their associations with LS from the GIGASTROKE Consortium (n = 6811) and in a sensitivity analysis in a cohort of patients with MRI-confirmed LS (n = 3306). We also investigated associations with three neuroimaging features of cSVD, namely, white matter hyperintensities (n = 55 291), fractional anisotropy (n = 36 460), and mean diffusivity (n = 36 012). Genetic predisposition to higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure was associated with LS and cSVD imaging markers. Genetically predicted liability to diabetes, obesity, smoking, higher triglyceride levels, and the ratio of triglycerides to high density lipoprotein (HDL) also showed detrimental associations with LS risk, while genetic predisposition to higher HDL concentrations and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity showed protective associations. Genetically proxied blood pressure-lowering through calcium channel blockers (CCBs) was associated with cSVD imaging markers, while genetically proxied HDL-raising through Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) inhibitors, triglyceride-lowering through lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and weight-lowering through gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) were associated with lower risk of LS. Our findings highlight the importance of some conventional cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure and BMI, in cSVD, but not other e.g. LDL. The findings further demonstrate the potential beneficial effects of CCBs on cSVD imaging markers and CETP inhibitors, LPL enhancement, and GIPR obesity-targeted drugs on LS. They provide useful information for initiating future clinical trials examining secondary prevention strategies in cSVD.

Modified 9H-fluorene-9-carboxamides as MTP-inhibitors

Introduction Metabolic disorder is a cluster of disorder of metabolism like hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and obesity. Any of these alone or in combination can lead to high risk for the development of high levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and insulin resistance.