High Level Of Transparency Research Articles

Accountability Disclosure Through Web-Based: Malaysian Humanitarian and Medical Relief NGO

The strength and diversity of stakeholders influence web-based accountability, in line with stakeholder theory. This research aims to better understand the mechanisms for acquiring and disseminating accountability information, with an emphasis on non-governmental perspectives. The inquiry investigates the interaction between the aims of accountability, governance, and performance to demonstrate that an organisation is accountable on the web. The investigation utilised content analysis to shed light on web-based accountability in non-governmental organisations. The information was acquired through an in-depth examination of ten official websites of non-governmental organisations, which serve as a primary source of internet information. The findings have been analysed using the three accountabilities of mission, governance, and accountability. According to the data, the NGO's mission accountability was at its peak. Based on the study's results, mission accountability had the highest level of transparency within the NGO, followed closely by governance and performance accountability. In all, 84.83% of non-governmental organisations offered accountability information, while 15.17% did not. In the absence of shareholders, accountability is established by both the number and the authority of various stakeholders, hence validating the stakeholder theory.

Transparent and Superhydrophilic Flexible Protein Films with Antifogging and Self-Cleaning Attributes.

Cyanoglycoside-modified flexible protein films, exhibiting a high level of transparency of ≈46 to 83%, were successfully prepared from lysozyme and glycerol with varying amounts of amygdalin (20, 40, and 60%) using water as a solvent. The increasing percentage of amygdalin leads to a drastic improvement of the hydrophilicity of the surface with a decrease in the water contact angle to 5.6°, resulting in superhydrophilicity. The increasing percentage of amygdalin led to a significant improvement in the surface's hydrophilicity, resulting in a reduced water contact angle of 5.6° and achieving superhydrophilicity. This superhydrophilic characteristic is particularly relevant to the excellent antifogging and self-cleaning properties of the resulting protein films. In addition to enhanced flexibility, the films also exhibited considerably improved thermal stability with a 40% loading of amygdalin in the protein solution. The superior mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of amygdalin-modified films are due to the strong hydrogen bonding with the peptides of lysozyme, as evidenced by the disappearance of amide bands in the cured protein films. Therefore, these transparent protein films, with their antifogging and enhanced thermal stability properties, can be potentially used for different packaging and coating applications.

Management of links of interest in European Union expertise authorities dealing with plant protection products: comparative analysis and recommendations

BackgroundTo ensure a high level of public health and environmental protection, authorities that deliver scientific expertise to inform decision-makers and the public at large need to be independent from external stakeholders and free of conflicts of interest. This independence requires effective rules for managing links of interest (LoIs) and a high level of transparency, including publication of declarations of interest (DoIs) where appropriate. In the particular case of plant protection products (PPPs) within the European Union, these requirements should apply to all Competent Authorities contributing to the marketing authorization processes.MethodsA comparative analysis of LoIs management procedures was performed on a selection of ten National Competent Authorities from different member states (NCAs). This analysis was based on (i) the identification of 17 criteria aiming at characterizing good practices for LoIs management; (ii) a survey of ten NCAs, based on an analysis of their institutional websites and their responses to official mail requests.ResultsThe comparative analysis showed: (i) a frequent lack of transparency of NCAs regarding their procedures for managing LoIs; (ii) a significant heterogeneity between the NCAs’ LoIs management rules, even though they are in charge of comparable missions regarding the marketing of PPPs; (iii) substantial gaps between the LoIs management procedures adopted by several NCAs and the good practices that are promoted by EFSA.Current limits on their practices regarding LoIs management might open ways for undue external influences on scientific expertise, and ultimately impact negatively the risk management options adopted by national or European authorities. Limitations of this study and its extension for a more thorough overview of the current LoIs management practices are also discussed.ConclusionsLoIs management and transparency rules need to be improved across NCAs, given their contribution as (co-)rapporteurs or peer reviews participants to the health and environmental risk assessment steps of the EFSA processes. To this end, a common minimum set of rules should be defined by EFSA; recommendations are proposed, based on the best practices implemented by the investigated NCAs. Such progress would contribute promoting high-quality unbiased scientific expertise and enhance EU citizens’ trust.

New Research Trends in Designing E-Government Architecture Based on Blockchain Technology

Blockchain has garnered the most attention as the most important new technology that supports recent digital transactions via e-government. The most critical challenge for public e-government systems is reducing bureaucracy and increasing the efficiency and performance of administrative processes in these systems since blockchain technology can play a role in a decentralized environment and execute a high level of security transactions and transparency. So, the main objectives of this work are to survey different proposed models for e-government system architecture based on blockchain technology implementation and how these models are validated. This work studies and analyzes some research trends focused on blockchain and the future of e-governance for connecting citizens and smart cities, such as Using Blockchain in the Notarial Office (NO), using blockchain technology in the management of police complaints, exploring blockchain-enabled end-to-end security e-voting, using blockchain and smart contract technology for trusted and safe property registration and record management, and using a blockchain-enabled Vehicle Certification (BVC) framework. Finally, this work has proven that the issue of transforming governments from the traditional system to electronic governments based on blockchain technology has become an inevitable matter of time.

Transparency in the Application of Theoretical Frameworks to the Advancement of Knowledge in Selected Library and Information Science Journals: A Systematic Review

The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the extent of theoretical transparency in library and information science (LIS) scholarship. Many studies have looked at theorising and the use of theory in LIS. Unlike previous studies this research provides insights into transparency in the use of theoretical frameworks in the LIS field. Transparency is essential because different researchers employ the terms theory, theoretical framework, and conceptual framework in various ways.The transparent use of theory and the resultant theoretical framework enables other researchers to assess whether the theory is appropriate, consistent, and coherent with the empirical evidence. This systematic search followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews supported by ADIMA®. A total number of 138 out of 2029 articles from 12 LIS-focused journals were analysed in March 2023. Most of the articles (88.6%) specified the framework they used. There was a high level of transparency in relation to the suitability of the theory to address the research problem. The degree of openness about the aim to utilise a theoretical or conceptual framework was moderate to high. The articles had a low or minimal level of transparency when it came to justifying why a certain theory was chosen for the study. Theory dropping was not apparent in the articles. The results from the articles demonstrate that LIS scholars appreciate that a theoretical framework or conceptual framework must be used in research. To ensure that readers understand the rationale behind the theories chosen for a study, it is necessary to be open about the reasons behind the selection of a particular theory. The explanation of how the theory contributed to explaining the phenomenon of interest is also essential. This article might help scholars get beyond theoretical obstacles related to the transparent use of a theoretical framework and produce theoretically sound research. It also opens discourse on “best practice” in the use of analytical tools forresearchin the advancement of knowledge.

ESG and dividend policy: Evidence from ASEAN-5 countries

This study aims to investigate the effect of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) on dividend policy. ESG disclosure is measured using the Refinitiv Eikon database's ESG Score, and dividend policy is measured using the Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR). Purposive sampling was used to obtain 115 samples of non-financial companies listed on the ASEAN-5 Countries Stock Exchange from 2017 to 2021. The sample companies originated from the ASEAN-5 countries. These countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, and Thailand. The results suggest that ESG has a positive effect on dividend policy. Companies with higher ESG scores are more likely to have suitable dividend policies, as companies that disclose ESG indicate a high level of transparency and a low risk of information asymmetry. This study provides empirical evidence to support the implementation of ESG disclosure in numerous nations, particularly the ASEAN-5. This study provides empirical incentives for company managers to implement ESG disclosure and its components. The relationship between ESG and its components and dividend policy in ASEAN-5 countries has yet to be investigated.

EFFECTS OF RISK ASSESSMENT ON FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY AS EVIDENCED IN NATIONAL GOVERNMENT CONSTITUENCIES DEVELOPMENT FUND IN KENYA

<p>The objective of National Government Constituencies Development Fund is to promote human and infrastructural development at the community and constituency levels. The fund is expected to be operated with the highest level of transparency, probity, propriety, and accountability. Despite the elaborate measures put in place by the government to ensure transparency, financial accountability in many constituencies is still not as expected. Studies done on internal controls and financial accountability have been in other sectors such as public Universities, the ones done in constituencies have concentrated on the performance of county projects and have looked at only specific constructs of internal controls. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of risk assessment on financial accountability of national Government Constituencies development fund in Kenya. The study was structured on; agency theory and accountability theory. A correlation research design was adopted. The target population of the study was 1160 respondents while the sample population was 288 respondents consisting of; 72 committee members, 72 sub-county accountants, 72 fund account managers, and 72 internal auditors. Primary data was obtained by use of a questionnaire while secondary data was obtained from Auditor General’s Reports and financial statements of the NG-CDF’s. Cronbach Alpha was used to test reliability. Expert analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to assess Validity. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics Inferential statistics consisted of correlation analysis and simple linear regression analysis. A pilot test was carried out using 29 respondents. Cronbach Alpha was used to test the internal consistency of the questionnaire. All the constructs had indicators of above 0.7 confirming reliability. KMO and Bartlett’s tests were carried out to test validity. All constructs loaded values of above 0.4 thus confirming validity. It was established that there exists a strong and positive association exists between risk assessment and financial accountability evidenced by an r of 0.707 for risk assessment. It was recommended that their close scrutiny of all risk-prone activities should be analyzed.</p><p> </p><p><strong>JEL</strong>: G10, G20, G32</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0071/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

A study on novel semi-organic material L-phenylalanine mixed with cadmium nitrate single crystals

Slow evaporation solutions turned out to be a good way to get single crystals of semi-organic NLO from an aqueous solution. During this experiment, the ambient temperature was used. Through X-ray diffraction analysis, a single crystal of L-phenylalanine (C9H11NO2) cadmium nitrate (Cd (NO3)2)was characterised. As a result of this construction, the P21 space group has the following cell parameters: a = 12.47 Å, b = 5.43 Å, c = 15.00 Å, α = γ = 90°, β = 107.61°. It was found that a 257 nm cut-off wavelength was found from UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopy. Aside from linear optical characteristics such as the extinction coefficient (K) and reflectance (R), this study examined a number of geometrical features. In addition, the crystal was shown to have a high level of optical transparency. Fluorescence (FL) spectrum analysis has been used in the process of investigating how the luminescence of LPCN behaves. Evidence that functional groups are present may be gleaned from the FT-IR vibrational patterns seen in the LPCN. We used a Vickers microhardness hardness tester to figure out the brittleness index (Bi), as well as the hardness (Hv), Meyer's index (n), yield strength (σy), fracture toughness (Kc), and elastic stiffness constant (C11). The evaluation of the produced crystals' dielectric properties was accomplished by adjusting the frequency. In contrast to KDP and other organic materials, the threshold value for laser-induced damage was found to be much higher. The crystal's surface morphology was analysed using SEM to get a better idea of what it looked like. EDAX analysis of the LPCN crystal was conducted to determine what elements are present in it. The non-linear optical quality of the compound that was discovered with Kurtz powder's second harmonic production in the case of Nd: YAG laser light shows that it is a potential candidate for frequency conversion. The nonlinearity coefficient (β) was measured using the open aperture Z-scan technique (Nd: YAG, 532 nm, 9 ns), and the results showed that it was 0.36 × 10–11m/W. This coefficient is the consequence of a phenomenon known as effective genuine two-photon absorption. The crystal that was created now has a fluency threshold of 3.52 × 1012 W/m2, which makes it a possible candidate for use in optical limiting devices because of its consequent optical limiting behaviour.

Digital transparency and the usefulness for open government

Open Government efforts are criticized for providing limited value. Instead of looking at a value, we investigate the usefulness of web-based open government portals and apps. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between digital transparency and usefulness. We analyzed perceived digital transparency and usefulness in a survey of 112 respondents using Partial Least Square (PLS) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results show that perceived functionality, transparency, and efficiency influence usefulness but that functionality of apps and efficiency are more important than transparency. Usefulness can be created without having high levels of transparency, as the public wants answers to their questions. Apps should be designed for efficient use, as users have limited time and resources. Apps having pre-defined functional views can be useful to provide quick insight but might limit transparency by not offering other views and insights. Opening raw data using portals can provide higher levels of transparency, although more time and effort are needed to analyze. Both portals providing access to raw data and apps having pre-defined views are needed for open government and transparency as they serve other stakeholder groups and purposes.

The Interplay Between Supply Chain Transparency and NGO Pressure: A Quantitative Analysis in the Fashion Industry Context

Companies have been experiencing increasing pressure from NGOs to overcome unethical and unsustainable behaviours. The purpose of this research was to study the interplay between supply chain transparency and NGO pressure. The analysis builds on the literature on supply chain transparency and institutional pressures. We conducted a time-lagged, multi-level regression analysis that included data from 270 fashion companies over a 5-year period to investigate the effect of NGO pressure on transparency and vice versa. The results revealed that companies with higher levels of transparency are more likely to be pressured by NGOs than less transparent companies. Furthermore, our findings show that, depending on the number of campaigns, NGO power and communication about campaigns, NGO pressure can either stimulate corporate transparency or turn into a negative effect that leads to lower levels of transparency.

Застосування монетарних режимів у процесі прийняття рішень із грошово-кредитної політики

Introduction. The article studies two main monetary regimes in the process of monetary reform of central banks: a target-based regime and a rule-based regime. Inflation targeting is the most common rule of monetary policy. Using the key rate as a monetary policy tool can ensure price stability and economic growth. Problem Statement. Using the interest rate rule of inflation targeting, the central bank has certain advantages over the target variables. If preferences change unexpectedly, they are not taken into account by economic agents as quickly and act as an exogenous shock to the economy. This allows the central bank to test its policy against a rule that is potentially persistent in many cases of macroeconomic models. The purpose is to evaluate the reforms of the monetary regimes of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand and the Federal Reserve System, which are based on legally established rules and instruments of monetary policy, which enables the central bank to make effective monetary decisions to achieve price stability and sustainable employment. Methods. The Taylor rule was used to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the inflation target and the variables of the Taylor function, including the gap between GDP and potential GDP, as well as the determination of the key rate based on the quantitative parameters of the target function. This confirms the expediency of applying the Taylor rule when implementing the inflation targeting regime. Results. Reforms of monetary regimes were aimed at clarifying the political responsibility of central banks, strengthening their independence in making decisions related to monetary policy objectives. The reforms were supposed to contribute to increasing the level of transparency by improving the effectiveness of the communication policy, which consisted in transmitting policy decisions from the central bank to the public and signaling future political intentions. In general, the responsibility in the inflation targeting regime is enhanced by the public nature of the assumed obligations related to the announced goal and the requirements put forward by the central bank regarding its implementation. Achieving the goal becomes an indicator of the central bank's effective activity. Conclusions. Many of the aspects that were introduced in New Zealand and the US – the public commitment to an inflation target, high levels of transparency and accountability – are now considered the best practice in monetary policy. Making targets public promotes accountability, especially if the central bank has a single policy objective – price stability or an inflation target. Otherwise, broad independence in decision-making may make the central bank less accountable, and therefore independence should be clearly linked to the objectives rather than the choice of instruments, which is the best strategy for central bank reform.

Integration of Daylight Use and Analysis in Double Skin Facades: A Literature Review

Double skin facades (DSF) aim to save energy reducing the heat losses in buildings. They are visually appeal while allowing to use daylight efficiently. Such facade systems can reduce glare and distribute daylight evenly in the interior when compared to conventional facade systems. That is a result of cavities between two glass facades and locating sunshading elements in them, although this system provides a high level of transparency. As their primary purpose of application is to ensure thermal performance and ventilation, most studies in literature have focused on these. However, to construct and maintain a holistic point of view in building performance, researchers and professionals need to take into account the integration of daylight use and analysis in such facades. This study aims to analyse daylight performance implemented studies in relation to these systems and presents a comprehensive and recent review on integration of daylight use and analysis. Recent studies are shown in tabulated form and interpreted in detail with graphics. considering their methodologies, daylight parameters and findings. Results show that the daylight parameter is one of the most important issues that architects or designers should consider from the moment they start the design, and they should make their designs based on the optimum penetration of daylight into the building. This review can contribute to literature in calling attention to daylight studies in DSF. It provides feedback information on how recent researches and technological developments in DSF can let them benefit from daylight more efficiently. That makes more and further improvements in such facade system design. Thus, DSF helps to build an integrated building performance approach in achieving sustainability.

LEVERAGING BLOCKCHAIN-BASED SMART CONTRACT IN ISLAMIC FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: ISSUE AND RELEVANT SOLUTION

A blockchain-based smart contract is a computer script, stored in the blockchain network and enforced automatically based on predetermined terms, decentralised verification as well as fully accessible real-time records to all blockchain users. Smart contract innovation, with a high level of transparency and a lower risk of operational errors, offers a novel approach for more effectively implementing Shariah contracts in Islamic financial institutions. However, the immutable smart contract principle, which disallows the amendment or deletion of the code deployed in the blockchain, appears incompatible with the iḥsān criterion implemented in Islamic financial institutions’ product offerings that allow operations and terms adjustment under certain conditions, including payment rescheduling and contract restructuring facilities in financing products. This study aims to look into the concept of blockchain-based smart contracts, as well as issue related to immutable smart contract and viable solutions that align with Shariah and Islamic banking operations. The study utilised the library research to achieve the objective by referring to related literature. The qualitative data were then descriptively analysed using the conceptual content analysis method. The study’s results found that, in order to comply with the characteristics of iḥsān to implement Shariah contracts using blockchain-based smart contract technology, the programmer should first write flexible code rather than fixed code, and the upgradable proxy contract should be well applied in the creation of the smart contract code.

Visualisation and dissemination of 3D valuation units and groups – An LADM valuation information compliant prototype

The timely and effective dissemination of property values is an essential part of a transparent and efficient property valuation system. Over the last decade, web-based data-sharing systems have been increasingly used for the dissemination of assessed property values. 3D valuation units (e.g., condominium) and groups (aggregation of valuation units, e.g., a building floor in a multi-occupied building, a multi-occupied building, street, district or valuation zone) may be required to better communicate with users and to support a more effective and efficient dissemination. However, none of these systems share valuation information associated with 3D representation of the valuation units and groups. In this paper, a prototype of a web-based system is developed utilising the proposed Valuation Information part of the Edition II of the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model compliant dataset for not only disseminating the spatial, physical, thematic and temporal characteristics of 3D valuation units, but also for sharing the valuation statistics at each designated level and with level-specific attributes. It is expected that the outcomes of this work may contribute to the development of local or national valuation systems and systems for geo-based data visualisation for effective and efficient sharing of valuation information. As such, it is anticipated that the study's outcomes will not only increase the level of communication with the public, but also support politicians and planners in their decision-making processes and help them to better analyse and understand the property market. With the proposed system, confidence in valuation results can be further increased due to the high level of transparency.

How does green finance derive the resource efficiency and decarbonization of the economy?

This study assesses the impact of green finance on resource efficiency and decarbonization based on the 30 provincial data of China from 2008 to 2018. The quantile and difference-in-differences (DID) models were employed. The empirical results show that green financing could lessen carbon intensity by enhancing resource efficiency. The benchmark findings demonstrate how green financing may directly promote decarbonization. The precondition for this impact includes high levels of transparency, state assistance, human capital development, and urbanization. Green investment is more successful at supporting decarbonization in provinces with higher carbon intensity. Green financing encourages economic growth, resource efficiency, technological advancement, and the transition to renewable energy sources, contributing to carbon emission reductions. The study provides practical policy recommendations for China and other developing and emerging economies to foster the decarbonization and resource efficiency process.

Agent transparency in mixed-initiative multi-UxV control: How should intelligent agent collaborators speak their minds?

Multiple unmanned system control is a complex command and control endeavor but pairing human operators with an intelligent agent (IA) teammate can buttress the collection and synthesis of data and improve complex decision making. Effective human-autonomy teams (HATs) require human trust in IA teammates to be properly calibrated, which can be supported by communications pertaining to underlying functions of the IA, or “transparency”. One prominent guide for application of transparency is Chen and colleague's Situation awareness-based Agent Transparency (SAT) model. This effort sought to extend understanding of the application of this model by manipulating secondary transparency communication parameters: face threat (i.e., threat to a person's sense of social standing) and design of transparency communication (verbal, graphical, and iconographical). Results revealed that increasing face threat can improve reliance calibration at low transparency but may be detrimental when transparency is high. Outcomes concerning the method of transparency communication suggest that while verbal communication of transparency information is sufficient and even preferred when a low level of transparency is provided, reliance on graphical and iconographical approaches for presenting transparency information increases at a higher level of transparency.

Energy companies’ transparency: Toward competitiveness and SDG 7 progress

The disclosure of information on sustainability by energy companies is a guarantee of increasing their competitiveness in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 and the post-war recovery of the Ukrainian energy sector. This paper aims to evaluate the sustainability transparency reporting of energy companies in Ukraine and connect the level of such transparency and their competitiveness. The study used the Transparency Index to analyze information disclosure on sustainability by 50 energy companies in Ukraine, the largest taxpayers. It is based on SDG, CSR, and ESG criteria and shows the companies’ ratings. It was found that companies with a low disclosure of SDG, CSR, and ESG criteria have the largest specific weight (76%) among the respondents. The undisputed leader in sustainability transparency is Energoatom, while only 11 companies out of 50 surveyed have an A and B rating (the highest and higher level of transparency). The index was used as a factor variable in the non-parametric modeling of the relationship between the sustainability transparency of energy companies in Ukraine and their competitiveness (company return, profitability, and profit margin of taxes paid). A close, statistically significant, and inverse relationship was revealed between the Sustainability Transparency Index of energy companies and indicators illustrating their competitiveness besides profitability. The results of rating and clustering companies according to SDG, CSR, and ESG criteria can be used to improve their positive and negative investment screening procedures and increase their competitiveness on the way to SDG 7. AcknowledgmentInna Makarenko gratefully acknowledges support from the Supreme Council of Ukraine (0122U201796).

Groundbreaking alliance formed to bid Kansas Medicaid contract

CareSource, a national nonprofit managed care organization, announced June 7 the first strategic alliance of its kind to compete in the upcoming procurement to serve KanCare members and transform the health care experience for vulnerable Kansans, according to an organization news release. The CareSource HealthAlliance uniquely combines CareSource — a national leader in nonprofit managed care with 30+ years of experience — with three prominent and well‐respected statewide organizations with deep Kansas roots, company officials stated. Interhab, the Children's Alliance, the Association of Community Mental Health Centers of Kansas and CareSource Kansas will collaborate to offer KanCare 3.0 recipients an innovative and unique Medicaid health plan option focused on the whole person. “We know that integrating the deep expertise of leading, influential organizations into the design and governance of Medicaid programs consistently improves health equity, member experience and health outcomes while managing the cost of care,” said Erhardt Preitauer, president and CEO of CareSource. “I'm confident that this alliance will reinvigorate health care in Kansas and become a national model.” To form the CareSource HealthAlliance, CareSource has partnered exclusively with: Interhab, a Topeka‐based nonprofit organization with over 50 years to enhancing the well‐being of individuals in Kansas who live with intellectual and developmental disabil‐ities; the Children's Alliance of Kansas, which spearheads the national preparation of kin, foster and adoptive parents through its development of certified trainers and leaders in the Model Approach to Partnerships in Parenting program; and the Association of Community Mental Health Centers of Kansas Inc., which advocates for the welfare of both community mental health centers and the individuals to whom they cater. The organization achieves this through legislative representation, providing leadership and professional education, and showcasing model practices and programs. All three organizations will collectively guide the CareSource HealthAlliance model of care, access to care, operational excellence and community reinvestment, while ensuring a high level of quality, transparency and accountability.

Urban Big Data and Smart Cities through UTAUT Model (The Case of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)

The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the primary goal of the construction of a smart city, with the end goal being a more efficient management of urban resources such as electricity, public transportation, roadways, and wastewater management systems along with judicious use of resources and infrastructure. It is necessary for the technologies to make a contribution to the building of an inclusive society that has a high level of civic involvement and transparency. Therefore, it is vital to investigate the behavior of people, their motivation, incentives and the elements that impact the desire to use and the use of the communication technologies for the purpose of resolving day-to-day responsibilities and problems. We used the UTAUT model in addition to the structural equation modelling based on partial least squares (PLS-SEM). In the UTAUT model, these major contributors are Behavioral Intention and Use Behavior. The findings of this research will enable the authorities of Saudi Arabia to facilitate all of the processes of putting the smart city concept into action by increasing the population's involvement in the use of applications along with cybersecurity framework in all as-pects of day-to-day life.

Normalising radical transparency in cyber security

All organisations are under cyber attack and many are breached each day. And given that there's a high likelihood that you will suffer a cyber incident, the question then becomes what do you do about it? Communication – to staff, investors and the public – is a critical step and a high level of transparency here is key to enabling everyone to respond appropriately and effectively.