High Levels Of Corruption Research Articles

Rules and Ethical Conduct Guiding the Performance of the Public Service Sector

there are rules and regulations, code of conducts as well as modus operandi that guide people in every organization, the Nigerian public service is not exempted from it. The public service of Nigeria has been characterized with a high level corruption, gross misconduct, financial misappropriation, embezzlement of public funds, nepotism, low value, and all manner of unethical behaviours. All these persist despite the plethora of studies carried out to sanitize the system. It is against this backdrop, this paper was written, so as to look into the ethical rules and values in the public service of Nigeria. The various concepts were analyzed. An empirical study, exploring the secondary source of collection was carried out. The utilitarian principle propounded by scholars Jeremy Bethnam and John Stuart Mill, formed our thought process. This theory is premised on the principle of the greatest level of happiness in a society. The following findings were discovered; that despite the works done by various scholars on ethics and values in the public service of Nigeria, all manner of unethical behaviours remain pervasive. Also, the campaign on instilling right ethical standards and value system in the service of Nigeria, is a continuous process. In submission, the following but not limited, were recommended; an overhauling of the public service to ensure everyone (workers and applicants) would imbibe the ethics and values of the public service, those who manage government’s affairs must lead by example, and the empowerment of the office of the citizens so as to serve as watchdog to these public servants.

The effects of the perception of corruption on public trust in government in Africa: a comparative analysis

ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of corruption on public trust in government in Africa at various levels and explores variations across stable and fragile states. This study uses Afrobarometer data collected from households in 2019 to understand whether this link exists. Using ordered logit analysis and marginal effects, the study reveals that corruption significantly diminishes trust in government. High levels of corruption in the presidency, parliament, and local government are all associated with declining levels of trust. This corruption extends to judges, magistrate courts, religious, and traditional leaders suspected of corruption, who are expected to uphold ethical standards. Corruption in the office of the president reduces trust in the president, parliament, and local governments, while corruption in parliament decreases trust in parliament and local governments. Local government corruption impacts trust at the local level. Despite a high level of corruption in stable states, corruption in the local government is not responsive to public trust. The sensitivity of corruption to trust in the government is more pronounced in fragile states than in stable states. This study illustrates the pressing need to combat corruption and rebuild trust in governments. The findings highlight the need for context-specific anti-corruption strategies and policy interventions.

Creditor rights, corruption and capital structure: Evidence from emerging markets

This paper investigates the impact of creditor rights on the relationship between corruption and capital structure. We hypothesize that creditor rights can mitigate the impact of corruption on capital structure. The data consists of 17,114 firms listed in 24 emerging countries during the period from 2012 to 2020. Our setting of emerging countries can be an interesting context because firms in these countries may rely more on debt than equity. In these countries, the corruption may be more severe and thus we expect that the impact of corruption on corporate capital structure may be more prominent. Using a pooled ordinary least square (POLS) regression model, we find that firms tend to use more leverage in countries with a high level of corruption. However, this relationship can be weakened in strong creditor rights countries. This result does not change when we employ random effects and fixed effects models. The results of this study imply that policymakers should consider improving the degree of creditor rights if they want to deal with the high level of corruption in a country.

ЛІСОВІ РЕСУРСИ ЯК ЧАСТИНА ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ КРАЇНИ

Forests are extremely important for the planet ecosystem and perform a number of ecological functions: they provide oxygen, regulate the climate, protect the soil from erosion, regulate water flows and contribute to the purification of the natural environment, and they are a habitat for numerous living creatures. But besides, forestry is characterized as a significant part of the country's economy. The purpose of the article is to study the role of forest resources in the economic potential of the national economy, to identify the current state and problems of forestry in Ukraine. In the work the attention is paid to the influence of forest resources on logging, hunting, various branches of the wood processing manufacturing, on food, pharmaceutical, energy, and tourism industries, as well as on science, education, and culture. Among other things, the infrastructural, export and international potential of forest ecosystems is highlighted. It is emphasized that irresponsible forest use can lead to catastrophic environmental consequences, including floods, landslides, destruction of buildings and disruption of the balance of ecosystems, etc. For this reason, it is justified that the forestry industry requires a rational and careful approach, as well as compliance with the principles of sustainable forestry. The article lists the pre-war problems of forestry: imperfect distribution of management functions, complications in property rights realization, high level of corruption and illegal activities in forests, shortage of relevant specialists in the field, deterioration of the sanitary condition of forests, lack of incentives for the introduction of nature-saving technologies, etc. A special place is given to the assessment of the impact of a full-scale war on forestry: the occupation of large forest areas, soil and water pollution, a significant increase in the number of fires, mining of territories, illegal felling of trees, stoppage of hunting activities, damage to forest infrastructure, inability to carry out normal forest protection activities, etc. It was concluded that all these problems have an extremely negative impact on the state of Ukraine's forest resources, but the final assessment of damage to forest ecosystems can be established after surveys, which will actually be conducted only after the end of the war. But despite the war, forestry is trying to continue fulfilling its obligations to the national economy and society. Therefore, state, public and international support, implementation of effective management of forest resources are an extremely important tasks in modern conditions.

Does corruption affect the impact of financial development on entrepreneurship? Evidence from emerging economies

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between financial development, corruption, and entrepreneurship in a sample of 21 emerging economies from 2008 to 2020. Methodology: Utilizing the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) econometric approach, we explore the interactive dynamics between these variables. Results: Our findings indicate that higher levels of corruption are associated with increased entrepreneurial activity in these economies. This can be attributed to the prevalence of corrupt practices, such as bribery, which serve as a means for entrepreneurs to overcome barriers and initiate businesses. Conversely, while financial development has a positive influence on entrepreneurship, its impact is not statistically significant. However, when considering a combined effect of financial development and corruption, a positive net impact is observed. This suggests that corruption can facilitate access to financial resources for entrepreneurs in these emerging economies. These findings support the notion of the “grease the wheels effect”. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between financial accessibility, corruption, and entrepreneurship in emerging economies, informing policymakers and stakeholders on strategies to foster entrepreneurship and drive sustainable economic growth.

Information asymmetry in non-US stocks: The compounding and mitigating effects of tax havens and corruption

This study examines the role of a country's position as a tax haven and its corruption level in the information asymmetry of non-United States (U.S.) stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Based on the findings, non-U.S. stocks from countries with more pronounced attributes of tax havens and corruption levels have a higher probability of information-based trading and lower market liquidity. Meanwhile, a deeper analysis into the individual attributes of tax havens reveals that the main drivers of these effects include weak anti-avoidance measures and legal complexities, with lesser effects from double tax treaties. In addition, the influence of a country's corruption level on information asymmetry primarily depends on its position as a tax haven, with the highest levels of information asymmetry occurring in jurisdictions that possess strong tax haven attributes and high corruption levels. The implication of the findings is that reducing the influence of global tax havens, especially in regions with high corruption levels, can enhance market liquidity, ultimately benefiting investors and contributing to the overall stability and efficiency of financial markets.

Implementasi Nilai-Nilai Pancasila Presiden Joko Widodo Sebagai Cara Meminimalisir Korupsi Di Negara Demokrasi

This article will discuss the implementation of President Joko Widodo's Pancasila values as a way to minimize corruption in democratic countries. Indonesia, as one of the democratic and developing countries that has a fairly high level of corruption in the world, is a fact that we still need to do a lot so that this title can fade from Indonesia's mind. One way is to instill Pancasila values in all Indonesian society without exception. This research uses implementation theory combined with descriptive qualitative research methods with literature review and literature study data collection techniques, it is hoped that it will be a contribution to social science today. The result is that President Joko Widodo has succeeded in implementing Pancasila values in Indonesia, this argument is proven by various policies and reforms related to Pancasila carried out in the current era.

Return on Investment in Human Capital in Russia: Regional Aspect

The purpose of the article is to assess the return on investment in human capital in Russia in a regional context. To achieve this goal, based on the data of the Russian monitoring of the economic situation and health of the population of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, 2 specifications of the Mincer equation were assessed. The sample consists of individual questionnaire data for 9–30 waves (2000–2021). The general population is divided into eight sub-samples, each of which characterizes a federal district (FD). Several important results were obtained: the lowest return in the North Caucasus Federal District (NCFD), this result is explained by the lack of jobs for highly skilled workers and the high level of corruption in the regions of the NCFD; rich FDs have a lower return on investment in HC than poor ones; the difference between the categories of respondents with incomplete secondary education and respondents with completed secondary education is insignificant; the highest return on higher education is in the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD), as respondents with higher education from the FEFD receive 62.6 percent more than respondents with less than secondary education.

Effectiveness and corruption in the criminal justice system of Latin America: An overview

ABSTRACT Latin America is the most violent region in the world. Recent research on the causes of crime have concluded that institutional effectiveness and corruption appear to be relevant variables explaining variations in crime trends. However, there is scarce research that focuses on understanding how these variables impact the criminal justice system and how they may affect crime. This paper aims to add to the literature by providing a theoretical framework on how effectiveness and corruption affects crime. Further, it reviews the current state of the criminal justice system in Latin America (i.e., the police, the judiciary, and the prison system) and offers a summary of how effective and corrupt these institutions are. Based on a high-level overview of primary research it is found that the criminal justice system is ineffective and suffers from high levels of corruption and, consequently, its capacity of capturing, judging and rehabilitating criminals is limited.

Attaining the sustainable development goals using blockchain-based cybersecurity

<p>Sustainable development or sustainability refers to meeting the needs of the present generation while not compromising on the needs of future generation. The cyberspace has increasing become a tool for actualizing sustainable development given the increased volume of online transactions. However, the cyberspace has equally been used to perpetuate crime and criminality, culminating in high level corruption in the society. Corruption thrives in secrecy in governance, weakens state institutions, and promotes injustices in the society, making the actualization of the Sustainable Development Goal 16 (SDG 16) a mirage. Since SDG 16 is the cornerstone for the actualization of the remaining 16 SDGs, this vision paper proposed a blockchain-based cybersecurity system for engendering transparency and accountability in governance, using the Nigerian polity as a case study. We used Use Case diagrams and n-tier Component Diagram to explain how functionalities of blockchain technology can be used to address trust deficit occasioned by crime and criminality. We also harped on how the implementation of the proposed system can impact on the attainment of the SDGs by the target year of 2030.</p>

“Let’s Propagate the Dharma”: A Critical Survey of the Activities of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism’s Seventh Dharma Propagation Bureau

The Jogye Order has been facing a deepening crisis since the turn of the millennium. The rapid decline in membership had been compounded by a growing loss of confidence in the order’s monastic leadership following a succession of scandals in the 1990s and 2010s involving sectarian infighting and high-level corruption. While the practice of “Dharma propagation” (pogyo) has been critical to Korean Buddhism’s revival over the twentieth century, the Jogye Order’s steadily worsening membership crisis has revitalized institutional interest in Dharma propagation. With the independent establishment of its “Dharma Propagation Bureau” (Pogyowon) in 1994, the order has steadily increased its financial and practical support of a diversity of propagation efforts as, over recent decades, the order knows that its long-term survival might very well depend on these efforts’ success. Given the crucial nature of the Jogye Order’s current propagation efforts, this article will conduct a critical examination of the recent history of the JO’s Dharma Propagation Bureau, with a particular focus on the Bureau’s activities under its seventh director, Ven. Jihong (in office 2016 through 2021).

Factors Affecting Criminal Behavior of Afghan Youth: A Case Study of Kabul Province Afghanistan

One of Afghanistan's primary challenges is its high rate of criminal activities. The alarming rise in the number of crimes committed across the country is becoming a matter of great concern. It is popular to relate criminal activities with the poor physical, psychological, social and economic situation of the impoverished part of the population. The most prominent factors contributing to youth criminal behavior in Afghanistan are the country's high levels of poverty, unemployment, and corruption. Keeping all of these facts in mind, the major objective of this study was to analyze the factors affecting youth criminal behavior in Kabul, Afghanistan. In this study quantitative research approach was used. Field surveys were the primary method for collecting the data. A multistage random sampling technique was used for collecting the data. Firstly, two districts were chosen at random from central Kabul. The Kabul Children's Reform and Education Center was a deliberate choice for the second stage. the third stage involved selecting a sample size of 300 responders in a way that was purposeful. A questionnaire was designed as a data collection instrument, and collected data was analyzed using version 25 of the SPSS program. According to the findings of the survey, the majority of the respondents who were involved in criminal activities were between the ages of 21 and 25, and they were married. Univariate analysis revealed that, the primary factors contributing to youth criminal behavior include poverty, unemployment, lack of socializing and peer pressure. Bivariate analysis revealed that youth unemployment and excessive use of social media were factors that contributed to criminal activities. Hence, this study suggested that government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should work together to raise awareness and foster youth empowerment in order to ensure that individuals have the skills and knowledge necessary to engage in the job market and become productive members of society.

The Neighborhood Effect on Perceptions of Corruption: Comparative Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis

This article aims to investigate the factors influencing the perception of high corruption levels in a country and examines the potential existence of spatial dependence in the distribution of these factors. It specifically focuses on exploring the interdependence between the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and forty four other factors categorized into six distinct categories. The central hypothesis posits that the interdependence between the CPI and these factors is more pronounced at the domestic level compared to its influence on indicators in neighboring countries. To assess the degree of interdependence between the CPI and each of the other indicators, the Pearson's Coefficient of Determination is employed, enabling an evaluation of corruption levels based on domestic state-specific factors. Furthermore, Moran's Bivariate Spatial Autocorrelation Index is utilized to elucidate the extent to which the CPI in one country influences one of the forty-four indicators in neighboring countries. Additionally, the Index of Spatial Interdependence is employed to ascertain the significance of domestic and international factors for each indicator. The research findings provide several noteworthy conclusions. Firstly, the neighborhood effect proves to be particularly significant for indicators that hold universal relevance for all governments, such as demographic and standard of living indicators. Conversely, indicators influenced by institutional, historical, and cultural differences exhibit stronger interrelations within the state. Lastly, the study establishes that the Pearson's Index holds greater significance than the Bivariate Moran's Index of Spatial Autocorrelation and the Index of Spatial Interdependence, thereby confirming the proposed hypothesis.

Assessing Individuals’ Perceptions of the Impact of Corruption on the Domains of Sustainable Development: A Cross-sectional Study in Palestine

Abstract The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of corruption on the social, economic, environmental and political domains of sustainable development from individuals’ perspective. The study also attempts to relate individuals’ perceptions to their socioeconomic characteristics. The study uses the convenience sampling approach, where 521 responses are collected through an online-administered questionnaire. Each domain of sustainable development is defined by a set of items measured on a five-point Likert scale. Individuals’ perceptions of the impact of corruption on sustainable development domains are assessed by measuring the mean score value of each item. The association between individuals’ perceptions and their socioeconomic characteristics is evaluated using the independent-samples t-test. The study finds that the impact of corruption on the four domains of sustainable development as perceived by individuals is within the high level. Results also show a statistically significant difference between individuals from different socioeconomic groups in their perceptions of the impact of corruption on sustainable development. Results revealed that a high level of corruption would hinder the progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at all levels. Therefore, improving the quality of governance in public institutions and controlling corruption is crucial to attaining economic and sustainable development.

Analysis of geopolitical factors in the context of ensuring national economic security of Ukraine

The study describes the concept of "economic security policy" in Ukraine. Relevance is determined by the need for the economic security of the state, which is determined by objective processes and phenomena that occur both in the national economy and society, and in the world space. The purpose is to determine the problem of economic security, which is key to the existence of the state. In the main results, the essence of economic security is defined as the readiness of state institutions to ensure the national interests of the state and create mechanisms for the protection of the national economy, to ensure the ability of society to maintain and renew reproductive processes and socio-political stability. The conclusion states that economic security turned out to be not only one of the most important components of the comprehensive system of national security, but also the basis for observing and realizing national interests. Among the main threats to economic and national security in politically and economically Ukraine, the author includes socio-political conflicts, the presence of a large number of people with dissatisfied and aggressive ideas, military conflicts, a high level of migration of refugees and displaced persons, the deterioration of the ecological situation, the growth of anthropogenic accidents, corruption, a high level of shadowing, in particular, a high level of corruption, the growth of unemployment and dependence on international creditors, as well as establishing high indicators of shadowing, in particular, a high level of unemployment, dependence on international creditors. In the conditions of increasing external threats, the transformation of Ukraine's state policy in the field of economic security should be aimed at eliminating signs of incapacity and forming Ukraine as a strong, innovative and independent state by implementing effective regulatory mechanisms to create a safe economic environment.

Entrepreneurship, Resource Rents and Institutions

Abstract The resource curse hypothesis supposes that rents generated by resource booms create opportunities for rent-seeking activities, which weaken innovation and economic development due to the potentially adverse effects in competitive markets. The quality of institutions is an important channel to transform society from a rent-seeking economy to an entrepreneurial economy. We address in this paper these channels by examining necessity, opportunity, productive and innovative measures of entrepreneurship. Using annual data from 2002 to 2017, we estimate the relationship between entrepreneurship and natural resource rents for 60 countries. Allowing for measures of institutions (corruption, government policies, and cultural and social norms) and real GDP growth, we find that natural resource rents have negative effects on productive and innovative entrepreneurship, especially in high-income countries. In threshold dynamic panels, entrepreneurial activities grow with higher levels of corruption (weaker institutions), with an interpretation provided based on the higher corruption in developing economies.

Угрозы гуманитарной безопасности в Латинской Америке

Like any other region of the world Latin America is a subject to threats that negatively affect the standard of living of people. The author identifies and analyzes the main economic, social, political, and environmental threats of the region, referring to the documents of international organizations such as the UN, the World Bank, Human Rights Watch and experts studying the problems. The author notes that the immediate economic threat to human security arises from a drop in production, loss of income and rising unemployment, which leads to a significant increase in poverty and a decrease in citizens’ confidence in the future. Against the backdrop of global crises, the World Bank forecasts a modest increase in the GDP of countries in the coming years. The author identifies three social groups that are most vulnerable to threats to human security: migrants, indigenous people, women, and children. A common problem for the region is the high percentage of cases of violence that also come from the authorities. The main threat to the political security of citizens is the weakness of democracies, since this political system in the region has existed for about forty years and is not yet as developed as in other regions of the world. The high level of corruption among officials aggravates the situation in the country, which often leads to rallies and strikes throughout the region. Among the transnational threats to human security, the author notes terrorism and organized crime, including money laundering and drug trafficking, as well as trafficking in short-barreled weapons. These threats pose a direct danger to people’s lives. Against the background of deforestation of tropical forests, the threat to environmental security is extremely acute. The danger is that deforestation leads to the deprivation of indigenous peoples of their habitat, which directly affects the human security of the region.

Tindak Pidana Korupsi dan Alokasi Dana Desa

Introduction: The village funds that are managed are expected to realize the welfare of the village community. Community welfare can make a country strong and can compete with other countries. To be able to meet the needs of a quality life, it can be seen from how welfare is. Therefore, welfare is the main value that is always pursued so that humans can realize it. One important factor in realizing welfare is the existence of village funds. Efforts to increase awareness of village officials on the management of state finances, in this case the management of village funds for village officials, require counseling on the allocation of village funds and criminal acts of corruption. The low level of understanding and awareness of the law can be caused by the lack of socialization and supervision, this can be seen from the high level of corruption that occurs in Indonesia, especially in rural villages in Indonesia including Maluku, the lack of community access to knowledge of village financial management certainly causes miss management in village financial management.
 Purposes of the Research: Analyzing Corruption in Village Fund Allocation.
 Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative juridical, with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The sources of legal materials used are primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials.
 Results of the Research: The management of village funds in Indonesia, including in the Maluku region, should aim to improve the welfare of village communities. However, unfortunately, there are several obstacles that hinder the achievement of this goal. Low levels of legal understanding and awareness among village officials and village financial management tools contribute to this problem. Therefore, to overcome this problem, serious efforts are needed to improve understanding and legal awareness related to village fund management. This includes counseling on the allocation of village funds and the impact of corruption crimes. Better education and training should be provided to village officials and staff involved in village financial management. Only in this way can we reduce the level of corruption that harms village communities and the country as a whole.

Factors Influencing Enterprise ESG Performance

This paper discusses the factors which influence the environmental, social, and governance performance of enterprises by reviewing previous studies. The article is analyzed from the external and internal environment of enterprises and developed from three dimensions: social institution, policy, and executives characteristics. Social institution and policy are external environments, and executives characteristic is the internal environment. The factor of social institutions, political institutions, labor institutions, and cultural institutions are discussed. They will be detailed on corruption, unemployment rate, labor protection, social cohesion, and equal opportunities. Unemployment rate and labor protection pose a positive impact on enterprise ESG performance, while high levels of country corruption, social cohesion, and equal opportunities contribute to negative ESG performance. Spanish, French, and Japanese enterprises are listed as an example. Spanish and French firms have similar levels of social and corporate governance performance, while Japanese firms are more committed to environmental issues due to cultural institutional differences. In the factor of policy, the article focuses on the positive influence of Chinas environmental regulation on technology innovation in the paper industry. The factor of executives characteristics, international background, and diversity, specifically in female proportion, of corporate executives are helpful to enterprise ESG performance. ESG performance is influenced by the external and internal environment of the enterprise. There is a mutual promotion between external and internal environments. This paper analyzing several factors will provide a reference for developing enterprise ESG performance in different countries.

The Interacting Role of Corruption Control in the Relationship Between Financial Development and Ecological Footprint: Evidence from Top Selected African Countries

Recent studies suggest that financial development has several implications for the ecological footprint. However, the relevance of corruption control in the nexus between financial development and ecological footprint remains an open question. Owing to the high level of corruption in the leading African economies, domestic credit may not be available to prospective investors for environmentally friendly production. Therefore, this study inspired by the growing threats to environmental quality examines the mitigating effects of financial development and corruption control on the ecological footprint of ten leading African economies. The study also investigated the moderating role of corruption control in the link between financial development and ecological impact. Our study employs the dynamic common correlated effects approach (a second-generation technique) using panel data from 1996 to 2020. Results: The empirical findings of the estimation unveiled that financial development, economic growth, and corruption control intensify ecological footprint, while economic growth square reduces it. The result confirms the U-shaped relationship between economic growth and ecological footprint. The interactive term of corruption control and financial development shows that corruption control significantly moderates the positive impact of financial development on the ecological footprint. These results persist when cross-sectional auto-regressive distributive lag is used to re-estimate the model. Furthermore, Dumitrescu and Hurlin’s causality tests show two-way causality between ecological footprint, financial development, corruption control, and economic growth. The study guides economies to develop policies to enhance financial instruments necessary to help mitigate ecological footprint.