High Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Exosomes as Emerging Regulators of Immune Responses in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Immune dysregulation-mediated chronic low-grade inflammation is a critical factor that poses a significant risk to the metabolic disorders of T2DM and its related complications. Exosomes, as small extracellular vesicles secreted by various cells, have emerged as essential regulators of intercellular communication and immune regulation. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of exosomes derived from immune and nonimmune cells in modulating immune responses in T2DM by regulating immune cell functions and cytokine production. More importantly, we suggest potential strategies for the clinical applications of exosomes in T2DM management, including biomarkers for disease diagnosis and monitoring, exosome-based therapies for drug delivery vehicles, and targeted therapy for exosomes.

Skrining Diabetes Melitus Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Kesehatan Masyarakat Desa

Sungaibuntu is a village in West Java. Health facilities in Sungaibuntu are not adequate, this village does not have clinic and a doctor's practice, this can be a gap in the community's lack of understanding of the importance of maintaining health, one of which is Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Therefore, providing education and screening for diabetes mellitus is important as an effort to detect these diseases. The aim of this activity is to increase public knowledge and understanding regarding risk factors, early detection and self-management so that DM can be prevented and treated well. The stages of activities that will be carried out include providing DM education, measuring BMI, measuring blood pressure, and measuring blood glucose levels. The results of the activity showed an increase in participants' knowledge before and after being given DM education, while the screening results showed that 47.9% of participants were obese, 60.6% of participants had high blood pressure, and 18.3% of participants had high blood glucose levels at the time of measurement. DM education and screening can increase public knowledge and understanding regarding prevention, management, complications and good self-management. In this case, the role of the patient, family and related parties is needed so that the impact of DM can be minimized.

Verifying The Association Between IL6 -174G/C Polymorphism in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background : Diabetes mellitus, also known as blood sugar, is a series of metabolic disorders described by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), low blood glucose (hypoglycemia), or both, resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. Numerous studies have shown that interleukin (IL-6) acts on skeletal muscle cells , liver cells, and pancreas cells to influence glucose balance and metabolism, which directly or indirectly contributes to the development of diabetes. Research in this area is crucial because diabetes is recognized as a major risk factor for many diseases like Diabetic retinopathy, Diabetic nephropathy, Diabetic Neuropathy , heart disease and others. Patients and methods : In this study, we tested three of genotypes GG; GC ; CC for IL6 -174G/C polymorphism to determine its association with type 2 diabetes and its effect on insulin. One hundred T2DM patients and 100 clinically healthy participants were enrolled in the study. Results and Conclusion : Based on the results presented by the researcher, the three genetic polymorphisms GG, GC, and CC of the IL6-174G/C polymorphism did not appear to be associated with type 2 diabetes or determine the course of the disease. Given society’s demand for radical solutions and the necessity of reducing the increasing number of deaths every year, these findings underscore the need for continued research into understanding the complex interplay of factors that contribute to diabetes-related complications.

Results from an Obesity Model in White Male Wistar Rats After Administration of Telang Flower (Clitoria Ternatea) Extract on Pancreatic Function and Histopathological Characteristics

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease affecting 95% of diabetics, characterized by high blood glucose levels due to decreased insulin production. Bioactive chemicals from plants like butterfly pea flower and Clitoria Ternatea can potentially treat DM, inhibit carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, and potentially regenerate pancreatic beta cells. This study tests butterfly pea flower extract on obesity-related pancreatic function in white rats. In obese rats given varied dosages of butterfly pea flower extract, the study evaluates pancreatic tissue histopathology and ethanol extract properties. The study examines male Wistar rats' acclimatization before treatment with butterfly pea flower extract, a high-fat diet, and butterfly pea flower extract, comparing the effects of the extract on rats. Pancreatic function is examined using enzymes amylase and lipase. Histopathological observation of pancreatic organs involves several steps, including fixation, washing, infiltration, embedding, cutting, attaching, deparaffinization, dealcoholization, staining, mounting, and scoring. A post-test-only control group design compared butterfly pea flower extract and pancreatic function in male white rats. Butterfly pea flower extract improved pancreatic histology in obese white rats at 600mg/KgWB, closer to the normal group. The extract contains secondary metabolites that repair cell tissue damaged by the rats' high-fat diet and obesity.

The optimal blood glucose is significantly associated with lower mortality in critically ill patients with cardiogenic shock: an analysis revealed with time series blood glucose records

BackgroundThe optimal blood glucose (BG) level for patients with cardiogenic shock in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains unclear. Studies have found that both excessively high and low BG levels contribute to adverse cardiovascular events. Our study aims to investigate the optimal BG level for critically ill patients with cardiogenic shock and evaluate the effects of optimal BG on the prognosis of patients.MethodsA total of 2013 patients with cardiogenic shock obtained from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC) IV database were included in the final cohort for our retrospective observational study for data analysis. The exposure was time-weighted average BG (TWA-BG), which was calculated by the time-series BG records and corresponding time stamps of patients with cardiogenic shock during their stay in the ICU. The cut-off value of TWA-BG was identified by the restricted cubic spline curve and included patients were categorized into three groups: low TWA-BG group (TWA-BG ≤ 104 mg/dl), optimal TWA-BG group (104 < TWA-BG ≤ 138 mg/dl), and high TWA-BG group (TWA-BG > 138 mg/dl). The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, and the secondary outcomes were ICU and in-hospital mortality. We performed the log-rank test to detect whether there is a difference in mortality among different groups in the original cohort. Multiple distinct models were employed to validate the robustness of the results.ResultsOur study revealed that the optimal BG level for critically ill patients with cardiogenic shock is 104–138 mg/dl. Compared to the optimal TWA-BG group, the low TWA-BG group (hazard ratio (HR): 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19–2.33, p = 0.002) and high TWA-BG group (HR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.46–2.03, p < 0.001) exhibited higher 28-day mortality. Similarly, the low TWA-BG group and high TWA-BG group demonstrated higher risks in terms of ICU mortality (low TWA-BG group: HR: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.40–3.79, p < 0.001; high TWA-BG group: HR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.45–2.17, p < 0.001) and in-hospital mortality (low TWA-BG group: HR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.19–2.51, p = 0.001; high TWA-BG group: HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.38–1.95, p < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis conducted through propensity score matching and the subgroup analysis further substantiated the robustness of the results.ConclusionThe optimal BG level for patients with cardiogenic shock is 104–138 mg/dl. BG levels below 104 mg/dl and above 138 mg/dl were associated with a less favorable prognosis.

1H NMR metabolomics insights into comparative diabesity in male and female zebrafish and the antidiabetic activity of DL-limonene

Zebrafish have been utilized for many years as a model animal for pharmacological studies on diabetes and obesity. High-fat diet (HFD), streptozotocin and alloxan injection, and glucose immersion have all been used to induce diabetes and obesity in zebrafish. Currently, studies commonly used both male and female zebrafish, which may influence the outcomes since male and female zebrafish are biologically different. This study was designed to investigate the difference between the metabolites of male and female diabetic zebrafish, using limonene – a natural product which has shown several promising results in vitro and in vivo in treating diabetes and obesity—and provide new insights into how endogenous metabolites change following limonene treatment. Using HFD-fed male and female zebrafish, we were able to develop an animal model of T2D and identify several endogenous metabolites that might be used as diagnostic biomarkers for diabetes. The endogenous metabolites in males and females were different, even though both genders had high blood glucose levels and a high BMI. Treatment with limonene prevented high blood glucose levels and improved in diabesity zebrafish by limonene, through reversal of the metabolic changes caused by HFD in both genders. In addition, limonene was able to reverse the elevated expression of AKT during HFD.

Individual, interpersonal, and community factors associated with health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated at federally qualified health centers.

To examine factors of influence in diabetes management and their association with self-reported health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes treated at Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs). This cross-sectional study examined data from the 2014 Health Center Patient Survey (HCPS). Predictor variables were categorized across three levels of the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities research framework. Outcome variables retrieved from HCPS included self-reports of blood glucose levels, and diabetes-related emergency department (ED)/hospital visits during past year. A total of 936 patients with diabetes were included. Most (65%) participants received a diabetes self-management plan. During the previous year, 72% received > = 2 A1C checks, 52% reported high blood glucose levels, and 12% visited an ED/hospital. Multivariable results showed that insulin use and receiving a self-management plan were associated with high blood glucose levels and ED/hospital visits. Community factors of being unable to get medications and receiving a specialist foot exam were respectively associated with high blood glucose levels and ED/hospital visits. Different factors were associated with health outcomes in patients with diabetes treated at FQHCs. Identifying these factors can help with targeted screening and follow-up and assessing potential interventions to improve health outcomes. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-024-01388-5.

Effect of nutrition education on serological variables of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited Clinic Warri, Delta State Nigeria

Background: The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus around the world appears as dramatic as to have been characterized as an epidemic. Diabetes mellitus causes prolonged ill-health, imposes morbidity and mortality risks, and necessitates a change in lifestyle, with a meticulous daily routine and long-term self-care. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the effect of nutrition education on serological variables of the type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methodology: Two Hundred and Thirty (230) out of 258 subjects who participated in the longitudinal study were confirmed Type 2 diabetics. One hundred and Fifty (150) subjects were grouped into education group and Eighty (80) subjects into control group. Information on socio-demographic, life-style characteristics, and management regimens of the diabetes were collected using structured, validated and pretested questionnaire. Subject’s serological variables such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), 2-hours post prandial and fasting lipid profile were collected. Nutrition education was instituted and was performed in a group of 15 patients per session in 2 hours. Results: Most of the subjects (70.0%) in the education group at baseline had elevated HbA1c with a mean baseline HbA1c level of 8.08+1.88%. While most of the subjects (65.00%) in the control group at baseline had normal HbA1c with a mean baseline glycated hemoglobin level of 7.01+1.86%. However, there was a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in the mean and percentage number of HbA1c of the subjects in education and control group. Only 6.7% of the subjects had low Fasting Blood Glucose (&lt;4.2mmol/l), 58.0% had high Fasting Blood Glucose (&gt;7.0mmol/l) and 35.3% had normal Fasting Blood Glucose (4.2-5.9mmol/l). After three months follow up, the number of subjects who had normal FBG increased from 35.3% to 54.7%, the low FBG levels increased from 6.5% to 10.0% but high Fasting Blood Glucose levels reduced from 58.0% to 35.3%. Conclusion: There was significant reduction in the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) of the subjects after nutrition education and follow up, indicating that nutrition education and follow up has positive impact the serological variables of the subjects who are diabetics.

Sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers loaded with Shikonin for diabetic wound healing: In vivo and in vitro evaluation

Diabetic wounds are typically chronic wounds and the healing process is limited by problems such as high blood glucose levels, bacterial infections, and other issues that make wound healing difficult. Designing drug-loaded wound dressings is an effective way to promote diabetic wound healing. In this study, we developed an SA/PVA nanofiber (SPS) containing Shikonin (SK) for the treatment of diabetic wounds. The prepared nanofibers were uniform in diameter, had good hydrophilicity and high water vapor permeability, and effectively promoted gas exchange between the wound site and the outside world. The results of in vitro experiments showed that SPS was effective in antimicrobial, antioxidant, and biocompatible. In vivo tests showed that the wound healing rate of mice treated with SPS reached 85.5 %. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that SPS was involved in the diabetic wound healing process through the up-regulation of growth factors (CD31, HIF-1α) and the down-regulation of inflammatory factors (CD68). Western blotting experiments showed that SPS attenuated the inflammation through the inhibition of the IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results suggest that SPS is a promising candidate for future clinical application of chronic wound dressings.

Risk Factors and Prognosis of Early Neurological Deterioration after Bridging Therapy.

Early neurological deterioration (END) after bridging therapy (BT) of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients is associated with poor outcomes. We aimed to study the incidence, risk factors and prognosis of END after BT. From January to December 2021, the clinical data of AIS patients treated by BT (intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase prior to mechanical thrombectomy) from three comprehensive stroke centers were analyzed. Patients were divided into non-END group and END group according to whether they developed END within 72 hours of symptom onset. Modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to assess the patient's prognosis at 90 days, and favorable outcomes were defined as mRS≤2. The incidence of END was investigated, and binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore its associated factors. The incidence of END after BT was 33.67%. The eligible 90 patients included 29 cases in the END group and 61 cases in the non-END group. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that increase of systolic blood pressure (SBP) (OR=1.026, 95%CI:1.001-1.051, p =0.043), higher level of blood glucose at admission (OR=1.389, 95%CI:1.092-1.176, p =0.007) and large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) subtype (OR=8.009, 95%CI:2.357-27.223, p =0.001) were independent risk factors of END. Compared with the non-END group, the END group had significantly lower rates of good outcomes (6.90% versus 65.57%, p =0.001) while higher rates of mortality (44.83% versus 4.92%, p =0.001). It was found that the incidence of END after BT in AIS patients was 33.67%. An increase in SBP, higher glucose levels at admission, and LAA were independent risk factors of END that predicted a poor prognosis.

Nursing Care in Diabetes Mellitus Type-2 in The Bougenvil Room of The General Hospital dr. H. Koesnadi Bondowoso Indonesia: Case Report

Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by the body being unable to release or use insulin adequately so that glucose levels in the blood are high. If this high blood glucose level lasts for a long time, there will be a disturbance in the alcohol metabolic pathway which results in increased sorbitol production so that various nursing problems arise, including ineffective peripheral perfusion. This study uses a case study method in the form of exposure to the results of applying the client's nursing care process in accordance with the theory, containing a discussion of nursing actions that occur in the field. This research was conducted on one client who experienced Diabetes mellitus for 4 visits starting from May 15, 2023, through data collection of interviews, observations, physical examinations, and documentation studies. The results of this study were obtained from the assessment, namely Ineffective Peripheral Perfusion in accordance with the theory, and diagnosis as in accordance with the client's condition, while the implementation refers to the interventions that have been set, and the evaluation refers to the general objectives and specific objectives that have been set in accordance with the theory.

Machine Learning-Based Hyperglycemia Prediction: Enhancing Risk Assessment in a Cohort of Undiagnosed Individuals.

Noncommunicable diseases continue to pose a substantial health challenge globally, with hyperglycemia serving as a prominent indicator of diabetes. This study employed machine learning algorithms to predict hyperglycemia in a cohort of individuals who were asymptomatic and unraveled crucial predictors contributing to early risk identification. This dataset included an extensive array of clinical and demographic data obtained from 195 adults who were asymptomatic and residing in a suburban community in Nigeria. The study conducted a thorough comparison of multiple machine learning algorithms to ascertain the most effective model for predicting hyperglycemia. Moreover, we explored feature importance to pinpoint correlates of high blood glucose levels within the cohort. Elevated blood pressure and prehypertension were recorded in 8 (4.1%) and 18 (9.2%) of the 195 participants, respectively. A total of 41 (21%) participants presented with hypertension, of which 34 (83%) were female. However, sex adjustment showed that 34 of 118 (28.8%) female participants and 7 of 77 (9%) male participants had hypertension. Age-based analysis revealed an inverse relationship between normotension and age (r=-0.88; P=.02). Conversely, hypertension increased with age (r=0.53; P=.27), peaking between 50-59 years. Of the 195 participants, isolated systolic hypertension and isolated diastolic hypertension were recorded in 16 (8.2%) and 15 (7.7%) participants, respectively, with female participants recording a higher prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension (11/16, 69%) and male participants reporting a higher prevalence of isolated diastolic hypertension (11/15, 73%). Following class rebalancing, the random forest classifier gave the best performance (accuracy score 0.89; receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve score 0.89; F1-score 0.89) of the 26 model classifiers. The feature selection model identified uric acid and age as important variables associated with hyperglycemia. The random forest classifier identified significant clinical correlates associated with hyperglycemia, offering valuable insights for the early detection of diabetes and informing the design and deployment of therapeutic interventions. However, to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of each feature's contribution to blood glucose levels, modeling additional relevant clinical features in larger datasets could be beneficial.

BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING EFFECT OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF HYMENODICTYON FLORIBUNDUM (RUBIACEAE)

In developing countries, and some developed nations, diseases are managed using complementary medicine with the aid of preparations from a single or mixture of herbs. Diabetes mellitus, described by persistently high blood glucose levels, owing to abnormalities in insulin secretion, is among such disorders. Hymenodictyon floribundum has been reported to be used in ethnomedicine to manage diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the blood glucose-lowering activity of the ethanol extract of Hymenodictyon floribundum leaves in adult Wistar rats. Elemental analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening, and acute toxicity test were carried out. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed using five groups of adult Wistar rats administered graded doses (375, 750, and 1500 mg/kg) of the extract, distilled water (1 mL/kg) as negative control, and metformin (500 mg/kg) as positive control. Measurement of glucose levels in blood was performed at 0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes of extract administration, respectively. The result of the elemental analysis indicated the presence of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed tannins, steroids, triterpenes, saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, and flavonoids. The Median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was estimated to be higher than 5000 mg/kg orally. The animals treated with the extract showed a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in blood glucose levels compared to the negative control. Blood glucose levels dropped below baseline in the animals treated with the highest dose (1500 mg/kg) of the extract. The study therefore revealed that Hymenodictyon floribundum has the potential to produce a blood glucose-lowering effect and corroborates the claim of antidiabetic activity of the plant.

BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING EFFECT OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF HYMENODICTYON FLORIBUNDUM (RUBIACEAE)

In developing countries, and some developed nations, diseases are managed using complementary medicine with the aid of preparations from a single or mixture of herbs. Diabetes mellitus, described by persistently high blood glucose levels, owing to abnormalities in insulin secretion, is among such disorders. Hymenodictyon floribundum has been reported to be used in ethnomedicine to manage diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the blood glucose-lowering activity of the ethanol extract of Hymenodictyon floribundum leaves in adult Wistar rats. Elemental analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening, and acute toxicity test were carried out. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed using five groups of adult Wistar rats administered graded doses (375, 750, and 1500 mg/kg) of the extract, distilled water (1 mL/kg) as negative control, and metformin (500 mg/kg) as positive control. Measurement of glucose levels in blood was performed at 0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes of extract administration, respectively. The result of the elemental analysis indicated the presence of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed tannins, steroids, triterpenes, saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, and flavonoids. The Median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was estimated to be higher than 5000 mg/kg orally. The animals treated with the extract showed a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in blood glucose levels compared to the negative control. Blood glucose levels dropped below baseline in the animals treated with the highest dose (1500 mg/kg) of the extract. The study therefore revealed that Hymenodictyon floribundum has the potential to produce a blood glucose-lowering effect and corroborates the claim of antidiabetic activity of the plant.

Development of oral formulation of Lepidium seeds significantly decreases the high blood glucose levels in diabetic rats: in vitro formulation and in vivo antidiabetic performance

Background Lepidium sativum, Garden Cress (GC), seeds have a lot of natural molecules with a pronounced activity against different disorders. It was reported that GC seeds have the ability to lower the blood glucose level. Aim The aim of this work was to formulate GC seeds into oral tablets containing a fixed dose of the grounded seeds. Furthermore, the anti-diabetic performance of the prepared tablets was studied in the streptozotocin rats’ model in comparison with positive control metformin. Methods Micrometrics of GC grounded seeds with different excipients were investigated. Then, GC tablets were prepared via direct compression technique. GC tablets were characterized for their uniformity of dosage unit, friability, hardness, disintegration time, and in vitro release. The antidiabetic effect was studied in rats for a period of 28 days. Glycosylated hemoglobin, liver performance, and lipid levels include total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were also estimated. In addition, histopathological study of liver and pancreas was also performed. Results Prosolv®EasyTab produced tablets with higher hardness, lower disintegration time, and fast release. GC tablets significantly lower the elevated blood glucose level. In addition, they have antihyperlipidemic activity, hepatocellular protective role and restore the histology of the liver and pancreas. Conclusion GC tablets could be a promising alternative formulation to control the high blood glucose level in diabetic rats rather than chemically derivatized drugs.

Use of noninvasive imaging to identify causes of skeletal fragility in adults with diabetes: a review.

Diabetes, a disease marked by consistent high blood glucose levels, is associated with various complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease. Notably, skeletal fragility has emerged as a significant complication in both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetic patients. This review examines noninvasive imaging studies that evaluate skeletal outcomes in adults with T1D and T2D, emphasizing distinct skeletal phenotypes linked with each condition and pinpointing gaps in understanding bone health in diabetes. Although traditional DXA-BMD does not fully capture the increased fracture risk in diabetes, recent techniques such as quantitative computed tomography, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, high-resolution quantitative computed tomography, and MRI provide insights into 3D bone density, microstructure, and strength. Notably, existing studies present heterogeneous results possibly due to variations in design, outcome measures, and potential misclassification between T1D and T2D. Thus, the true nature of diabetic skeletal fragility is yet to be fully understood. As T1D and T2D are diverse conditions with heterogeneous subtypes, future research should delve deeper into skeletal fragility by diabetic phenotypes and focus on longitudinal studies in larger, diverse cohorts to elucidate the complex influence of T1D and T2D on bone health and fracture outcomes.

Dapagliflozin attenuates renal fibrosis by suppressing angiotensin II/TGFβ signaling in diabetic mice

AimsDiabetic nephropathy (DN) complicates diabetes Mellitus and intimately relates to intrarenal renin–angiotensin system (RAS) activity. Dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), has been validated to improve renal outcomes in diabetic patients from clinical research by elusive mechanisms. This study explored the presumption that the eagerness activity of intrarenal RAS in DN generated oxidative stress to promote renal fibrosis, and the process can be interrupted by dapagliflozin. MethodsA streptozotocin-induced DN model was established in male C57BL/6J mice. Mice were treated with dapagliflozin or losartan for 14 weeks. Biochemical data, renal fibrosis, oxidative stress, and RAS were measured. ResultsDN mice were characterized by overtly low body weight, high levels of blood glucose, and renal injury. Interrupting SGLT2 and RAS significantly improved renal dysfunction and pathological lesions in DN mice. Consistent with these favorable effects, dapagliflozin revoked the local RAS/oxidative stress and the succeeding transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling. ConclusionsThis research clarifies that intrarenal RAS activity triggers renal injury in DN, and dapagliflozin attenuates renal fibrosis by suppressing Angiotensin II/TGFβ signaling. It unravels a novel insight into the role of prevention and treatment of SGLT2 inhibitors to DN.

Risk factors for ketoacidosis in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and establishment of a predictive model

To investigate the risk factors for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to establish a model for predicting the risk of DKA. A retrospective analysis was performed on 217 children/adolescents with T1DM who were admitted to General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from January 2018 to December 2021. Among the 217 children/adolescents,169 cases with DKA were included as the DKA group and 48 cases without DKA were included as the non-DKA group. The risk factors for DKA in the children/adolescents with T1DM were analyzed, and a nomogram model was established for predicting the risk of DKA in children/adolescents with T1DM. For the 217 children/adolescents with T1DM, the incidence rate of DKA was 77.9% (169/217). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that high levels of random blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood ketone body, and triglyceride on admission were closely associated with the development of DKA in the children/adolescents with T1DM (OR=1.156, 3.2031015, 20.131, and 9.519 respectively; P<0.05). The nomogram prediction model had a C-statistic of 0.95, with a mean absolute error of 0.004 between the risk of DKA predicted by the nomogram model and the actual risk of DKA, indicating that the model had a good overall prediction ability. High levels of random blood glucose, HbA1c, blood ketone body, and triglyceride on admission are closely associated with the development of DKA in children/adolescents with T1DM, and targeted intervention measures should be developed to reduce the risk of DKA.

Frequency of ABO/Rh Blood Groups Among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Luanda, Angola

Background Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by alterations in glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism, which can be identified by detecting high blood glucose levels. In this study we evaluated the frequency of ABO/Rh blood groups in patients with diabetes treated in Luanda, during the second half of 2020. Methods This was an observational, analytical, prospective study with a quantitative approach conducted with 100 patients with diabetes. Results The mean age of patients was 48,4±14 years old. Patients males (63%) with a mean age of 47.9±14.5 years old, secondary educational level (33%), and living in urbanized areas from Luanda (33%), which were the most prevalent in this studied population. About 57% did not exercise before the disease and did not have the disease in the family (51%). About 71% of the patients used insulin to treat diabetes. ORh+ and ARh+ blood groups were the most frequent. The majority of the patients were less than 4 years with diabetes. Conclusion We concluded that the patients most affected by diabetes were the elderly, males, from urbanized areas, and with blood groups ORh+ or ARh+. Further studies assessing the relationship between ABO/Rh blood groups and diabetes among the Angolan population are needed.

Blood Glucose Levels during Decathlon Competition: An Observational Study in Timing of Intake and Competing Time.

During a men's decathlon, a combined event conducted over two consecutive days, fluctuations in blood glucose were measured using flash glucose monitoring. Because decathletes repeatedly intake and exercise, high and low blood glucose levels are observed, but the actual conditions have not yet been clarified. Low blood glucose levels (<80 mg/dL) were observed in nine athletes, while high blood glucose levels (>139 mg/dL) were observed in all athletes at least once during the competition days. Furthermore, low blood glucose levels were observed in nine athletes at least once during and after intake ("intake" refers to consuming energy-containing food and beverages). Additionally, high blood glucose levels were observed in nine athletes at least once during and after intake. Five athletes had low blood glucose during competing time. It was suggested that even if they had eaten a meal just prior to the competition, their intake was likely insufficient for their energy expenditure. A significant positive correlation was found between the mean blood glucose level and the number of intakes on competition days. It is believed that meals may have had a strong influence on blood glucose, even on competition days with a high frequency of eating and exercise for the decathlon.