High-level Extensions Research Articles

Factors affecting optimization of sustainable food house programs of accelerating food consumption diversification in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Sustainable Food House (Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari/KRPL) is one of the programs to accelerate food consumption diversification (Percepatan Penganekaragaman Konsumsi Pangan/P2KP) to fulfill food needs in Indonesia. This study aims to describe the implementation, analyze optimization, and determine the factors that influence the optimization of the KRPL program in Farmer Women Group (Kelompok Wanita Tani/KWT) Migunani. The data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. All members of the KWT Migunani, of which as many as 27 people, are taken as respondents. The analysis was done using descriptive analytics to identify the factors that influence the optimization. The results showed that the program implementation was successful, as indicated by 78.6% of KWT members who were active in group activities, agriculture, and high-level extension workers. T Program optimization is also sufficiently implemented (score 2.73 out of a maximum score of 5), seen from indicators of the number of commodities and technology, the use of more yards, and additional food supply for families. The internal factors that affect the optimization are formal education, family income, cosmopolitan rate, and motivation; while the external factors are the intensity of extension, availability of production facilities, and member involvement in KWT.

Streamlined variational inference for higher level group-specific curve models.

A two-level group-specific curve model is such that the mean response of each member of a group is a separate smooth function of a predictor of interest. The three-level extension is such that one grouping variable is nested within another one, and higher level extensions are analogous. Streamlined variational inference for higher level group-specific curve models is a challenging problem. We confront it by systematically working through two-level and then three-level cases and making use of the higher level sparse matrix infrastructure laid down in Nolan and Wand (2019). A motivation is analysis of data from ultrasound technology for which three-level group-specific curve models are appropriate. Whilst extension to the number of levels exceeding three is not covered explicitly, the pattern established by our systematic approach sheds light on what is required for even higher level group-specific curve models.

Neck Flexion Induces Larger Deformation of the Brain Than Extension at a Rotational Acceleration, Closed Head Trauma

A closed head trauma induces incompletely characterized temporary movement and deformation of the brain, contributing to the primary traumatic brain injury. We used the pressure patterns recorded with light-operated miniature sensors in anaesthetized adult rabbits exposed to a sagittal plane rotational acceleration of the head, lasting 1 ms, as a measure of brain deformation. Two exposure levels were used and scaled to correspond to force levels reported to cause mild and moderate diffuse injury in an adult man, respectively. Flexion induced transient, strong, extended, and predominantly negative pressures while extension generated a short positive pressure peak followed by a minor negative peak. Low level flexion caused as strong, extended negative pressures as did high level extension. Time differences were demonstrated between the deformation of the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. Available X-ray and MRI techniques do not have as high time resolution as pressure recordings in demonstrating complex, sequential compression and stretching of the brain during a trauma. The exposure to flexion caused more protracted and extensive deformation of the brain than extension, in agreement with a published histopathological report. The severity and extent of the brain deformation generated at a head trauma thus related to the direction at equal force.

SkelCL: a high-level extension of OpenCL for multi-GPU systems

Application development for modern high-performance systems with graphics processing units (GPUs) currently relies on low-level programming approaches like CUDA and OpenCL, which leads to complex, lengthy and error-prone programs. We present SkelCL—a high-level programming approach for systems with multiple GPUs and its implementation as a library on top of OpenCL. SkelCL makes three main enhancements to the OpenCL standard: (1) memory management is simplified using parallel container data types (vectors and matrices); (2) an automatic data (re)distribution mechanism allows for implicit data movements between GPUs and ensures scalability when using multiple GPUs; (3) computations are conveniently expressed using parallel algorithmic patterns (skeletons). We demonstrate how SkelCL is used to implement parallel applications, and we report experimental evaluation of our approach in terms of programming effort and performance.

Monte Carlo Simulation을 이용한 도시하천의 고수위 Rating Curve 개발

본 연구에서는 도시하천을 대상으로 Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS)에 의한 모의발생 기법 적용으로 최적화된 강우-유출 모형과 홍수위 추적모형 연계를 통한 고수위 Rating Curve 작성법을 제안하였다. 대상유역의 관측 자료로부터 작성된 수위-유량곡선식은 유량측정의 오차와 더불어 고수위에 대한 불확실성을 내포하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 관측치와의 표준오차(<TEX>$S_e$</TEX>)는 0.056으로, 무작위 불확실성(<TEX>$2S_{mr}$</TEX>)은 평균 <TEX>${\pm}1.43%$</TEX>, 최대 <TEX>${\pm}4.27%$</TEX>로 분석되었다. 또한, 전대수지법과 Stevens방법에 의한 고수위 연장은 도시하천 유역 규모에 비하여 수위에 따른 홍수량이 과대 산정되는 문제점이 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 마지막으로, MCS에 의한 다량의 수문자료군 확보를 통한 수위-유량 관계곡선의 연장방법은 고수위에 대한 불확실성을 감소시켜며, 보다 신뢰성 있는 고수위 연장이 가능하였다. 향후 본 연구의 결과는 MCS에 의한 고수위 연장 시스템 구축을 통한 도시하천유역의 실시간 홍수 예 경보 활용에 적용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다. In this study, we proposed a methodology to develop Rating Curves for high water level using rainfall generation by the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique, optimized rainfall-runoff model, and flood routing model in an urban stream. The developed stage discharge Rating Curve based on observed data was contained flow measurement errors and uncertainties. The standard error (<TEX>$S_e$</TEX>) for observations was 0.056, and the random uncertainty (<TEX>$2S_{mr}$</TEX>) was analyzed by <TEX>${\pm}1.43%$</TEX> on average, and up to <TEX>${\pm}4.27%$</TEX>. Moreover, it was found that the Rating Curve extensions by way of logarithmic and Stevens methods were overestimated to compare with the urban basin scale. Finally, we confirmed that the high water level extension by random generation of hydrological data using MCS can be reduced uncertainty of the high water level, and it will consider as a more reliable approach for high water level extension. In the near future, this results can be applied to real-time flood alert system for urban streams through construction of the high water level extension system using MCS procedures.

Rotational Acceleration Closed Head Flexion Trauma Generates More Extensive Diffuse Brain Injury than Extension Trauma

Our aim was to investigate if seemingly identical head and neck trauma would generate differing types of brain damage. We experimentally evaluated induced brain injuries immediately after trauma exposure, and at 1 week post-injury. Anesthetized rabbits were exposed once to a sagittal rotational acceleration head and neck injury at either a high or a low load level, using either flexion or extension. A high-load extension trauma induced scattered meningeal petechial hemorrhages and no deaths, in contrast to a flexion trauma of the same level, which resulted in extensive parenchymal and meningeal hemorrhages, and all animals succumbed immediately. A low-level flexion trauma induced scattered meningeal petechiae, but no gross damage, while extension at the same force generated no macroscopically visible acute brain injury. Immunohistochemical investigations carried out at 7 days disclosed that a low-level flexion trauma, as well as both low- and high-level extension exposures, all induced diffuse brain injuries in the cerebral cortex and white matter, corpus callosum, hippocampus, brainstem, and cerebellum, as revealed by abnormal distribution of neurofilaments, a prevalence of β-amyloid precursor protein, and astrogliosis. The diffuse brain injury seen after a low-level flexion trauma was equal to or more extensive than that seen after a high-level extension trauma. A low-level extension trauma induced only minor histopathological abnormalities. We conclude that a sagittal rotational acceleration trauma of the head and neck induced diffuse brain injury, and that flexion caused more extensive damage than extension at the same applied load.

Code generation by model transformation: a case study in transformation modularity

The realization of model-driven software development requires effective techniques for implementing code generators for domain-specific languages. This paper identifies techniques for improving separation of concerns in the implementation of generators. The core technique is code generation by model transformation, that is, the generation of a structured representation (model) of the target program instead of plain text. This approach enables the transformation of code after generation, which in turn enables the extension of the target language with features that allow better modularity in code generation rules. The technique can also be applied to ‘internal code generation’ for the translation of high-level extensions of a DSL to lower-level constructs within the same DSL using model-to-model transformations. This paper refines our earlier description of code generation by model transformation with an improved architecture for the composition of model-to-model normalization rules, solving the problem of combining type analysis and transformation. Instead of coarse-grained stages that alternate between normalization and type analysis, we have developed a new style of type analysis that can be integrated with normalizing transformations in a fine-grained manner. The normalization strategy has a simple extension interface and integrates non-local, context-sensitive transformation rules. We have applied the techniques in a realistic case study of domain-specific language engineering, i.e. the code generator for WebDSL, using Stratego, a high-level transformation language that integrates model-to-model, model-to-code, and code-to-code transformations.

Object-oriented interactive mechanism design and analysis

We have developed a Ch Mechanism Toolkit for analysis and design of mechanisms. The toolkit was developed using Ch, an embeddable C/C++ interpreter with high-level extensions. The toolkit consists of animation program QuickAnimationTM and a collection of classes for design and analysis of commonly used mechanisms. The Ch Mechanism Toolkit allows users to write simple programs to solve complicated planar mechanism problems. The toolkit can handle mechanisms ranging from the simple fourbar linkage to various sixbar linkages. The Ch Mechanism Toolkit can also be used to design cam-follower systems. It is an effective tool for engineering practice as well as for teaching and learning mechanism design and analysis. This paper describes the design and implementation of the Ch Mechanism Toolkit and its applications.

Search for Better Institutional Arrangements for Agricultural Extension Services in a Decentralized Context: The Republic of Benin

The process of decentralisation and privatization of agricultural extension services in Benin must take into account important issues such as the news actors, including agricultural producer organisations, private sector and NGOs, the reduction in the power of high level extension administration, active participation or stakeholders in the financing of extension service, financial and technical assistance from the State, particularly for resource-limited communes, institutional changes that are adapted to both decentralisation context and local management capacity. In the new decentralised system, agricultural extension needs to be flexible and avoid hierarchical structures Most of the staff should be in the communes and should be oriented towards enhancing the capacity of farmers and the elected local governments to participate in the process of solving their problems and reach their development objectives, including financing of agricultural extension services. To achieve all this, adequate decisionmaking power and resources for extension activities should be transferred to commune level. The experience from Benin indicates the difficulties African countries in general, and Benin in particular, will face when trying to better tune extension activities to local needs.

Structural evolution and exhumation history of the Rhodope UHP-HP metamorphic province (Northern Greece)

Middle/Early Alpine UHP-HP domain of the Rhodope (N'Greece) show pressures &gt;3.6 Gpa. UHP-HP rocks have been emplaced in three major tectonic pulses: (i) At about 65-&gt;48 Ma the UHP Kimi Complex was exhumed at the surface representing the structurally uppermost UHP unit, (ii) Between &gt; 42-30 Ma, the Sidironero, Kardamos and Kechros Complexes were exhumed underlying the Kimi Complex in the central and eastern Rhodope, respectively. They are characterized by HP-metamorphism (some parts by UHP-metamorphism), isothermal decompression and probably rapid exhumation. Exhumation tectonics involves deep level thrusting, synchronous high level extension, and successive post-thrusting extension. The post-thrusting Xanthi low angle normal detachment system extending over a distance of 100 km, from central Rhodope to eastern Rhodope, is interpreted to be responsible for a decrease in recent crustal thickness of about 20 km from central to eastern Rhodope. Lutetian (c. 48-43Ma) to Oligocene marine basins transgressed atop the Kimi Complex representing the upper plate of all detachment generations, (iii) The third exhumation pulse between 26 to 8 Ma, exhumed the Thasos/Pangeon metamorphic core complexes representing the structurally lowermost tectonic units of the Rhodope domain. Their exhumation occurred by displacements on the Miocene Strymon and Thasos detachment systems.

Implicit matrix multiplication with maximum accuracy on various transputer networks

The majority of numerical algorithms employs floating-point vector and matrix operations. On a parallel computer these algorithms should be solved fastand reliably in order to avoid a time-consuming error analysis. The XSC-languages (high-level language extensions for eXtended Scientific Computation) are well-suited for this purpose since they support the design of numerical algorithms delivering correct and automatically verified results. This goal is attained by an arithmetic with maximum accuracy (especially for vector and matrix operations), highly accurate standard functions, and exact evaluation of dot product expressions. Within theESPRIT Parallel Computing Action, one XSC-language, PASCAL-XSC, was implemented on a Supercluster Transputer System under the operating system HELIOS. Parallel algorithms for computationally intensive and maximally accurate matrix operations were implemented and tested on various transputer architectures. We will sketch some features of these architectures and present some benchmarks for the algorithms used. These algorithms form a parallel C runtime library of PASCAL-XSC (or any other XSC-language that uses a C runtime library) and are called automatically. This can be considered a basis for implicit parallelization in an XSC-language.

High-level extensions for user-interface programming

Many user-interface toolkits, screen management facilities and user-interface managements systems (UIMS) have been developed in the last few years for creating user interfaces. These systems, however, normally require the user to learn a new programming language or set of techniques. Extending conventional programming languages has the advantage that the same language can be used for describing both the application and the user interface. In addition, both the application's view of the data and the user's view of the data can be specified by the same type system, in a consistent and elegant way. In this paper, we outline several drawbacks of conventional high-level procedural languages and present extensions to Pascal to facilitate user-interface programming. The goal is to provide a language where the display items, dialogue control rules, application software, concurrent operations, and dynamic program linking can all be easily programmed in the same language, without resorting to an assembler language or another language. The extensions have been used in implementing several microelectronics fabrication systems. Although these are specific applications, the extensions can be helpful in programming textual user interfaces in other application areas, such as process control, manufacturing control and real-time systems.

Petri net-based object-oriented modelling of distributed systems

This paper presents an object-oriented approach for building distributed systems. An example taken from the field of computer integrated manufacturing systems is taken as a guideline. According to this approach a system is built up through three steps: control and synchronization aspects for each class of objects are treated first using PROT nets, which are a high-level extension to Petri nets; then data are introduced specifying the internal states of the objects as well as the messages they send each other; finally the connections between the objects are introduced by means of a data flow diagram between classes. The implementation uses ADA as the target language, exploiting its tasking and structuring mechanisms. The flexibility of the approach and the possibility of using a knowledge-based user interface promote rapid prototyping and reusability.

A microprogramming language at register transfer level

The main purpose of our study is the development of software tools to aid in user microprogramming and the use of microprogramming to improve the performance of computer systems. Our main tool is the register transfer language REGTRAL. Its design objectives (minimal prerequisite hardware knowledge, readable and structured microprograms) are discussed and its main features and implementation method are described. In addition, REGTRAL microprograms are storage independent due to the automatic storage allocation process. A number of applications, some already implemented, some still in the planning stage, show the efficient use of user microprogramming and the usefulness of the REGTRAL language in this area. Finally REGTRAL is emphasized to be easily adaptable and extensible and various high-level extensions are proposed.

Static V-I relationships in transistors at high injection levels

At high injection levels the static V-I characteristics of p-n junction devices must be modified to account for nonlinear transport mechanisms and for relationships between the injected carrier concentrations and the applied voltages which differ from the familiar low-injection relationships. These carrier-concentration-voltage relationships differ in part because of ohmic voltage drops and in part because of conductivity-modulation effects. It is difficult to explore experimentally the high-level extensions of p-n junction theory in diodes because ohmic drops usually dominate the VI characteristics at high levels. However, these effects can be studied experimentally in a transistor which operates in the avalanche mode, with zero base current, because the ohmic drops can be suppressed. Experimental results are presented which support an analysis of the high-level V-I characteristics of the emitter junction of a transistor. This analysis does not predict an <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e^{qV/2kT}</tex> dependence of the junction current at high levels, but yields instead an <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e^{qV/(1 \pm m)kT}</tex> dependence, where m is a parameter having a value of about 0.3 in germanium, and V is the applied voltage less the ohmic drops. The plus sign applies for a p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -n junction while the minus sign holds for an n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -p junction. In accordance with this theory, complementary n-p-n and p-n-p transistors exhibit markedly different behavior at high injection levels.