Higher Incidence Of Major Adverse Cardiac Events Research Articles

Usefulness of Lipoprotein (a) for Predicting Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Stable Angina Pectoris in Patients on Hemodialysis

Serum lipoprotein (a) level is genetically determined and remains consistent during a person's life. Previous studies have reported that people with high lipoprotein (a) level are at a high risk of cardiac events. We investigated the association between lipoprotein (a) levels and clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for stable angina pectoris (SAP) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Serum lipoprotein (a) levels were measured on admission in 410 consecutive HD patients who underwent successful PCI for SAP. Patients were divided into 2 groups: low and high group having lipoprotein (a) level <40 mg/dL (n = 297) and ≧40 mg/dL (n = 113) respectively. After PCI, the incidence of major adverse cardiac event (MACE) including cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, necessity of a new coronary revascularization procedure (coronary bypass surgery, repeat target lesion PCI, PCI for a new non-target lesion) was analyzed. At a median follow-up of 24 months (12 to 37 months), MACE occurred in 188 patients (45.6%). The rate of MACE rate was significantly higher in the high lipoprotein (a) group than in the low lipoprotein (a) group (59.2% vs 40.7%, long-rank test chi-square = 12.3; p < 0.001). Cox analysis showed that high lipoprotein (a) level (Hazard Ratio, 1.62; 95% Confidence Interval, 1.19 to 2.20; p = 0.002) was an independent predictor for MACE after PCI. In conclusion, high lipoprotein (a) level was associated with a higher incidence of MACE after PCI for SAP in HD patients.

450-P: Development and Validation of a Predictive Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE) Risk Model for Diabetes Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

Background: Studies have shown that acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has a higher incidence of MACE in diabetic patients than in nondiabetic patients by 39%. The complexity of the MACE limits clinical predictions, the success rate is shallow. Several existing MACE risk prediction models, including some developed specifically for ACS patients, also stuck with low accuracy and are not suitable for complications scenarios. The objective of this study is to develop and validate a model based on EHR data to predict MACE risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complicated with ACS. Methods: This study recruited 16,807 in-hospital T2DM patients with ACS from 38 urban and rural hospitals. Patients with 41 variables, including age, demographics, living habits, ACS type, and Killip class. The criteria for the diagnosis of MACE developed for this study consider cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke. There are 711 MACE records diagnosed by doctors during patients’ hospitalization and recorded in medical records, only 4.2% of the total cohort. Very low morbidity inspires us to introduce a model called Support Vector Data Description (SVDD) to combat this uneven distribution of data. SVDD only maps the features of MACE patients to the high-dimensional space and constructs a minimum sphere to contain all the target data, taking the sphere as the boundary to classify the risk of newly admitted patients. Models were developed and validated on 80% and 20% of the sample, respectively. The model performance was assessed by C-statistics and the F1. Results: The model performed with C-statistics of 0.873 and F1 of 0.833. We found 5 variables had a significant univariate association with MACE included Age, Heart rate, Killip class, white blood cell count and Creatinine at p&amp;lt;10-4. Conclusions: This novel study suggests that the well trained SVDD model would be possible to predict the harmful MACE among T2DM patients with ACS. Disclosure P. Hu: None. X. Di: None. Y. Zhang: None. Z. Tang: None. S. Li: None. J. Mei: None. C. Ma: None.

Patients who do not complete cardiac rehabilitation have an increased risk of cardiovascular events during long-term follow-up.

BackgroundCardiac rehabilitation (CR) has favourable effects on cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Therefore, it might reasonable to expect that incomplete CR participation will result in suboptimal patient outcomes.MethodsWe studied the 914 post-acute coronary syndrome patients who participated in the OPTImal CArdiac REhabilitation (OPTICARE) trial. They all started a ‘standard’ CR programme, with physical exercises (group sessions) twice a week for 12 weeks. Incomplete CR was defined as participation in <75% of the scheduled exercise sessions. Patients were followed-up for 2.7 years, and the incidence of cardiac events was recorded. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) included all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction and coronary revascularisation.ResultsA total of 142 (16%) patients had incomplete CR. They had a higher incidence of MACE than their counterparts who completed CR (11.3% versus 3.8%, adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.86 and 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47–5.26). Furthermore, the incidence of any cardiac event, including MACE and coronary revascularisation, was higher (20.4% versus 11.0%, aHR 1.54; 95% CI 0.98–2.44). Patients with incomplete CR were more often persistent smokers than those who completed CR (31.7% versus 11.5%), but clinical characteristics were similar otherwise.ConclusionPost-ACS patients who did not complete a ‘standard’ 12-week CR programme had a higher incidence of adverse cardiac events during long-term follow-up than those who completed the programme. Since CR is proven beneficial, further research is needed to understand the reasons why patients terminate prematurely.

Long-term cardiac outcomes of depression screening, diagnosis and treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome: the DEPACS study.

To investigate the impacts of depression screening, diagnosis and treatment on major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Prospective cohort study including a nested 24-week randomised clinical trial for treating depression was performed with 5-12 years after the index ACS. A total of 1152 patients recently hospitalised with ACS were recruited from 2006 to 2012, and were divided by depression screening and diagnosis at baseline and 24-week treatment allocation into five groups: 651 screening negative (N), 55 screening positive but no depressive disorder (S), 149 depressive disorder randomised to escitalopram (E), 151 depressive disorder randomised to placebo (P) and 146 depressive disorder receiving medical treatment only (M). Cumulative MACE incidences over a median 8.4-year follow-up period were 29.6% in N, 43.6% in S, 40.9% in E, 53.6% in P and 59.6% in M. Compared to N, screening positive was associated with higher incidence of MACE [adjusted hazards ratio 2.15 (95% confidence interval 1.63-2.83)]. No differences were found between screening positive with and without a formal depressive disorder diagnosis. Of those screening positive, E was associated with a lower incidence of MACE than P and M. M had the worst outcomes even compared to P, despite significantly milder depressive symptoms at baseline. Routine depression screening in patients with recent ACS and subsequent appropriate treatment of depression could improve long-term cardiac outcomes.

P965Prevalence, management strategies and outcomes of patients with coronary chronic total occlusions

Abstract Background Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for coronary chronic total occlusions (CTOs) remains among the biggest challenges in interventional cardiology. However, limited data exist regarding the clinical outcomes of the three potential therapeutic strategies of PCI, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and medical therapy (MT). Aims The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of CTO patients according to the initial treatment strategy. Methods and results Consecutive patients with at least one coronary CTO from January 2007 to December 2016 in our center were included and categorized as managed either by PCI, CABG, or MT. Propensity-score matching was also performed to adjust for baseline characteristics. The primary outcome was a major adverse cardiac event (MACE), such as cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), or target vessel revascularization (TVR). A total of 1655 patients with 1944 CTOs were enrolled in this study. The overall CTO prevalence was 10.5%. A CTO was treated by MT in 800 (48.3%) patients and PCI in 734 (44.4%), while 121 (7.3%) underwent CABG. The median overall follow-up duration was 3.6 (interquartile range = 2.1 to 5.0) years. Patients referred for MT had a higher incidence of MACE (28.0% vs. 17.3% and 12.4%, respectively; all p&lt;0.001) and TVR (16.9% vs. 10.6% and vs. 7.4%, respectively; p&lt;0.001 and = 0.005, respectively) than those managed by PCI and CABG. After propensity-score matching analysis, the rate of PCI was lower than that of MACE (19.2% vs. 28.9%, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.45–0.85, p=0.003) and TVR (HR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.35–0.79, p=0.002) when compared with MT. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of MACE (18.5% vs. 23.1%, HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.53–1.09, p=0.126) or cardiac death (0.51; 0.23–1.15, 0.098) between the successful PCI and MT groups. Conclusions As an initial management strategy for patients with CTOs, PCI or CABG reduced the risk of MACE (driven by TVR), as compared with MT alone on follow-up. However, successful PCI did not reduce the long-term risk of MACE or cardiac death, as compared with MT alone. Acknowledgement/Funding Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project (Z1611ehz747.05590516139) and BeijingLisheng Cardiovascular Health Foundation (LHJJ20158521)

Clinical Significance of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Preserved Renal Function Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Although high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been used to predict the risk of adverse cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs), little is known about the association between hs-CRP and long-term outcomes in patients with preserved renal function.Here, we studied 1,153 patients with stable CAD and preserved renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate: > 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2) who underwent their first PCI between 2000 and 2011. Those with available data on preprocedural hs-CRP were included. Patients were assigned to tertiles according to preprocedural hs-CRP levels. The incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including all-cause death and nonfatal myocardial infarction, was evaluated. During a median follow-up period of 7.5 years, Kaplan-Meier curves showed ongoing divergence in the rates of MACE among the hs-CRP tertiles (hs-CRP < 0.05 mg/L, 12.1%; 0.05-0.17 mg/L, 12.1%; > 0.17 mg/L, 21.6%; log-rank P = 0.003). After adjusting for the established cardiovascular risk factors, hs-CRP levels were found to be associated with a higher incidence of MACE (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.77-7.07; P = 0.0008) and a higher rate of all-cause mortality (HR: 5.14, 95% CI: 2.38-10.30; P < 0.0001).In conclusion, this long-term registry showed that preprocedural hs-CRP measurement is clinically useful for long-term risk assessments in patients with stable CAD and preserved renal function.

Drug-Eluting Versus Bare Metal Stents in Saphenous Vein Graft Intervention: An Updated Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

Drug eluting stents (DES) are preferred over bare metal stents (BMS) for native coronary artery revascularization unless contraindicated. However, the preferred stent choice for saphenous venous graft (SVG) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) is unclear due to conflicting results. PubMed, Clinical trials registry and the Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials were searched through June 2018. Seven studies (n = 1639) comparing DES versus BMS in SVG-PCI were included. Endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel revascularization (TVR), target lesion revascularization (TLR), in-stent thrombosis, binary in-stent restenosis, and late lumen loss (LLL). Overall, during a mean follow up of 32.1 months, there was no significant difference in the risk of MACE, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, MI, stent thrombosis, TVR and TLR between DES and BMS. However, short-term follow up (mean 11 months) showed lower rate of MACE (OR 0.66 [0.51, 0.85]; p = 0.002), TVR (OR 0.47 [0.23, 0.97]; p = 0.04) and binary in-stent restenosis (OR 0.14 [0.06, 0.37]; p < 0.0001) in DES as compared with BMS. This benefit was lost on long-term follow up with a mean follow up 35.5 months. In this meta-analysis of SVG-PCI, DES use was associated with similar MACE, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, MI, in-stent thrombosis, TVR and TLR compared with BMS during long-term follow up. There was high incidence of MACE noted in both DES and BMS suggesting a need for exploring novel strategies to treat SVG disease to improve clinical outcomes.

The correlation between glucose fluctuation from self-monitored blood glucose and the major adverse cardiac events in diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome during a 6-month follow-up by WeChat application.

Background This study aimed to investigate the correlation between glucose fluctuation from self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) and the major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) during a 6-month follow-up period using the WeChat application. Methods From November 2016 to June 2017, 262 patients with ACS were discharged in a stable condition and completed a 6-month follow-up period. SMBG was recorded using the WeChat application. The patients were divided to a high glucose fluctuation group (H group; n=92) and a low glucose fluctuation group (L group; n=170). The 6-month incidence of MACE, lost-to-follow-up rate and satisfaction rate were measured through the WeChat follow-up. Results MACE occurred in 17.4% of patients in the H group and in 8.2% of patients in the L group (p=0.04). Multivariable analysis suggested that high glucose fluctuation conferred an 87% risk increment of MACE in the 6-month follow-up period (odds ratio: 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.95-4.85; p=0.03). The lost-to-follow-up rate was lower and the satisfaction rate was higher in the patients using the WeChat application during follow-up than those of the regular outpatient follow-up during the same period (p<0.05). Conclusions The trial demonstrates that higher glucose fluctuation from SMBG after discharge was correlated with a higher incidence of MACE in diabetic patients with ACS. WeChat follow-up might have the potential to promote a good physician-patient relationship.

The Outcome of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Significant Atherosclerotic Lesions in Segment Proximal to Myocardial Bridge at Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for significant atherosclerosis lesions proximal to myocardial bridge (MB) at left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD).A total of 330 consecutive patients with LAD significant stenosis, diagnosed as acute coronary syndrome (ACS), were included. Based on whether combined with MB, the patients were divided into the MB group (MB, n = 48) and non-MB group (NMB, n = 282). Drug eluting stents (DES) were successfully implanted in the stenostic segments prior to MB. All patients were followed up during the hospital stay, 30 days and 12 months after PCI, to evaluate the major adverse cardiac events (MACEs).There was no difference in the incidence of MACEs between the two groups (6.2% versus 2.1%, P = 0.254) when in the hospital. During the follow-up of 30 days and 12 months after PCI, the rate of MACEs was significantly higher in the MB group than in the NMB group (18.2% versus 6.4% and 43.8% versus 17.0%, respectively, P < 0.001). Stent restenosis occurred in four patients in the MB group; whereas, in five patients in the NMB group, the rate of stent restenosis was higher in the MB group than in the NMB group (8.3% versus 1.8%, P = 0.036). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that the presence of MB was an independent predictor of MACEs (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.781, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) = 1.108-2.863, P = 0.017).DES implantation for significant atherosclerosis stenosis in the segments proximal to MB have higher incidence of MACEs. MB appears to be associated with a higher incidence of stent restenosis after PCI and is a significant factor in the occurrence of MACEs.

Systolic blood pressure target in systemic arterial hypertension: Is lower ever better? Results from a community-based Caucasian cohort

BackgroundExtensive evidence exists about the prognostic role of systolic blood pressure (SBP) reduction ≤140mmHg. Recently, the SPRINT trial successfully tested the strategy of lowering SBP<120mmHg in patients with arterial hypertension (AH). AimTo assess whether the SPRINT results are reproducible in a real world community population. MethodsCross-sectional, population-based study analyzing data of 24,537 Caucasian people with AH from the Trieste Observatory of CV disease, 2010 to 2015. We selected and divided 2306 subjects with AH according to the SPRINT trial criteria; similarly, SPRINT clinical outcomes were considered. ResultsStudy patients median age was 75±8years, two third male, one third had ischemic heart disease. They were older, with lower body mass index, higher SBP and Framingham CV risk score than the SPRINT patients. Three-hundred-sixty-eight patients (16%) had SBP<120mmHg. During 48 [36–60] months of follow-up, 751 patients (32%) experienced a major adverse cardiac event (MACE). The SBP <120mmHg group had higher incidence of MACE, CV deaths and all-cause death than SBP≥120mmHg group (37% vs 31%; 10% vs 4%; 19% vs 10%, all p<0.05). The condition of SBP<120mmHg was an independent predictor of MACE in multivariate Cox analysis together with older age, male gender, higher Charlson score. ConclusionsIn our experience, the SBP<120mmHg condition is associated with worse clinical outcomes, suggesting the SPRINT results are not reproducible tout court in Caucasian community populations. These differences should be taken as a warning against aggressive reducing of SBP<120mmHg.

Clinical Characteristics and Long-Term Outcomes of Rotational Atherectomy - J2T Multicenter Registry.

Rotational atherectomy (RA) is an adjunct tool for the management of heavily calcified coronary lesions during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but the long-term clinical outcomes of RA use remain unclear in this drug-eluting stent era.Methods and Results:This multi-center registry assessed the characteristics and outcomes of patients treated by RA for calcified coronary lesions between 2004 and 2015. Among 1,090 registered patients, mean age was 70±10 years and 815 (75%) were male. Sixty percent of patients had diabetes mellitus and 27.7% were receiving hemodialysis. The procedure was successful in 96.2%. In-hospital death occurred in 33 patients (3.0%), and 14 patients (1.3%) developed definite/probable stent thrombosis. During the median follow-up period of 3.8 years, the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as all-cause death, acute coronary syndrome, stent thrombosis, target vessel revascularization and stroke, was 46.7%. On multivariable Cox hazard analysis, hemodialysis (HR, 2.08; 95% CI: 1.53-2.86; P<0.0001) and age (HR, 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.04; P<0.0001) were strong independent predictors of MACE. Conversely, statin treatment was associated with lower incidence of MACE (P=0.035). This study has provided the largest Japanese dataset for long-term follow-up of RA. Although RA in calcified lesions appears feasible with a high rate of procedural success, a high incidence of MACE was observed.

Uric Acid Level Has a U-shaped Association with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Vasospastic Angina.

No data are available on the association of serum uric acid and vasospastic angina (VSA) which has endothelial dysfunction as a possible pathophysiologic mechanism. Low uric acid level might cause adverse outcomes in VSA in connection with endothelial dysfunction. We enrolled 818 VSA patients whose uric acid level was measured at admission. Patients were categorized according to tertiles of uric acid level: group I, ≤ 4.8 mg/dL; group II, 4.9–5.9 mg/dL; and group III, ≥ 6.0 mg/dL. Primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), defined as a composite of cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke, coronary revascularization, and rehospitalization for angina. Median follow-up duration was 49.2 months. Median uric acid values were 4.1 mg/dL for group I, 5.4 mg/dL for group II, and 6.7 mg/dL for group III. In the overall population, group II had a significantly lower incidence of MACE compared to group I (47 [17.1%] vs. 66 [24.6%]; hazard ratio [HR], 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–2.26; P = 0.040) and a tendency of lower incidence of MACEs compared to Group III (47 [17.1%] vs. 62 [22.5%]; HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.98–2.13; P = 0.067). Among group I patients, those who received nitrates had a higher incidence of MACEs than those without nitrate therapy (P < 0.001). Low uric acid level was associated with adverse clinical outcomes, while high uric acid level had a trend toward an increase in it. Use of nitrate in patients with low uric acid level might have adverse effects on clinical outcomes of VSA.

The prognostic value of T wave in lead aVR in acute myocardial infarction

Objective To explore the prognostic significance of T wave direction in lead aVR in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (ASTEMI). Methods A total of 322 patiens with ASTEMI was examined. The patients were classified into 2 groups (T-wave positive, and T-wave non-positive) base on the direction of T wave in lead aVR. This study was ought to determine the association of T wave direction in lead aVR with the incidence rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) after discharge 2 years. Results After discharge 2 years, T-wave positivity patients had higher incidence of MACE than T-wave non-positive patients (P<0.05). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses showed that age, and upright T wave in lead aVR were significantly associated with the primary end point. Conclusions T wave direction in lead aVR is a powerful prognostic marker for long-term prognosis. Key words: Electrocardiography; Myocardial infarction; Prognosis

Clinical outcome of statin plus ezetimibe versus high-intensity statin therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction propensity-score matching analysis

BackgroundIt is unclear whether simvastatin–ezetimibe could be an alternative therapy to high-intensity statin therapy in high-risk patients. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of simvastatin–ezetimibe and high-intensity statin therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and especially in those with high-risk factor. MethodsA total of 3520 AMI patients in the KAMIR (Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry) were classified into simvastatin–ezetimibe group (n=1249) and high-intensity statin group (n=2271). Multivariate analysis and propensity-score matching analysis were performed. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 12-months follow-up. ResultsIn overall AMI patients, MACE occurred in 116 patients (9.3%) in simvastatin–ezetimibe group and 116 patients (5.1%) in high-intensity statin group. The difference in MACE between groups was driven by repeat revascularization (5.9% vs. 2.2%). After propensity matching analysis, simvastatin–ezetimibe was associated with a higher incidence of MACE than high-intensity statin therapy (adjusted hazard ratio: 3.090, 95% confidence interval: 1.715 to 5.566, p<0.001). However, in patients with high-risk factors, such as diabetes, old age, or heart failure, simvastatin-ezetimibe had similar incidence of MACE compared with high-intensity statin therapy in further adjusted analysis. ConclusionsIn overall AMI patients, high-intensity statin therapy had better clinical outcomes than simvastatin–ezetimibe. However, in patients with high-risk factor, simvastatin–ezetimibe had comparable clinical outcomes to high-intensity statin therapy. Therefore, simvastatin–ezetimibe could be used as an alternative to high-intensity statin therapy in such patients.

Abstract 15856: Left Ventricular Longitudinal Contractility Measured During Routine Cine-cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging is an Independent Predictor of Adverse Cardiac Events

Background: Left ventricular systole involves coordinated contraction of longitudinal, circumferential, and radial myocardial fibers. Longitudinal fiber dysfunction appears to be an early marker for a number of pathological states. We hypothesized that reduced mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) measured during cine-Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) imaging reflects changes in longitudinal fiber function and may be an early marker for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Methods: 400 consecutive patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease undergoing CMR were prospectively enrolled. Lateral MAPSE was measured in the 4-chamber cine view by two independent observers. Patients were prospectively followed for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) - death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, hospitalization for heart failure or chest pain, and late revascularization. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to identify factors independently associated with MACE. Results: The mean age of the study population was 58(±15) years, with a mean ejection fraction of 59(±14%). 31% of the individuals had known coronary artery disease and 33% were diabetic. 72 MACE occurred during a median follow-up of 14.5 months. By Kaplan-Meier analysis, patients with lateral MAPSE ≤1.11cm (median) experienced significantly higher incidence of MACE than patients with a MAPSE &gt;1.11cm (p = 0.0270) (Figure). After adjustment for established predictors (ejection fraction, age, sex, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, hypertension, late gadolinium enhancement) lateral MAPSE remained a significant independent predictor of MACE (HR=2.43 per cm decrease; p=0.037). Conclusions: Reduced longitudinal fiber function assessed with lateral MAPSE during cine-CMR is an independent predictor of MACE in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Figure: Kaplan-Meier curves for MACE in patients with MAPSE above and below the median.

Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes After Polytetrafluoroethylene-Covered Stent Implantation for the Treatment of Coronary Perforation

This study sought to evaluate the short-term and 3-year outcomes of polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent (PCS) for patients with coronary perforation. Implantation of a PCS has improved the immediate clinical outcomes of patients with coronary perforation. However, there are few reports regarding long-term outcomes. We evaluated a total of 57 patients who were treated with PCS for coronary perforation from April 2004 to March 2015 at a single high-volume center in Japan. Landmark analysis was performed at 30 days to determine short-term and long-term outcomes. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were defined as death, myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization, and requirement for surgical repair. Of 285 patients who experienced coronary perforation, 57 patients (20%) were treated with PCS. The MACE rates were 28% at 30 days, 22% at 1 year, and 38% at 3 years. 30-day MACE was mainly driven by high rates of myocardial infarction (18%) and surgical repair (16%). The rates of target lesion revascularization were 8% and 12% at 1 and 3 years, respectively. Definite stent thrombosis was reported in 2 patients during the follow-up period. In conclusion, despite the relatively high incidence of MACE during early stage of follow-up, implantation of a PCS provides acceptable late clinical outcomes.

Effect of stress-induced hyperglycemia on myocardial perfusion and prognosis in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Objective To investigate the effect of stress-induced hyperglycemia (SHG) on myocardial perfusion and clinical prognosis in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods 348 elderly patients with first-time occurrence of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who underwent primary PCI within 12 hours from June 2008 to June 2010 were enrolled and followed up. All patients were divided into three groups according to serum glucose (SG) on admission: normal group (SG 11.1 mmol/L, n=108). Myocardial perfusion indexes, including ST segment resolution (STR), TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG), peak value of creatine kinase CK-MB, left ventricular ejection (LVEF), and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) of patients in three groups, were measured and compared after emergency PCI. Results The blood glucose levels were increased, ST-elevation 2 h after PCI were well declined, the percentages of patients with TMPG 2-3 were decreased and peak values of CK-MB were increased in the three groups (all P<0.01). After 12 months of follow-up, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients of three groups had significantly different cumulative non-events survival rates 〔89.3% (100/112) vs. 85.9% (110/128), 76.3% (83/108), P<0.05〕. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that steady high blood glucose were the independent predictor for the occurrence of MACE in patients undergoing PCI after adjusting for age and gender, and the risk of MACE was increased by 5.811 folds in SHG group as compared with normal group (P<0.01). Conclusions Stress-induced hyperglycemia in elderly patients with STEMI can decrease myocardial perfusion level after primary PCI, which will lead to high incidence of MACE. Key words: Hyperglycemia; Myocardial infarction; Angioplasty, transluminal, percutaneous coronary; Prognosis

QRS complex distortion (Grade 3 ischaemia) as a predictor of myocardial damage assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and clinical prognosis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Distortion of the terminal portion of the QRS complex (so-called Grade 3 ischaemia, G3I) has been associated with adverse outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) populations. However, the correlation of G3I with infarct size and microvascular injury as defined by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is not well defined. Aim of this study was to assess the relation of G3I with myocardial damage as assessed by CMR and clinical outcomes in STEMI patients. We analysed the ECGs of 572 consecutive STEMI patients regarding the presence or absence of G3I. CMR was performed within 1 week after infarction for comprehensive assessment of myocardial damage using a standardized protocol. The primary clinical endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE) within 12 months after infarction. G3I was present in 186 (32%) patients. The presence of G3I was associated with larger infarct size (P = 0.01), the presence of late microvascular obstruction (P = 0.05), the presence of intramyocardial haemorrhage (P = 0.04), and impaired myocardial salvage (P = 0.01). G3I was associated with a higher incidence of MACE (P = 0.01) and was identified as an independent predictor of MACE in Cox regression analysis (HR 2.19; 95% CI 1.10 to 4.38, P = 0.03). This largest study to date correlating G3I on the admission ECG with CMR markers of myocardial damage demonstrates that G3I is significantly associated with infarct size, impaired myocardial salvage, and reperfusion injury in a reperfused STEMI population. Moreover, G3I was independently associated with MACE. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT00712101.

Abstract 16142: Grad 3-Ischemia (QRS Complex Distortion) as a Predictor of Myocardial Damage as Assessed by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Prognosis in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Introduction: Predicting the extent of myocardial damage on early electrocardiographic (ECG) findings could be helpful for improved risk stratification in patients with acute reperfused ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Distortion in the terminal portion of the QRS complex (so called grade 3 ischemia, G3I) has been associated with adverse outcomes in STEMI patients. The correlation of G3I with infarct size and microvascular injury is not well defined. Objective: To studied the relation of G3I with myocardial damage as assessed by CMR and the association of G3I with adverse clinical outcomes in a STEMI population treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: We analyzed the ECGs of 572 consecutive STEMI patients regarding the presence or absence of G3I. G3I was defined as: 1) complete loss of S waves in 2 adjacent leads with typical Rs configuration (i.e. V1-V3), or 2) ST-J point to R wave amplitude ratio &gt;0.5 in other leads with qR configuration. CMR was performed within 1 week after infarction for comprehensive assessment of myocardial damage using a standardised protocol. The primary clinical end-point was major adverse cardiac events (MACE) defined as death, reinfaction and readmission for congestive heart failure within 12 months after the index event. Results: G3I was present in 186 (32%) patients. The presence of G3I was associated with larger infarct size (18.3%LV [10.4 to 27.6] versus 16.5%LV (8.2 to 23.5), p=0.01), late microvascular obstruction (0.4%LV [0 to 2.7] versus 0%LV [0 to 1.5], p= 0.05, presence of intramyocardial hemorrhage (41 versus 32%, p=0.04) and less myocardial salvage (47 [28 to 64] versus 53 (35 to 68), p=0.01). G3I was associated with a significant higher incidence of MACE (p=0.01) and was identified as an independent predictor of MACE in Cox regression analysis (Hazard ratio 2.19 [1.10 to 4.38], p=0.03). Conclusions: This largest study to date correlating G3I on the admission ECG with CMR markers of myocardial damage demonstrates that G3I is significantly associated with infarct size, myocardial salvage and reperfusion injury in a STEMI population reperfused by primary PCI. Moreover, G3I was independently associated with MACE.

Relation of C-Reactive Protein to Coronary Plaque Characteristics on Grayscale, Radiofrequency Intravascular Ultrasound, and Cardiovascular Outcome in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome or Stable Angina Pectoris (from the ATHEROREMO-IVUS Study)

The relation between C-reactive protein (CRP) and coronary atherosclerosis is not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the associations among high-sensitivity CRP, coronary plaque burden, and the presence of high-risk coronary lesions as measured by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and 1-year cardiovascular outcome. Between 2008 and 2011, grayscale and virtual histology IVUS imaging of a nonculprit coronary artery was performed in 581 patients who underwent coronary angiography for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or stable angina pectoris. Primary end point consisted of 1-year major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), defined as all-cause mortality, ACS, or unplanned coronary revascularization. After adjustment for established cardiac risk factors, baseline CRP levels were independently associated with higher coronary plaque burden (p = 0.002) and plaque volume (p = 0.002) in the imaged coronary segment. CRP was also independently associated with the presence of large lesions (plaque burden ≥70%; p = 0.030) but not with the presence of stenotic lesions (minimal luminal area ≤4.0 mm(2); p = 0.62) or IVUS virtual histology-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma lesions (p = 0.36). Cumulative incidence of 1-year MACE was 9.7%. CRP levels >3 mg/L were independently associated with a higher incidence of MACE (hazard ratio 2.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 4.67, p = 0.046) and of all-cause mortality and ACS only (hazard ratio 3.58, 95% CI 1.04 to 13.0, p = 0.043), compared with CRP levels <1 mg/L. In conclusion, in patients who underwent coronary angiography, high-sensitivity CRP is a marker of coronary plaque burden but is not related to the presence of virtual histology-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma lesions and stenotic lesions. CRP levels >3 mg/L are predictive for adverse cardiovascular outcome at 1 year.