Higher Hs Research Articles

A study on wave climate variability along the nearshore regions of Bohai Sea based on long term observation data

The Bohai Sea off the coast of northern China plays important economic and ecological roles. No studies have been conducted on wave characteristics in the Bohai Sea nearshore area using ocean station data in the past. Observational data (1998–2022) from eight ocean-stations in the Bohai Sea were used in the present study. Overall, wave height (Hs) was small; winter seasons had higher Hs than summer seasons, and the maximum Hs occurred in the Bohai Strait. Joint distribution analysis indicated that waves with Hs ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 m, and mean wave periods (Tm) ranging from 3 to 3.5 s, were most common. Hs in the Bohai Sea nearshore area showed a weak response to climate variability and was moderately correlated with the Ocean Niño Index (ONI) and the North Pacific Index (NPI) in winter, and with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) in summer. Under extreme conditions, Hs was best described by a Generalized Pareto distribution, Tm was best described by a GEV distribution, and wave directions mainly followed a t location-scale distribution. The maximum wave height (Hmax)/Hs was 1.51, and the ratio varied with location. Machine learning methods were used to calculate Hmax more precisely, and they yielded better results than statistical methods.

High-resolution wave modeling of the Southwestern Nigerian coastal shelf: Implications on geomorphic contrasts between barrier-lagoon and mud coasts

This study characterizes the spatio-temporal wave variability along Southwestern Nigerian coastal and shelf areas in the Gulf of Guinea. This is to provide further insight into the hydrodynamic factors that influence geomorphologic changes on the low-lying coast. Reanalysis wind-field datasets are employed to generate hourly wind forcing for an unstructured WAVEWATCH III model to simulate some bulk wave parameters. The model is validated against data from offshore buoys and satellite altimetry at selected locations near the coast. Results show that the waves have an annual average of significant wave height (Hs), peak period (Tp), and wind speed (u) of ∼0.5 m, 4.1 s, and 3.9 m/s, respectively. They exhibit seasonal spatial variability that is highest in the peak rainy season from July to September (Av. Hs: 0.56–0.79 m; Av. Tp: 4.68–5.18 s; Av. u: 4.30–5.22 m/s) and lowest in the early dry season from November to January (Av. Hs: 0.26–0.34 m; Av. Tp: 3.37–3.80 s; Av. u: 3.25–3.50 m/s). Also, the monthly averaged wave power varies from 0.2 to 2.8 kW/m annually. However, a maximum Hs of 2.2 m that generated power of 9.4 kW/m for 11.1 s was recorded during the peak of the rainy season in August. Overall, waves with relatively low intensity, which can be classified as smooth to moderate, propagate from the southwest direction and decrease towards the coast. The higher Hs and Tp recorded during the peak of rainy and end of dry seasons are attributed to the influence of far-away swells. A comparative assessment indicates that the Barrier-Lagoon coast is highly controlled by waves, while the Mahin mud coast, which witnesses frequent flooding events that degrade its shoreline, has little wave influence. Thus, local subsidence that increases the relative sea level is suggested to be taking place at sections of the muddy coast. This information is crucial for the sustainable engineering design and management of low-lying coasts.

Sulfate-rich spring seeps and seasonal formation of terraced, crystalline mirabilite mounds along the shores of Great Salt Lake, Utah: Hydrologic and chemical expression during declining lake elevation

As Great Salt Lake (GSL) elevation declined below ∼1278.6 m (4195 ft) beginning in the fall of 2019, crystalline mounds formed on the southeastern shore, near Great Salt Lake State Park, Utah. Soon after, several more mound complexes were discovered on nearby Antelope Island. Recent historic low lake levels permitted sulfate-saturated spring brines to emerge on the exposed shoreline. When the spring waters encountered cold winter air, sodium sulfate precipitated in the form of the mineral mirabilite (Na2SO4·10H2O). Mirabilite-saturated spring waters pool in shallow sediment-collapse depressions or, with sufficient hydraulic head, precipitate subaerial crystalline spring terraced mounds. The mounds are composed of clear, bladed, and tabular mirabilite crystals (1 to 10 cm in length; 1 to 5 cm in width) that form mini pools and rimstone dams due to cascading spring water flow. The waters have elavated μM concentrations of sulfide, an oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of −250 mV, pH of 7, densities of 1.103–1.1169 g/cm3, and temperatures of 10°–15 °C, as compared to nearby lake waters that had undetectable sulfide, an ORP of 12 mV, pH of 8.2, density of 1.0872 g/cm3, and temperatures of 0°–3 °C. Green algae and probable sulfide oxidizing bacteria thrive in the spring waters and some are occluded within the mirabilite matrix and fluid inclusions. Sulfur δ34S and oxygen δ18O isotopes of brine and mirabilite sulfate are enriched +18.8–20.41‰ and + 12.2–14.5‰, respectively, indicating groundwater and mirabilite are in equilibrium for oxygen. Brine sulfide is heavily fractionated (δ 34S of ∼ − 30 ‰) relative to sulfate, indicating active sulfate reduction in subsurface aquifers that feed the spring seeps and which is consistent with higher HS− concentrations relative to adjacent lake waters. The recognition of such biosignatures retained in mirabilite provides further insights for the preservation potential of biological material in extraterrestrial sulfate minerals.Today, Gilbert Bay (south arm of GSL) is undersaturated with respect to mirabilite. However, pre-earthen causeway historical reports (prior to 1959) indicate mirabilite precipitated in the south arm during the winter and through wave action accumulated along the leeward southeastern oolitic shore (similar to current processes occurring in the hypersaline Gunnison Bay, the north arm of GSL). Upon solar irradiance in the spring, the shoreline mirabilite dissolved and reprecipitated in the shallow subsurface (<1 m) as an ooid cement. We hypothesize that this subsurface layer of mirabilite is the source for active lake margin sodium sulfate-saturated spring brines. The emergence and surface exposure of the brines and associated chemical sediments are an additional contributing solute source that may increase GSL salinity during lake level decline more than evaporation alone.

Location and impact of the infarct-related artery in acute coronary syndrome: insight from the Swiss SPUM- ACS cohort

Abstract Background Identifying the infarct-related artery (IRA) in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) has prognostic and therapeutic implications. Purpose We aimed to evaluate the distribution, clinical presentation and impact of the culprit lesion location on long-term outcomes in ACS patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention, medication and secondary prevention according to Guidelines. Methods Patients referred for ACS to one of the participating centres of the observational SPUM-ACS study between 2009 and 2017 with one year outcomes and independent events adjudication were included. The distribution of IRA, clinical presentation (STEMI/NSTEMI) and impact of IRA location on major adverse cardiac events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, target vessel revascularisation) at one year were investigated. Results 4'546 patients were included with 55% presenting as STEMI (mean age 62-years; 20% women), 42% as NSTEMI and 3% as unstable angina. The left anterior descending (LAD) artery was involved in 44.3%, the right coronary artery (RCA) and left circumflex artery (LCX) in 32.9% and 20%, respectively. Proximal and middle segments of the 3 main vessels were more often the culprit location compared to distal segments and side branches (78% versus. 22%). Left main (LM) and bypass graft were rarely involved (1.6% and 1.2% respectively), but most often responsible to overall cardiac dysfunction (higher NT-proBNP and hs troponin levels). Patients with an occluded IRA at angiography usually presented as STEMI on ECG (100% for LM, 90.5% for LAD territory, 83.8% for RCA territory, 56.6% for LCX territory). However 43.1% of patients with occluded LCX presented as NSTEMI. These patients were prone to extensive cardiac damage and significantly higher hs troponin levels as compared to those with patent LCX or STEMI presentation (626 ng/l vs 310 ng/l and 626 ng/l vs 580 ng/l respectively, p&amp;lt;0.001). Overall, 1-year MACE occurred in 11.8%. In native coronaries, the location of IRA had no impact on outcomes (20% LM, 10.9% LAD, 11.8% RCA, 11.8% LCX, p=0.112). However, in NSTEMI-ACS there were twice as many events when the LM was the IRA (MACE 20%, p=0.023) and 3-times higher when a bypass-graft was the IRA (33.9%, p=0.0001). Conclusions ST elevations are highly suggestive of an occluded IRA. However more than 40% of patients presenting with ACS involving an occluded LCX did not demonstrate ST-elevation and were prone to extensive cardiac damage, urging the necessity for early invasive measures in these patients. In native coronaries the IRA location did not affect outcomes except in NSTEMI with LM involvement or ACS with bypass grafts as IRA that had much worse outcomes. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): - Swiss National Research Foundation - Zurich Heart House

Mechanical, tribological and anti-corrosive properties of polyaniline/graphene coated Mg-9Li-7Al-1Sn and Mg-9Li-5Al-3Sn-1Zn alloys

The mechanical, tribological and corrosion protection offered to Mg-9Li-7Al-1Sn and Mg-9Li-5Al-3Sn-1Zn alloys by the epoxy coating containing polyaniline/graphene (PANI/Gr) pigments is undertaken in the current work. PANI/Gr containing coatings were observed to be strongly adherent with a higher scratch hardness (Hs) and plowing hardness (Hp), i.e. Hs of 0.43 GPa, and Hp of 0.61 GPa, respectively when compared to that of neat epoxy coating (Hs of 0.17 GPa, and Hp of 0.40 GPa, respectively). Due to their higher Hs and Hp values, PANI/Gr based coatings displayed an enhanced wear resistance (Wear volume, Wv = 4.53 × 10-3 m3) than that of neat epoxy coating (Wv = 5.15 × 10−3 m3). The corrosion protection efficiency in corrosive environment of 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was obtained to be >99% for PANI/Gr containing coatings when compared to that of neat epoxy coating. The charge-transfer resistance (Rct) of the PANI/Gr containing coatings were estimated to be >106 Ω cm2, which indicates their highly protective nature when compared to that of neat epoxy coating (Rct ˜105 Ω cm2). Hence, PANI/Gr containing coatings can be potentially used for wear resistance and corrosion protection applications in marine environments.

MMPI 척도로 본 한의대생의 형제자매관계와 성격특성의 연관성에 관한 연구

Objectives : This study aims to investigate the correlation between the characteristics of personality on MMPI scale, and the siblings relation, number of current family living with, gender and age of the Oriental Medical University students. Methods : For this study, we carried out the MMPI profiling and gathered information regarding the sibling relation of the subjects. We studied the correlation between the two measures, and the correlation between MMPI scales and the subjects' gender and age. Results : 1. The group without siblings had higher STY figures then the groups with siblings. 2. There was no significant differences in MMPI profiles among the only child group, first-born group, second-born group, and third-born group. 3. The married group showed higher Pd, Pt, Sc, BDL figures than the unmarried group. 4. As the number of family members currently living with increased, the BDL and STY figures decreased. 5. The male group had higher Hs, Hy, Pa, Ma, NAR, BDL, ANT, CPS, PAR, and SZD figures, while the female group had higher D, Pd, Mf, Pt, HST, PAG, and DEP figures. 6. As the subjects' age increased, the figure of Hs, D, Pt, Sc, Si, AVD, and SZD increased, while the HST figure decreased. Conclusions : By the above results, we can assume that the sibling relations and the order one is born in the family does not affect one's personality much in grown-ups; whereas the gender and age affect the personality.

432 Heart score and vascular health

432 Heart score and vascular health

Dynamic Analysis of Posture Profiles in Quiet Stance on Carpets through Fractional Brownian Motion

In this study we examine the dynamic characteristics of the center of pressure (COP) profiles in quiet stance on various carpets through the framework of fractional Brownian motion. Four different carpets plus the force platform (which served as a control floor) were tested. Six healthy young subjects stood stationary in bare feet on each flooring condition under both eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) conditions. A stabilogram diffusion analysis (SDA) was conducted in both anteroposterior and mediolateral directions to extract the dynamic features of the COP profiles. Two approximately linear regions (short-versus long-term regions) were found for all of the flooring conditions in the double logarithmic plot of the mean-square displacements versus time intervals, implying that a two-stage control scheme exists in regulating the posture. In general, a more compliant carpet was found to be associated with a shorter transitional time interval and a lower HL value (Hurst coefficient in the long-term region) under the EO condition, but to be correlated with a higher HS (Hurst coefficient in the short-term region) and a higher HL under the EC condition. While the hard floor of the force platform significantly decreased HL from the EO to the EC conditions, the alteration of visual environments did not substantially influence HL for a compliant carpet.

A comparative study of the influences of pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure on impedance rheopneumogram in patients with three different diseases

In the present study right heart catheterization and impedance rheopneumogram examinations were performed simultaneously on 21 patients suffering from congenital cardiovascular diseases with atrial or ventricular septal defect accompanied by the left to right shunt (CCD) and 17 patients suffering from rheumatic valvular disease with mitral stenosis (MS) in order to investigate the differences in the impedance rheopneumogram parameters between CCD patients and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as between MS and COPD patients. The results showed that when patients with different diseases had the same level of pulmonary arterial pressure, CCD patients had significantly higher Hs than COPD patients, while MS patients had significantly higher Hd/Hs ratio than COPD patients and CCD patients. The linear regressional equation between Hd/Hs ratio and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) was as follows: PCWP (kPa) = 0.17 + 0.98 x Hd/Hs (kappa = 155, gamma = 0.422, p < 0.001). These results suggest that: (1) impedance rheopneumographic regressional equations with Hs as one of the major variables suitable for predicting secondary pulmonary hypertension in COPD patients are not suitable for use on CCD patients; (2) Hd/Hs ratio is useful in clinical work as an index for differential diagnosis between MS and Cor Pulmonale; and (3) PCWP can be roughly and noninvasively measured based on the measurement of impedance rheopneumogram parameter Hd/Hs.

Social Dominance and Reproductive Success in a Goose Flock (Anser Indicus)

To investigate how dominance affects annual reproductive success in a permanently monogamous species, social dominance of pairs in winter was compared with various components of subsequent fledging success in a semi-captive flock of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus). Other pair characteristics (ages of mates and pairbond duration) were also analysed as they correlated with dominance and fledging success. In the two study years 1982 and 1983 the geese were provided with ad lib. food but an apparently limiting number of nest sites. - Nest search period: As future non-breeders were more often driven off nest sites than future breeders, although their frequencies of nest building behaviour were not significantly lower, apparently dominance rather than breeding propensity determined whether a pair bred. The inverse relationship with the frequency of being displaced at nest sites was stronger for dominance than for age and pairbond duration. - Incubation period: In 1982 nests were in solid boxes with only a narrow entrance. Disturbance risk was probably low, and none of the pair characteristics correlated with the number of young hatched (HS). In 1983 boxes were low-walled and open-topped, and all pair characteristics were associated with HS, dominance and female age most closely. Correlations with other parameters suggested three independent influences on HS: (1) Older male - higher dominance - more success in nest defence - fewer eggs lost or broken- higher HS, (2) older male - more nest attendance - higher HS, (3) older female - higher HS. - Young-rearing period: HS was the major determinant of variation in the number of goslings fledged per pair, while gosling survival did not significantly 'correlate with fledging success. - In an experimental competitive feeding situation females of more dominant pairs showed higher peck rates. However, peck rates were unrelated to reproductive success in this study, as food was abundant at all other times. - The importance of male dominance for parental success may be the ultimate cause of sexual dimorphism (size and aggressiveness) in geese and swans.

Changes in MMPI profiles after low-back surgery.

Sixty-nine patients who had completed a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI) test preoperatively and had had low-back surgery for discogenic disease were seen in follow-up one to 11 years later. Each completed an MMPI test and pain drawing postoperatively, was examined clinically and radiographically, and was rated for surgical outcome. The preoperative MMPI hypochondriasis (Hs) and hysteria (Hy) scales were only modestly related to treatment outcome, but the postoperative scales were strongly related to outcome. Patients with good surgical outcome had lower Hs and Hy scores postoperatively than preoperatively, whereas patients with poor outcomes had higher Hs and Hy scores postoperatively. The MMPI profile of these operated low-back-pain patients was found to be changeable rather than static. The numerical value of the pain drawings was highly correlated with the elevation of the Hs or Hy scales. The MMPI should be utilized to identify patients with neurotic tendencies and prompt referral for psychologic treatment. Those patients who respond favorably to psychotherapy tend to have a better surgical outcome than those with untreated psychoneuroses or those who fail to improve with treatment.