Higher Hip Circumference Research Articles

Body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, abdominal volume index, and cognitive function in older Chinese people: a nationwide study

BackgroundNumerous studies have indicated an obesity paradox in observational research on aging health, where being normal weight or underweight adversely affects cognitive function, while moderate obesity may offer protective benefits. This study aims to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), abdominal volume index (AVI), and the joint effect of BMI and HC on cognitive impairment in older Chinese people.MethodsA total of 10,579 participants aged 65 years and older from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) were included in this cross-sectional study. BMI, WC, HC, WHtR, WHR, and AVI were calculated from height, weight, WC, and HC measurements, where weight, WC, and HC were obtained by direct measurement. Mini-Mental State Examination was used to assess cognitive impairment. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using binary logistic regression. Non-linear correlations were investigated using restricted cubic spline curves.ResultsIn multivariate logistic regression models fully adjusted for confounding variables, our analyses showed significant negative associations of WC [OR 0.93 (95%CI 0.88–0.98), P = .012], HC [OR 0.92 (95%CI 0.87–0.97), P = .004], lower WHR (Q2) [OR 0.85 (95%CI 0.72-1.00), P = .044], and AVI [OR 0.93 (95%CI 0.88–0.98), P = .011] with cognitive impairment. Nonlinear curve analysis showed that the risk of cognitive impairment was lowest when the BMI was about 25.5 kg/m², suggesting that the optimal BMI for older Chinese people to maintain good cognitive ability may be in the overweight range. In addition, there was a non-linear “N” shaped relationship between HC and cognitive impairment, with HC having the highest risk of cognitive impairment at about 82 cm and the lowest risk at about 101 cm. The joint effects analysis indicated that the lowest risk was observed among those with normal or higher BMI but higher HC compared with participants with normal BMI levels and lower HC levels.ConclusionIn older Chinese people, a low-waisted and high-hip circumference body figure is favorable for cognitive function in older people. It also found a significant association between AVI and cognitive impairment. The joint analysis of BMI and HC suggests that maintaining a normal or higher BMI with a higher HC may be more conducive to maintaining good cognitive function.

Prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia among older adults in a post-acute hospital in Singapore.

Sarcopenia is common in older adults worldwide, but its prevalence varies widely owing to differences in diagnostic criteria, population sampled, and care setting. We aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia in patients aged 65 and above admitted to a post-acute hospital in Singapore. This was a cross-sectional study of 400 patients recruited from a community hospital in Singapore. Data including socio-demographics, physical activity, nutritional status, cognition, clinical and functional status, as well as anthropometric measurements were collected. Sarcopenia was defined using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria [AWGS2019]. Of the 383 patients with complete datasets, overall prevalence of sarcopenia was 54% while prevalence of severe sarcopenia was 38.9%. Participants with increased age, male gender and a low physical activity level were more likely to be sarcopenic, while those with higher hip circumference and higher BMI of ≥27.5m/kg2 were less likely to be sarcopenic. Other than the above-mentioned variables, cognitive impairment was also associated with severe sarcopenia. More than 1 in 2 older adults admitted to a post-acute hospital in Singapore are sarcopenic. There is an urgent need to address this important clinical syndrome burden and to identify patients at risk of sarcopenia in post-acute settings in Singapore for early intervention.

Relationship Between Heart Disease and Obesity Indicators Among Adults: A Secondary Data Analysis.

Background Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), andhip circumference (HC) determine obesity. Several studies have examined the association between obesity and manydiseases, including heart disease, and found it to be a substantial risk factor. However, the relationship between heart disease and obesity has not been investigated. This study investigated the relationship between heart disease and obesity indicators among adults encompassing sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Methodology This cross-sectional study included data from 3,574 individuals who participated in the 2011-2014 National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States refresher. The presence or absence of heart conditions such as irregular heartbeat, heart murmur, heart attack, and heart failure was determined using self-reported questionnaires. The association between heart disease and obesity indicators such as BMI, WC, HC, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was investigated using linear regression. Results After controlling for all factors, the findings demonstrated a significant relationship between heart disease and BMI, WC, and HC high scores of 1.12 kg/m2, 0.63 inches, and 0.81 inches, respectively. A higher score in all obesity indicators was linked to being 65 years or older; male gender (for HC); having a school/college level of education; being unmarried, divorced, or widowed; having a history of smoking; and avoiding alcohol use. Conclusions Heart disease and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors are substantially associated with a high score in all obesity indicators. The findings of this study are important because they can assist healthcare providers inimplementing different therapiesto prevent highBMI, WC, HC, and WHR.

Establishing causal relationships between sleep and adiposity traits using Mendelian randomization.

The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the direction of any potential causal effect between sleep and adiposity traits. Two-sample Mendelian randomization was used to assess the association of genetically predicted sleep traits with adiposity and vice versa. Using data from UK Biobank and 23andMe, the sleep traits explored weremorning preference (chronotype; N=697,828), insomnia (N=1,331,010), sleep duration (N=446,118), napping (N=452,633), and daytime sleepiness (N=452,071). Using data from the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) and Early Growth Genetics (EGG) consortia, the adiposity traits explored were adult BMI, hip circumference (HC), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR; N=322,154), and childhood BMI (N=35,668). This study found evidence that insomnia symptoms increased mean WC, BMI, and WHR (difference in means, WC=0.39 SD [95% CI: 0.13-0.64], BMI=0.47 SD [95% CI: 0.22-0.73], and WHR=0.34 SD [95% CI: 0.16-0.52]). Napping increased mean WHR (0.23 SD [95% CI: 0.08-0.39]). Higher HC, WC, and adult BMI increased odds of daytime sleepiness (HC=0.02 SD [95% CI: 0.01-0.04], WC=0.04 SD [95% CI: 0.01-0.06], and BMI 0.02 SD [95% CI: 0.00-0.04]). This study also found that higher mean childhood BMI resulted in lower odds of napping (-0.01 SD [95% CI: 0.02-0.00]). The effects of insomnia on adiposity and of adiposity on daytime sleepiness suggest that poor sleep and weight gain may contribute to a feedback loop that could be detrimental to overall health.

Diabetic retinopathy risk in patients with unhealthy lifestyle: A Mendelian randomization study.

This study aimed to investigate the causal association between unhealthy lifestyle factors and diabetic retinopathy (DR) risk and to determine better interventions targeting these modifiable unhealthy factors. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed in this study. The inverse variance-weighted method was used as the primary method. Our study included 687 single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with unhealthy lifestyle factors as instrumental variables. Aggregated data on individual-level genetic information were obtained from the corresponding studies and consortia. A total of 292,622,3 cases and 739,241,18 variants from four large consortia (MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit [MRC-IEU], Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits [GIANT], GWAS & Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine Use [GSCAN], and Neale Lab) were included. In the MR analysis, a higher body mass index (BMI) (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42, 1.30-1.54; P < 0.001] and cigarettes per day (OR, 95% CI = 1.16, 1.05-1.28; P = 0.003) were genetically predicted to be causally associated with an increased risk of DR, while patients with higher hip circumference (HC) had a lower risk of DR (OR, 95% CI = 0.85, 0.76-0.95; P = 0.004). In the analysis of subtypes of DR, the results of BMI and HC were similar to those of DR, whereas cigarettes per day were only related to proliferative DR (PDR) (OR, 95% CI = 1.18, 1.04-1.33; P = 0.009). In the MR-PRESSO analysis, a higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was a risk factor for DR and PDR (OR, 95% CI = 1.24, 1.02-1.50, P = 0.041; OR, 95% CI = 1.32, 1.01-1.73, P = 0.049) after removing the outliers. Furthermore, no pleiotropy was observed in these exposures. Our findings suggest that higher BMI, WHR, and smoking are likely to be causal factors in the development of DR, whereas genetically higher HC is associated with a lower risk of DR, providing insights into a better understanding of the etiology and prevention of DR.

Determinants of Metabolic Syndrome Among People With Substance Abuse: A Cross-Sectional Study From North India.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence and predictors of metabolic syndrome among substance users in North India. Methods: A total of 302 participants with a history of substance use (per ICD-10 code) visiting either medicine or psychiatry outpatient departments and referred to a deaddiction center in the psychiatry department of a tertiary care hospital were enrolled. The cross-sectional study was conducted over 6 months between September 2019 and February 2020. Information regarding sociodemographic profiles was collected. Weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, and blood pressure were measured. A fasting venous blood sample was collected to measure blood glucose; triglycerides; high-density, low-density (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels; and other blood parameters. The International Diabetes Federation criterion was used to define metabolic syndrome. Descriptive analysis was performed, and multiple logistic regression was used. Results: The mean ± SD age of the study participants was 37.1 ± 11.4 years, and the majority were males (n = 299, 99.0%). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among substance users was 16.9% (n = 51). Mean age, age of initiation, weight, body mass index (BMI), hip circumference, total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL were significantly higher (all P < .05) among study participants with metabolic syndrome than among those without. On multivariable regression analysis, professional employment, high BMI, high hip circumference, and elevated VLDL were predictors of metabolic syndrome among substance users. Conclusions: Coexisting substance use and metabolic syndrome is a public health concern considering the large number of people who are substance users. It is essential to screen such patients regularly for cardio-vasculo-metabolic disorders to prevent further morbidity and mortality.

Comparing the Effects of Two Methods of Bariatric Surgery, Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy and Mini Gastric Bypass, on the Weight Loss of Children and Adolescent Younger Than 19 Years Old: A Three-Year Follow-up Study

Background: There is little data about the surgical outcomes of different procedures in children. Objectives: We aimed to compare the difference in three-year surgical outcomes between laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and one-anastomosis gastric bypass one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) in children undergoing these procedures. Methods: A total of 96 children aged ≤ 19 years were listed for bariatric surgery to be included in this prospective study. Demographic characteristics, such as age and gender, and anthropometric indices, including height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and hip circumference, as well as postoperative complications, were recorded. The participants underwent LSG and OAGB by the same surgical team. The variables were compared between the groups at baseline and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after surgery. Results: At follow-up, the OAGB group had a higher waist circumference after 1 and 3 month(s) (P = 0.011 and 0.005, respectively) and higher hip circumference 3 months after surgery (P = 0.035). Time significantly affected the trend of changes in weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and hip circumference (P &lt; 0.001). There were no cases of postoperative complications. Conclusions: Our experience showed that LSG had better outcomes after three months, while LSG and OAGB had favorable outcomes on the weight and body mass index (BMI) of children with morbid obesity until three years after surgery.

Physical Activity Adherence Related to Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Spanish Older Adults: 8 Years-Longitudinal EXERNET-Study.

IntroductionThe multiple benefits of physical activity (PA) compared to the current lack of adherence to this behavior in older people makes it necessary to identify the factors related to its long-term dropout, therefore, the aim of this study was: (i) to study the evolution of behavior change for PA through stages of change (SoC) after 8 years and, to identify the associated factors related to the worsening of SoC for PA.MethodsA total of 714 Spanish older adults (>65 years) participated in the Longitudinal elderly EXERNET study 8 years follow-up. SoC for PA from Transtheoretical model of behavior change (TTM), body composition [BMI, fat mass, lean mass, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC)] and physical fitness (EXERNET battery fitness tests) were recorded. A multivariate binary logistic regression model was used to identify the potential predictive factors of worsening SoC for PA.ResultsThree hundred and sixty participants (50.4%) worsening their SoC for PA after 8 years. Predictors factors associated with worsening of SoC were: HC (OR = 1.022; 95% CI: 1.001, 1.044), Lower body strength (OR = 0.940; 95% CI: 0.887, 0.997) and aerobic endurance at the 6 min-walk test (OR = 0.997; 95% CI: 0.995, 0.999).ConclusionThis study highlights that we need to identify adults with high HC, lower body strength and lower aerobic endurance to design a tailored PA program. Identifying the determinants of losing adherence to PA will help in the creation, design, and evaluation of exercise programs with the goal of reducing older adults’ drop-outs rates.

Association between the physical activity and metabolic syndrome in residents of a foot-hill area in India

Background and aimsPhysical inactivity, has been linked to development of metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Aim of the study was to assess the level of physical activity and it's association with prevalence of metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress in a semiurban foothill population of India. MethodsParticipants (n = 288), >18 years of age were enrolled. Their demographics and clinical details were recorded. Fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity were measured. Physical activity was estimated using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and converted into metabolic equivalent in minutes per week. Results37.5% of study population was found to be physically active, with more males (43.3%) being active than females (23.3%). Inactivity was associated with higher triglycerides levels in males and with higher hip circumference, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides and fasting plasma glucose in females. No significant difference was found in the oxidative stress, indicated by decreased glutathione peroxidase activity, between active and inactive persons or persons with normal and increased body mass index. ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of physical inactivity in this region of India, with prevalence of physical inactivity higher is females as compared to males. No significant co-relation was found between the levels of activity and components of metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress in the study population.

The relation of dietary components with severity of obstructive sleep apnea in Cypriot patients: A randomized, stratified epidemiological study.

BackgroundObstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is considered a public health problem and its prevalence is increasing at an epidemic rate. The aim of this study was to examine whether individual nutrients (macronutrients, antioxidant vitamins) rather than energy restriction may potentially affect OSA severity in a representative population of Cyprus.MethodsA total sample of 303 adults (>18 years old) with Cypriot citizenship and permanently residing in Cyprus were randomly selected. Selected patients have completed the food frequency questionnaire, and a physical activity questionnaire and underwent a sleep study to assess OSA severity.ResultsOverall, 303 patients were included in this study, 169 (55.8%) had mild OSA (apnea-hypopnea index—AHI <15) and the remaining 83 (27.4%) had moderate to severe OSA (AHI>15). The mean age of all patients was 55.7 years old. Patients with moderate to severe OSA had significant higher BMI levels, higher consumption of calories, higher hip circumference, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and neck circumference and higher consumption of folic acid compared with the patients with mild OSA (p<0.05).ConclusionsThe findings suggest that increased energy intake regardless diet macronutrient composition is positively associated with OSA severity whereas higher folic acid intake seems to have a protective role.

Relationship of anthropometric measurements with glycated hemoglobin and 1-h blood glucose after 50 g glucose challenge test in pregnant women: A longitudinal cohort study in Southern Thailand.

To assess correlations of anthropometric measurements with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and 1-h blood glucose after a 50 g glucose challenge test during the first and late second trimesters and explore their relationships of anthropometric measurements with neonatal birth weight. A longitudinal study was conducted among pregnant Thai women with gestational age ≤14 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, using body mass index, body compositions, and circumferences, and skinfold thickness, were measured at four-time points: ≤14, 18-22, 24-28, and 30-34 weeks of gestation. HbA1c and 1-h blood glucose were examined at ≤14 and 24-28 weeks. Neonatal birth weight was recorded. Of 312 women, HbA1c was more correlated with anthropometric measurements during pregnancy than 1-h blood glucose. At 24-28 weeks, women with high/very high body fat percentage were more likely to have higher HbA1c. Women with high subscapular skinfold thickness were more likely to have higher 1-h blood glucose at ≤14 and 24-28 weeks. High hip circumference significantly increased neonatal birth weights. Anthropometric measurements were longitudinally correlated with HbA1c and 1-h blood glucose, higher in the late second than first trimesters, as well as neonatal birth weight. The mechanisms to explain the relationship of different anthropometric measurements are required to be further studied.

Prof K C Dube Poster Award

Aim:To evaluate the association of metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment in patients suffering from Bipolar Disorder, currently in clinical remission.Methodology:70 patients suffering from bipolar disorder currently in clinical remission were assessed for metabolic syndrome using the Consensus Criteria given by the International Diabetes Federation and cognitive impairments were assessed by using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (M0CA) Scale.Results:The mean age of the study sample was 43.9 years (SD: 13.1). The mean duration of illness was 16.1 years (SD: 10.1), with mean number of total lifetime episodes being 5.3 (SD: 3.8). The mean number of criteria met for metabolic syndrome was 2.9 (SD: 1.3) with 46 (65.7%) patients satisfying the criteria for metabolic syndrome. The mean score on MoCA was 22.8 (SD: 5.1) with 43 (61.4%) of the patients having mild cognitive impairment, i.e., a score of less than 26. Mild cognitive impairment was significantly associated with raised diastolic blood pressure. Lower score on MoCA had significant correlation with higher waist circumference and higher hip circumference. Additionally, presence of cognitive impairment was associated with higher number of total episodes, early age of onset, and female gender.Conclusions:Although there is high prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment in patients with Bipolar disorder, there is no significant association between metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment is associated with raised blood pressure, increased waist circumference and hip circumference. Hence, there is a need to regularly monitor the waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure in patients with bipolar disorder.

Causal Associations of Obesity With the Intervertebral Degeneration, Low Back Pain, and Sciatica: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

The role of obesity in the development of dorsopathies is still unclear. In this study, we assessed the associations between body mass index (BMI) and several dorsopathies including intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), low back pain (LBP), and sciatica by using the Mendelian randomization method. We also assessed the effect of several obesity-related traits on the same outcomes. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the exposures are extracted from summary-level datasets of previously published genome-wide association studies. Summary-level results of IVDD, LBP, and sciatica were from FinnGen. In our univariable Mendelian randomization analysis, BMI is significantly associated with increased risks of all dorsopathies including sciatica (OR = 1.33, 95% CI, 1.21–1.47, p = 5.19 × 10-9), LBP (OR = 1.28, 95% CI, 1.18–1.39, p = 6.60 × 10-9), and IVDD (OR = 1.23, 95% CI, 1.14–1.32, p = 2.48 × 10-8). Waist circumference, hip circumference, whole-body fat mass, fat-free mass, and fat percentage, but not waist–hip ratio, were causally associated with increased risks of IVDD and sciatica. Higher hip circumference, whole-body fat mass, fat-free mass, and fat percentage increased the risk of LBP. However, only whole-body fat-free mass remained to have a significant association with the risk of IVDD after adjusting for BMI with an odds ratio of 1.57 (95% CI, 1.32–1.86, p = 2.47 × 10-7). Proportions of BMI’s effect on IVDD, sciatica, and LBP mediated by leisure sedentary behavior were 41.4% (95% CI, 21.8%, 64.8%), 33.8% (95% CI, 17.5%, 53.4%), and 49.7% (95% CI, 29.4%, 73.5%), respectively. This study provides evidence that high BMI has causal associations with risks of various dorsopathies. Weight control is a good measure to prevent the development of dorsopathies, especially in the obese population.

Abdominal and gluteofemoral fat depots show opposing associations with postprandial lipemia

High postprandial lipemia is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, independently of fasting lipid concentrations. Abdominal and gluteofemoral fat depots handle lipoproteins differently, which could affect postprandial lipemia and contribute to the relation between abdominal fat distribution and cardiovascular disease risk. We aimed to study the influences of higher abdominal compared with gluteofemoral fat on postprandial lipemia after a high-fat meal in individuals with obesity. A total of 755 adults with obesity from a randomized controlled trial in 7 European countries consumed a liquid high-fat meal. Concentrations of triglycerides (TG), glycerol, free fatty acids, and the cholesterol component of remnant-like particles (RLP), LDL, and HDL were measured postprandially for 3 h. Associations of waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) with changes in postprandial lipid concentrations, adjusted for fasting concentrations and BMI, were examined using linear regression models. To assess whether the association of WHR with postprandial lipemia could be causal, we performed instrumental variable analyses using a genetic score of 442 variants known to be associated with WHR adjusted for BMI in 2-stage least-squares regression models. WHR was associated with higher TG and RLP cholesterol concentrations, independent of fasting lipid concentrations and BMI. Instrumental variable analyses suggested that the associations of WHR with postprandial TG (β=0.038 μmol/L*min, SE=0.019 μmol/L*min, P=0.044) and RLP cholesterol concentrations (β=0.059 mmol/L, SE=0.025mmol/L, P=0.020) may be causal. WC and HC showed opposite effects: higher WC was associated with higher TG and RLP cholesterol concentrations whereas higher HC was associated with lower concentrations. Our results suggest that higher fat deposition abdominally versus gluteofemorally may be causally associated with elevated postprandial lipemia after a high-fat meal, independent of fasting lipid concentrations and BMI. Furthermore, higher abdominal and gluteofemoral fat depots show opposing effects on postprandial lipemia.This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN25867281.

Abdominal and gluteo-femoral markers of adiposity and risk of vascular-metabolic mortality in a prospective study of 150000 Mexican adults.

AimsResults of previous studies of abdominal adiposity and risk of vascular-metabolic mortality in Hispanic populations have been conflicting. We report results from a large prospective study of Mexican adults with high levels of abdominal adiposity.Methods and resultsA total of 159 755 adults aged ≥35 years from Mexico City were enrolled in a prospective study and followed for 16 years. Cox regression, adjusted for confounders, yielded mortality rate ratios (RRs) associated with three markers of abdominal adiposity (waist circumference, waist–hip ratio, and waist–height ratio) and one marker of gluteo-femoral adiposity (hip circumference) for cause-specific mortality before age 75 years. To reduce reverse causality, deaths in the first 5 years of follow-up and participants with diabetes or other prior chronic disease were excluded. Among 113 163 participants without prior disease and aged 35–74 years at recruitment, all adiposity markers were positively associated with vascular-metabolic mortality. Comparing the top versus bottom tenth of the sex-specific distributions, the vascular-metabolic mortality RRs at ages 40–74 years were 2.32 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.84–2.94] for waist circumference, 2.22 (1.71–2.88) for the waist–hip ratio, 2.63 (2.06–3.36) for the waist–height ratio, and 1.58 (1.29–1.93) for hip circumference. The RRs corresponding to each standard deviation (SD) higher usual levels of these adiposity markers were 1.34 (95% CI 1.27–1.41), 1.31 (1.23–1.39), 1.38 (1.31–1.45), and 1.18 (1.13–1.24), respectively. For the markers of abdominal adiposity, the RRs did not change much after further adjustment for other adiposity markers, but for hip circumference the association was reversed; given body mass index and waist circumference, the RR for vascular-metabolic mortality for each one SD higher usual hip circumference was 0.80 (0.75–0.86).ConclusionsIn this study of Mexican adults, abdominal adiposity (and in particular the waist–height ratio) was strongly and positively associated with vascular-metabolic mortality. For a given amount of general and abdominal adiposity, however, higher hip circumference was associated with lower vascular-metabolic mortality.

Anthropometric measures and blood pressure of Greenlandic preschool children

ABSTRACT The study aims to describe anthropometric data of Greenlandic preschool children, blood pressure (BP) measures and effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy in a follow-up of the ACCEPT birth cohort. The study included 102 children (55 boys and 47 girls) aged 3.5–5.5 years. Anthropometric measures included weight, height, head circumference (HC), body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, ratio for height/weight, waist/height, waist/hip and BP measurements. Overweight and obesity-prevalence was determined using the international obesity task force BMI references for children. Significant increases in anthropometrics from 3.5 to 5.5 years included weight, height, HC and hip circumference, whereas ratio for height/weight, waist/hip and waist/height decreased. Boys had significantly larger HC than girls. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was similar (35.1%) between genders. Mean systolic and diastolic BP were 104 and 68 mmHg, respectively. Children of mothers smoking during pregnancy had higher hip circumference, lower waist/hip ratio and higher diastolic BP. The study present updated anthropometric data and BP of Greenlandic preschool children and effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher than previously reported and maternal smoking during pregnancy affected the child data. Abbreviations ACCEPT: Adaptation to Climate Change, Environmental Pollution and dietary Transition; BMI: Body Mass Index; BP: Blood Pressure; Circ: Circumference; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; FFH: Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test; HC: Head Circumference; H: Height; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HiC: Hip Circumference; IOTF International Obesity Task Force, Max: maximum, Min: minimum, P25: 25th percentile, P75: 75th percentile, SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure, SD: Standard Deviation; VDLD: very-low-density lipoprotein; WaC: Waist Circumference, W: Weight, WHO: World Health Organization.

Predictive capacity of obesity indices for high blood pressure among southern Ethiopian adult population: a WHO STEPS survey

BackgroundWorld Health Organization (WHO) consultation experts recommend countries to have guidance to identify public health action points suitable for their country. The objective of the study was to evaluate different obesity indices to predict high blood pressure and its optimal cutoff values among the adult population.MethodA total of 3368 individuals age from 25 to 64 years were included in this study. Data was collected based on the WHO Stepwise approach. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WstC), waist to hip ratio (WHpR) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were measured and calculated. High blood pressure was considered for those with systolic blood pressure above 135 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure above 85 mmHg or taking antihypertensive medications. To generate cutoff values, the receiver operator characteristic curve was generated with the maximum Youden index.ResultWomen had a significantly higher hip circumference (P = 0.003), BMI (P = 0.036) and WHtR (P < 0.001) than men. Men had significantly higher WHpR (P = 0.027) than women. There were significantly higher BMI, WstC, WHpR, and WHtR among those with high blood pressure. The cutoff values for BMI, WstC, WHpR and WHtR were 22.86 kg/m2, 84.05 cm, 0.91 and 0.50 for men and 24.02 kg/m2, 79.50 cm, 0.91 and 0.51 for women, respectively.ConclusionBMI, WstC, WHpR, and WHtR are a useful predictor of high blood pressure among adults’ rural residents of southern Ethiopia. As the sensitivity for the cutoff values of most of indices were low, further surveys in different settings may need to be done before a conclusion can be drawn on whether or not to review the anthropometric cut offs for high blood pressure in Ethiopia.

Glycaemia, renal function and body mass in men and women with type 2 diabetes.

Aim To determine parameters of glycaemic control, renal function and anthropometric measurements in patients with type 2 diabetes in family medicine offices and to examine whether there is a difference in these parameters between genders. Methods This cross-sectional study included 136 patients of both genders diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, with an average age of 69.33±10.87. General and demographic data were collected, anthropometric measurements were taken, as well as data on fasting plasma glucose, HbA1 c and creatinine level from laboratory findings. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated. Results The average results of fasting plasma glucose test were 8.43 mmol/L, of HbA1c 7.15%, and of creatinine 79.00 µmol/L. In 19.12% of patients eGFR was <60 mL/min/1.73m2 . 80.15% were overweight and 38.97% had a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or higher. Morbid obesity was recorded in 2.94% of patients. Females had a statistically significantly higher hip circumference (p=0.002) and BMI (p=0.019), while males had a statistically significantly higher waist-to-hip ratio (p=0.006) and BMI (p=0.007). Conclusion The patients did not reach the target value of fasting plasma glucose (<7mmol/L) and HbA1c was above recommended (<7%). Given that the patients were elderly, glucoregulation can be considered as adequate. The average eGFR classified the patients into G2 group (mildly decreased glomerular filtration). The mean BMI was not within the recommended values. It is important to educate patients on a healthy diet and physical activity, to control their weight, but also to choose medications that reduce weight in addition to glycaemic control.

Consumo de azúcares totales y su asociación con obesidad en población chilena - Resultados del estudio GENADIO

BACKGROUND Sugar intake is a risk factor for the development of obesity. AIM To investigate the association between total sugar intake and obesity markers in Chilean adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included 396 participants of the GENADIO study. Anthropometric measurements (body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio, and % body fat) were measured through standardized protocols. Total sugar intake was determined from a 7-days weighted food daily. Sugar intake expressed in g/day was categorized into quartiles. RESULTS Higher sugar intake was associated with a higher BMI, WC and HC but not with body fat %. One quartile increment in sugar intake was associated with 1.50 kg [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49; 2.50] higher body weight, 0.34 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.01; 0.69] higher BMI, 1.23 cm [95% CI: 0.11; 2.34] higher WC, 1.39 cm [95% CI: 0.28; 2.50] higher HC and 0.02 the waist-to-hip ratio [95% C: 0.01; 0.02]. CONCLUSIONS Total sugar intake was associated with higher adiposity levels in these Chilean adults.

Associations between adiposity indicators and hypertension among children and adolescents with intellectual disability-A case-control study.

Adiposity is closely related to hypertension (HTN) in paediatric population. However, which adiposity indicator is most associated with HTN among children and adolescents with intellectual disability remains unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between HTN prevalence and different adiposity indicators: body mass index (BMI) percentile, body fat percentage (BFP), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in students with intellectual disability. Cross-sectional study included a sample of 568 schoolchildren with intellectual disability, aged 7-18years. Blood pressure, BMI, body composition, WC and HC were determined using standardized equipment. Multivariate logistic regression showed that male gender, adolescence, high HC and excessive BFP were significant independent factors that increased risk of HTN occurrence in population with intellectual disability. Findings indicated that HC and BFP, in particular, may be helpful tools to detect HTN in population with intellectual disability.