Higher Fungi Research Articles

Effect of Organic Sources of Nutrients and Bio Inoculants on Diversity of Microbes in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive seasons of 2022-23 and 2023-2024 at Research Farm, Department of environmental science, college of Sehore, Mansarovar Global university Sehore (MP). The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with sixteen treatment combinations and replicated thrice. The study on the effect of organic sources of nutrient and bio-inoculants on diversity of microbe under chickpea. It is clear from the data that the highest microbial cells count like Rhizobium (16.43 x 106 cfu/g soil) (cfu- colony forming unit), PSB (Phosphate solubilizing bacteria) (19.03 x 106 cfu/g soil) was recorded under application of vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 followed by FYM (farm yard manure) @ 5 t ha-1 along with Rhizobium and PSB (12.25 x 106 cfu/g soil) and (17.72 x 106 cfu/g soil), respectively. Whereas, highest fungi and actinomycetes count were observed under FYM @ 5 t ha-1 in combination with bio-inoculants and recorded 41.30 x 104 cfu/g and 12.92 x 103 cfu/g soil, respectively followed by vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 with same inoculants. Whereas the lowest population of fungi was recorded under control along with combined application of bio-fertilizers (29.23 x 104 cfu/g and 7.25 x 103 cfu/g soil).

Diversity of African fungi, chemical constituents and biological activities

Besides plants and animals, the fungal kingdom consists of several species characterized by various forms and applications. Fungi are amazing producers of bioactive natural products with applications in medicine and agriculture. Though this kingdom has been extensively investigated worldwide, it remains relatively underexplored in Africa. To address the knowledge gaps, encourage research interest, and suggest opportunities for the discovery of more bioactive substances from African fungi, we considered it appropriate to extensively review the research work carried out on African fungi since 1988. This review summarizes the diversity and distribution of fungi throughout Africa, the secondary metabolites yet reported from studied fungi, their biological activities and, the countries where they were collected. The studied fungi originated from eleven African countries and were mainly endophytic fungi and higher fungi (macrofungi). Their investigation led to the isolation of five hundred and three (503) compounds with polyketides representing the main class of secondary metabolites. The compounds exhibited varied biological activities with antibacterial and antiproliferative properties being the most prominent.

Experimental evidence that root-associated fungi improve plant growth at high altitude.

Unravelling how species communities change along environmental gradients requires a dual understanding: the direct responses of the species to their abiotic surroundings and the indirect variation of these responses through biotic interactions. Here, we focus on the interactive relationships between plants and their symbiotic root-associated fungi (RAF) along stressful abiotic gradients. We investigate whether variations in RAF community composition along altitudinal gradients influence plant growth at high altitudes, where both plants and fungi face harsher abiotic conditions. We established a translocation experiment between pairs of Bistorta vivipara populations across altitudinal gradients. To separate the impact of shifting fungal communities from the overall influence of changing abiotic conditions, we used a root barrier to prevent new colonization by RAF following translocation. To characterize the RAF communities, we applied DNA barcoding to the root samples. Through the utilization of joint species distribution modelling, we assessed the relationship between changes in plant functional traits resulting from experimental treatments and the corresponding changes in the RAF communities. Our findings indicate that RAF communities influence plant responses to stressful abiotic conditions. Plants translocated from low to high altitudes grew more when they were able to associate with the resident high-altitude RAF compared to those plants that were not allowed to associate with the resident RAF. We conclude that interactions with RAF impact how plants respond to stressful abiotic conditions. Our results provide experimental support that interactions with RAF improve plant stress tolerance to altitudinal stressors such as colder temperatures and less nutrient availability.

Co-inoculation of fungi and desert cyanobacteria facilitates biological soil crust formation and soil fertility.

The inoculation of cyanobacteria for enriching soil nutrients and forming biological soil crusts (BSCs) is considered an effective means to restore degraded soil. However, there are limited studies on the application of co-inoculation of fungi and cyanobacteria for degraded soil remediation. In this study, a high exopolysaccharide-secreting fungi Zh2 was isolated from lichen BSCs in Hobq Desert, and co-inoculated with a cyanobacterial strain identified as Phormidium tenue in different proportions to form BSCs on sand during a 35 days incubation period. Results revealed significant differences in crust biomass and soil properties among crusts with different cyanobacterial/fungal inoculation ratios. Microbial biomass, soil nutrient content and enzyme activities in crusts co-inoculated with cyanobacteria and fungi were higher than those inoculated with cyanobacteria and fungi alone. The inoculation of cyanobacteria contributed to the fulvic-like accumulation, and the inoculated fungi significantly increased the humic-like content and soil humification. Redundancy analysis showed that the inoculation of cyanobacteria was positively correlated with the activities of urease and phosphatase, and the content of fulvic-like. Meanwhile, the inoculation of fungi was positively correlated with the contents of total carbon, total nitrogen and humic-like, the activities of catalase and sucrase. Cyanobacteria and fungi play distinct roles in improving soil fertility and accumulating dissolved organic matter. This study provides new insights into the effects of cyanobacteria and fungi inoculations on the formation and development of cyanobacterial-fungus complex crusts, offering a novel method for accelerating induced crust formation on the surface of sand.

Checklist of Novel Microbes Discovered in the Philippines

The Philippines is a hotspot of biodiversity due to its high species richness and endemism and the great threat of species and habitat loss brought about by anthropogenic activities. While efforts have been made to document animal and plant biodiversity in the country, only a little can be said of the so-called hidden biodiversity – the microbial world. To contribute to the documentation of the total biodiversity in the country, we conducted a systematic literature review of novel microorganisms described in the Philippines. Novel microorganisms are potentially new sources of compounds for pharmaceutical, environmental, and biotechnological applications and could play key roles in many ecosystem processes; their continued discovery and further research allow the science community to study these microorganisms to impact local communities. Our checklist reported species of archaea, bacteria, protists, algae, and fungi, including lichens, that were discovered as new to science by Filipino or foreign-based scientists from specimens collected in the country. We recorded 708 novel species as reported in published literature until October 2023. These are grouped as Archaea (n = 12), Bacteria (n = 28), lower fungi (n = 11), higher fungi (n = 142), protists (n = 13), algae (n = 251), and lichens (n = 251). Most of the discovered novel microbes were isolated or collected from major islands of the country, particularly Luzon, and this highlights the numerous areas where studies on microbial diversity are limited or nonexistent. In addition, the research also identified challenges that impeded the progress of Philippine microbial taxonomy and offered solutions. This checklist is the first attempt to document novel species of microorganisms as a strategy to raise awareness of the need to document our microbial biodiversity.

Development of RP HPLC-PDA method for simultaneous quantitative analysis of Inoscavin A and Meshimakobnol A and application on some Phellinus mushroom species.

Phellinus igniarius, a medicinal mushroom containing many active ingredients with health benefits, can be applied in functional food. At present, the quantification of the main active ingredients from higher fungi (Ganoderma, Phellinus…) materials from different growing sources is a mandatory requirement to standardize the input resources of pharmaceutical and food production. Our study's aims are to perfect the RP HPLC-PDA method for quantitative analysis of Inoscavin A and Meshimakobnol A which are two main active ingredients present in Phellinus mushroom. In this analytical method, a C18-HPLC column and the mixture of methanol and formic acid solutions (pH = 2.2) are used to analyze and elute the active substances with the column activity parameters being the concentration gradient. This perfect method was tested for system suitability, repeatability, intermediate precision, recovery, and linear curve calibration to validate the method. After validation, the perfected RP HPLC-PDA method was applied to analyze eight samples of Phellinus and three samples of Ganoderma mushroom category. This method can be the basis for classifying between Phellinus and some other medicinal mushrooms.

Fluorescence Polarization Assays for Organic Compounds in Food Safety.

Elevated concentrations of toxic organic compounds observed in food products pose serious dangers to human health. Both natural and artificial pollutants can cause food contamination. The stages of food production, packaging, transportation, and storage can also largely cause the appearance of undesirable substances in food products. The health consequences of ingesting food containing toxic contaminants range from mild gastroenteritis to deaths resulting from dysfunctional internal organs and neurological syndromes. The World Health Organization (WHO) sets recommendations for the content of such chemicals in food, including a minimum allowable concentration considered safe for human consumption. However, the control of food products from chemical pollutants is necessary. Moreover, fast, sensitive, and inexpensive methods are needed to detect them at the point of need. Currently, immune analysis methods are most widely used to determine pollutants in food. The development of fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) methods in a competitive format is a powerful and modern tool for detecting organic molecules in various matrices, thereby making FPIA methods useful for food safety applications. Due to the availability of portable devices for measuring the fluorescence polarization signal, FPIA methods can be used at the point of need. The variety of fluorescent labels and recognizing elements (receptors, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, and nanobodies) permits fluorescence polarization (FP) assays to detect significantly lower limits of organic substances. The FP assay is a homogeneous, fast, and quantitative method. The development of various formats of FP assays makes them promising in determining food pollutants. This review summarizes publications on FP analyses for detecting organic contaminants (pesticides, hormones, toxins, antibiotics, and other pharmaceuticals) in food products during 2018-2023. Further, it demonstrates the prospects for using this method to determine pollutants at the point of need and for detecting high molecular weight substances, fungi, and bacterial infections during food safety inspections.

Glucans and heteroglycans of fungi and their possibilities in immunotherapy of malignant neoplasms

The present review is devoted to the oncostatic properties of glucans and heteroglycans produced by higher fungi. These are the most pharmacologically promising substances, since they are produced in large quantities both by artificially grown mycelium and fruiting bodies, do not require complex purification methods, are devoid of toxicity, and, having a complex (immune-mediated and direct) effect on tumors, do not require any complex fractionation procedures. The diversity of β-glucans produced by fungi is shown, the main types of these macromolecules are considered (according to the structural features of the macromolecule, the linear and branched forms of β-glucans are distinguished, first of all). Heteroglycans, a more diverse but less studied group of fungal compounds, have also been characterized. The effects of fungal polysaccharides and heteroglycans on immune and cancer cells described in the literature are considered. The long and branched chains of these biopolymers, as well as peptides and lipids covalently bound to them, have fragments that are complementary to the binding sites of the surface receptors of the animal cell and thus act as their agonists or antagonists. They are recognized by the receptors of antigen-representing cells of the immune system as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, what leads to the activation of the cytotoxic component of the immune system; to reduce their tolerogenic and immunosuppressive signaling. Prospects for further study of fungal glucans and heteroglycans are outlined.

The role of areA in lipid accumulation in high lipid-producing fungus Mucor circinelloides WJ11

In the oleaginous fungus Mucor circinelloides, lipid accumulation is regulated by nitrogen metabolism, which is regulated by the areA gene, a member of the GATA zinc finger transporter family and a major regulator for nitrogen metabolism. However, the role of areA in lipid accumulation in this fungus has not been reported. In order to explore the regulatory effect of areA gene on nitrogen metabolism and lipid accumulation in M. circinelloides, we constructed areA gene knockout and overexpression strains. Then, the recombinant strains were cultured and their biochemical indexes were measured. Simultaneously, transcriptomic studies on the recombinant strains were conducted to infer the regulatory mechanism of areA. The results showed that the areA knockout strain accumulated more lipid, which is 42 % higher than the control. While the areA overexpressing strain obtained the higher biomass accumulation (23 g/L) and used up the nitrogen source in the medium earlier than the control strain and knockout strain. Transcriptome data analysis showed that nr and nit-6 genes related to nitrogen metabolism were up-regulated. And the expression levels of key genes acc and aclY were higher in the areA knockout strain than others, which was positively correlated with the increased lipid accumulation. In addition, in knockout strains, protein catabolism tended to provide substrates for the lipid production, and the expression levels of the related genes were also higher than others. These results indicated that the areA gene not only controls the transcription level of genes related to nitrogen metabolism but also affects lipid accumulation.

Chae-type cytochalasans from coculture of Aspergillus flavipes and Chaetomium globosum

Cocultivation of the high cytochalasan-producing fungi Aspergillus flavipes and Chaetomium globosum resulted in the isolation of 11 undescribed Chae-type cytochalasans. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data and NMR data calculations. Asperchaetoglobin A (1) was the first Chae-type cytochalasan possessing an unprecedented nitrogen bridge between C-17 and C-20 to generate a surprising 5/6/12/5 multiple ring system; asperchaetoglobins B and C (2 and 3) displayed higher oxidation with an additional epoxide at the thirteen-member ring; asperchaetoglobin D (4) was the second Chae-type cytochalasin featuring a 5/6/12 tricyclic ring system. The cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Colon bacillus of selected compounds were evaluated in vitro.

PROSPECTS FOR MODIFYING THE STRUCTURE OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN OF HIGHER FUNGI TO EXPAND THE POTENTIAL OF THEIR APPLIED USE

The review is devoted to summarizing scientific data in the field of the chemical structure and properties of chitin and chitosan obtained from fungal biomass, and to analyzing directions for their modification for use in medicine and the food industry as substances with antibacterial, antiviral, wound-healing and anticoagulant activity. The features of chitin biosynthesis by fungi of the Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Deuteromycota departments and chitosan biosynthesis by fungi of the Zygomycota department are covered. It has been shown that higher fungi contain chitin in their cell walls in the form of a chitin-glucan complex, while lower fungi (zygomycetes) contain chitin in the form of chitosan-glucan. Effective components of substrates that influence the production of polysaccharides by fungi have been identified - carbohydrates in the form of glucose, sucrose and maltose, organic forms of nitrogen in the form of yeast extract and corn flour, mineral components in the form of dihydrogen phosphate and dipotassium monohydrogen phosphate. Particular attention is paid to methods for isolating chitin and modifying it to chitosan with a detailed description of the physicochemical and biological properties of polymers. The review also presents the main reactions and methods for obtaining carboxymethyl and sulfo derivatives of chitin and chitosan. The biological properties and application of these groups of substances are described. In the carboxymethylation of chitin and chitosan, the choice of appropriate reaction conditions and reagents makes it possible to obtain carboxymethyl chitin, N-, O-, N,O-carboxymethylchitosan, or N,N-dicarboxymethylchitosan. The properties and applications of carboxymethyl derivatives of chitin and chitosan strongly depend on their structure, degree of substitution, and arrangement of amino or hydroxyl groups. The main reagents in the preparation of carboxymethyl derivatives are sodium monochloroacetate, monochloroacetic and glyoxalic acids. Carboxymethyl derivatives of chitin and chitosan are used as drug delivery systems, antimicrobial agents, in tissue engineering, as components of cosmetics and food products. Modification of chitosan with sulfate groups makes it possible to obtain chitosan 2-N-, 6-O-, 2-N-6-O- and 3-O-sulphates. The main sulfonating agents are oleum, pyridine and chlorosulfonic acid. Sulfonic derivatives of chitin and chitosan can be used as a basis for obtaining hemocompatible materials (with antithrombotic and antibacterial activities).

Scalable and high throughput photothermal water disinfection with negligible CO2 footprint utilizing nanostructured carbon coatings

Water heating and disinfection with reduced energy and CO2 footprint demands new and efficient materials for solar-thermal conversion technologies. Here, we demonstrate nanostructured porous hard-carbon florets (NCF) as effective solar absorber coating achieving excellent photon thermalization efficiency (87%). Functional NCF coating on three-dimensionally tapered helical solar receivers generate high surface temperatures (up to 95 °C). Such ‘green-heat’ is channeled to heat water up to 82 °C that simultaneously results in water disinfection through thermal shock. Untreated lake-water with high turbidity (5 NTU), high bacterial load (106 CFU mL−1) and pathogenic fungi is effectively disinfected in a continuous flow process. Translating this, a fully automated SWAP prototype (solar water antimicrobial purifier), delivers bacteria free hot water at an output capacity of 42 L m−2 day−1 with the lowest CO2 footprint (5 kg L−1) in comparison to all other existing approaches (>40 kg L−1).

Flavonoid Apigenin Biological Activity Review: Anti-inflammatory, Antitumor, Neuroprotective and Antiviral

Flavonoids are an extensive class of organic compounds that are secondary metabolites of plants and higher fungi. From a chemical point of view, flavonoids are hydroxy derivatives of flavone, 2,3-dihydroflavone isoflavone and 4-phenylcoumarin. Since ancient times, various parts of plants have been considered as sources of biologically active substances for the treatment of various diseases and improving well-being. One of the most common flavonoids is apigenin — 4’,5,7-trihydroxyflavone. Apigenin is present mainly in the form of a significant amount of glycosylated substances in vegetables (parsley, celery, onion), fruits (oranges), herbs (chamomile, thyme, oregano, basil) and plant-based beverages (tea, beer and wine). This article discusses the current data of studies of anti-inflammatory, antitumor, neuroprotective and antiviral activity of apigenin. From the available data, it follows that apigenin is a promising structure showing a variety of types of biological activity, which allows it to be considered as an interesting candidate for creating new drugs based on it or for including this polyphenolic compound in complex treatment protocols as a biologically active additive.

Thirty Years with ERH: An mRNA Splicing and Mitosis Factor Only or Rather a Novel Genome Integrity Protector?

ERH is a 100 to about 110 aa nuclear protein with unique primary and three-dimensional structures that are very conserved from simple eukaryotes to humans, albeit some species have lost its gene, with most higher fungi being a noteworthy example. Initially, studies on Drosophila melanogaster implied its function in pyrimidine metabolism. Subsequently, research on Xenopus laevis suggested that it acts as a transcriptional repressor. Finally, studies in humans pointed to a role in pre-mRNA splicing and in mitosis but further research, also in Caenorhabditis elegans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, demonstrated its much broader activity, namely involvement in the biogenesis of mRNA, and miRNA, piRNA and some other ncRNAs, and in repressive heterochromatin formation. ERH interacts with numerous, mostly taxon-specific proteins, like Mmi1 and Mei2 in S. pombe, PID-3/PICS-1, TOST-1 and PID-1 in C. elegans, and DGCR8, CIZ1, PDIP46/SKAR and SAFB1/2 in humans. There are, however, some common themes in this wide range of processes and partners, such as: (a) ERH homodimerizes to form a scaffold for several complexes involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids, (b) all these RNAs are RNA polymerase II transcripts, (c) pre-mRNAs, whose splicing depends on ERH, are enriched in transcripts of DNA damage response and DNA metabolism genes, and (d) heterochromatin is formed to silence unwanted transcription, e.g., from repetitive elements. Thus, it seems that ERH has been adopted for various pathways that serve to maintain genome integrity.

Resources and Functional Components of Wild Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms in Ningxia Province

The species composition and resource status of wild edible and medicinal fungi in Ningxia Province were meticulously analyzed and systematically organized using available published data on higher fungi. This comprehensive investigation delved into the effectiveness of the dominant edible and medicinal mushrooms. The findings unequivocally demonstrated the abundant presence of wild edible and medicinal mushroom resources in Ningxia Province, encompassing a total of 204 species, spanning edible fungi, medicinal fungi, and edible and medicinal mushrooms. These belong to 10 genera, 8 families, and 3 orders, originating from 2 phyla. Among the 204 species, a substantial 176 are categorized as edible mushrooms, constituting an impressive 86.27% of the total species, while 28 species are recognized as medicinal fungi, contributing 13.73% of the overall species. Additionally, 36 species encompass the unique category of edible and medicinal fungi, accounting for 17.65% of the total species. Notably, 90 species are identified within Agaricus, Cortinarius, Tricholoma, Lactarius, Clitocybe, Coprinus, Gestrum, Suillus, Russula, Ramaria, Melanoluca, and Agrocybe, collectively representing 43.9% of the total species. The species within these dominant genera play a pivotal role in the realm of edible and medicinal mushrooms in Ningxia Province. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of the functional components of these dominant genera unveiled the considerable potential for the utilization of wild edible and medicinal fungi distributed in Ningxia Province. These findings not only offer fundamental insights but also establish a robust foundation for the establishment of a comprehensive resource database of edible and medicinal fungi in Ningxia Province. Moreover, they serve as a crucial resource for researchers in their exploration of locally distinctive edible and medicinal mushrooms.

Indicators of the biological cycle of 90Sr in birch forests of the Bryansk region 30 years aft er the Chernobyl fallout

In the paper, the features of the biological cycle of 90Sr in the birch forests of the Bryansk region in the remote period aft er the Chernobyl fallout are discussed. Specific activity and inventories of 90Sr in soil, diff erent structures and types of tree and herbaceous-shrubby stories, higher fungi, and litter are given. It is shown that at present the major part of 90Sr in the contaminated birch forests of the Bryansk Polesie is accumulated in the soil (82,3%), of which about 71% is in the mineral soil horizons. The biota contains only 17,7% of the total radionuclide inventory with maximum values in the tree story. Th e contribution of herbaceous-shrubby vegetation and higher fungi is small, <0,5%. In birch forests 3,07 kBq·m-2 90Sr is involved in the biological cycle, which is about 3% of its total stock in the ecosystem and approximately corresponds to the radioactive decay of this radionuclide. The main part of the 90Sr goes for formation of annual growth of the stand, while the contribution of higher fungi to the cycle exceeds the contribution of the herbaceous-shrubby layer. Th e 90Sr return to soil is lower (48,2%) than its fi xation in annual biomass growth (51,8%).

Assessment of mycotoxin producing fungi isolated from dried tomatoes chips sold in Keffi, Nigeria

Mycotoxins are low-molecular-weight natural products. That is produced as secondary metabolites by filamentous fungi. Assessment of mycotoxin producing fungi isolated from dried tomatoes chips sold in Keffi, Nigeria. Fungi species were isolated using standard microbiological methods. Sixty (60) dry tomatoes were purchased from 5 different shops in Keffi market. The percentage occurrence of fungi was 73.3 %. The highest fungi were isolated from new market 13(86.6%) and the lowest was from Angwan Waje 9(60.0 %). The fungi species isolated were A. niger, A. melleus, F. culmorum, Penicillium sp and Cladosporium cladosporioides. The highest percentage of fungi isolated from Angwan Lambu was A. niger and A. flavus (20.0 %). From Angwan Waje the highest was A. fumigates and A. flavus (20.0%) and least were F. culmorum and C. cladosporioides (6.6 %). The highest recorded in new market were Penicillium sp and A. melleus (20.0%) and the lowest was Penicillium Citrinum (6.6%).Out of 6 Fusarium culmorum screened for mycotoxin production 4 produce fumonisins toxin. Of 3 Penicillium screened for mycotoxin production 1 produced patulin and 2 produced cyclopiazonic acid. Out of 5 Aspergillus fumigatus screened for toxin production only 1 cyclopiazonic acid. Different mycotoxin were produced by different fungi species isolated from the study area.

Amanitins: The Most Poisonous Molecules of the Fungal World.

Among the toxic metabolites of the fungal world, those that, due to their strong biological effect, can seriously (even fatally) damage the life processes of humans (and certain groups of animals) stand out. Amatoxin-containing mushrooms and the poisonings caused by them stand out from the higher fungi, the mushrooms. There are already historical data and records about such poisonings, but scientific research on the responsible molecules began in the middle of the last century. The goals of this review work are as follows: presentation of the cosmopolitan mushroom species that produce amanitins (which are known from certain genera of four mushroom families), an overview of the chemical structure and specific properties of amanitins, a summary of the analytical methods applicable to them, a presentation of the "medical history" of poisonings, and a summary of the therapeutic methods used so far. The main responsible molecules (the amanitins) are bicyclic octapeptides, whose structure is characterized by an outer loop and an inner loop (bridge). It follows from the unusual properties of amanitins, especially their extreme stability (against heat, the acidic pH of the medium, and their resistance to human, and animal, digestive enzymes), that they are absorbed almost without hindrance and quickly transported to our vital organs. Adding to the problems is that accidental consumption causes no noticeable symptoms for a few hours (or even 24-36 h) after consumption, but the toxins already damage the metabolism of the target organs and the synthesis of nucleic acid and proteins. The biochemical catastrophe of the cells causes irreversible structural changes, which lead to necrotic damage (in the liver and kidneys) and death. The scientific topicality of the review is due to the recent publication of new data on the probable antidote molecule (ICR: indocyanine green) against amanitins. Further research can provide a new foundation for the therapeutic treatment of poisonings, and the toxicological situation, which currently still poses a deadly threat, could even be tamed into a controllable problem. We also draw attention to the review conclusions, as well as the mycological and social tasks related to amanitin poisonings (prevention of poisonings).

Evaluation and improvement of the health status of farmer-saved okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> (L.) Moench) seeds in the Ashanti Region of Ghana

Farmer-saved seeds are major plant pathogen carriers, which serve as the primary source of inocula of many diseases leading to massive crop losses. In view of this, laboratory experiments to evaluate seed quality and prevalence of seed-borne fungi of farmer-saved okra seeds in 10 major okra growing communities in the Ashanti region were conducted. Two local okra varieties (Asontem and Asante Aba) were collected from farmers for the laboratory studies. Although the collected seeds were observed to be of high purity, their moisture contents were high. The germination percentage, percentage of normal roots, field emergence and establishment of seedlings derived from okra seeds were also low. The study moreover showed high total seed-borne fungi infection. Health testing of the okra seeds revealed the presence of eight seed-borne fungi namely Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Rhizopus sp., Mucor sp., Penicillium sp. and Curvularia sp. Seeds of Asante Aba variety showed good quality characteristics over seeds of Asontem. Seeds of the two varieties placed in airtight plastic containers stored better than seeds placed in insecticide-treated mosquito nets. Treatment of okra seeds with Dresscare and Senna siamea wood ash resulted in a lower incidence of seed-borne fungi and better seed quality characteristics. Treating okra seeds with Dresscare and Senna siamea wood ash and storing in airtight plastic containers is therefore recommended.

Nomex Material and Nomex Honeycomb Structure Honey Comb Structure in Electre Method

This paper presents detailed experimental results. Paper A primer on honeycomb mechanical modelling architectures Studies always focus on stable conditions paying; Some random innovative honeycomb Based paper assembly structures their They have excellent mechanical performance and are specific Significant in recent years due to operations have received attention. The geometrically varying feature of honeycomb structures is the hollow cells that form between the thin vertical walls. The hexagonal shape of the actual honeycomb is usually the strongest shape. Advantages of Honeycomb Mixtures Exceptional strength to weight ratio. High hardness fire and fungus resistant honeycomb structures: It is found in soils ranging from 0.02 mm to 0.002 mm. ELECTRE (Elimination and Choux Traduisant La Reality - Elimination and Choice expresses reality) methods from recruitment to many real-world decision-making there are problems widely used. Transportation and more. Theoretical research on the fundamentals of electret methods is also active at this time. Alternative: Length of structure, Width of structure, Total thickness of structure, Hexagonal core height, Upper and lower sheet, longitudinal tension strength. Evaluation Preference: Population size, Number of generation, Crossover probability, Crossover distribution index. From the result it is seen that data flow testing is got the first rank where as is the Crossover distribution index is having the lowest rank.