High Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

Influence of Azadirachta indica and Cnidoscolus angustidens aqueous extract on cattle ruminal gas production and degradability in vitro.

Mitigation of ruminant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is crucial for more appropriate livestock production. Thus, there is a need of further research evaluating feed supplementation strategies to mitigate enteric GHG emissions and other gases produced within the rumen. This study was conducted as a completely randomized experimental design to determine the effectiveness of liquid extracts from A. indica (AZI), C. angustidens (CNA), or their combination (Mix. 1:1) at dosages of 0, 36, 72, and 108 mg of liquid extract/g DM substrate incubated in reducing GHG production in vitro, particularly methane (CH4), from the diet of steers during anaerobic incubation in rumen fluid. Total gas production, CH4, CO, H2S, and fermentative characteristics were all measured in vitro. Treatment AZI at a dose of 108 mg of liquid extract/g DM substrate produced the highest (P < 0.05) gas volume at 6 h, whereas CNA at a dose of 72 mg of liquid extract/ g DM substrate produced the least (P < 0.05) at 6 and 24 h, and Mix. at a dose of 72 mg of liquid extract/g DM substrate produced the least (P < 0.05) at 48 h. In addition, CH4 levels at 6 and 24 h of incubation (36 mg/g DM substrate) were highest (P < 0.05) for CNA, and lowest (P < 0.05) for AZI, whereas this variable was lowest (P < 0.05) at 72 mg of liquid extract for CNA at 24 and 48 h. At 6 and 24 h, CO volume was highest (P < 0.05) for AZI at 108 mg of liquid extract and lowest (P < 0.05) for Mix. at 72 mg of liquid extract. Treatment Mix. had a high (P < 0.05) concentration of short chain fatty acids at 72 mg of liquid extract/g DM of substrate. In general, herbaceous perennial plants, such as AZI and CNA, could be considered suitable for mitigating enteric GHG emissions from animals. Specifically, the treatment Mix. achieved a greater sustainable reduction of 67.6% in CH4 and 47.5% in H2S production when compared to either AZI. This reduction in CH4 might suggest the potential of the combination of both plant extracts for mitigating the production of GHG from ruminants.

Microalgae Oil-Based Metal Working Fluids for Sustainable Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) Operations—A Perspective

This article presents a perspective on the potential use of microalgae oils in the production of metal working fluids (MWFs) used for minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) operations. The generalities of MQL operations and requirements of MWFs, and current advances in the development of the most promising microalgae oils with high contents of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were reviewed and discussed. The analysis of data, discussions, and conclusions of numerous studies published recently and combined with the experience of the multidisciplinary team of authors strongly suggest that microalgae oils do indeed have great potential as sustainable and eco-friendly base oils for producing semi-synthetic MWFs, soluble oils and straight cutting fluids for MQL operations. Additionally, gaps and challenges focused on the use of agro-industry wastewater in microalgae production, green harvesting and oil extraction methods, and replacement of toxic additives in MWFs by green nanoparticles and biopolymers were identified and highlighted for achieving massive microalgae oil-based MWFs production and truly green machining processes.

Arang Kulit Biji Kakao (Theobroma cacao L) sebagai Adsorben untuk Menurunkan Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas pada Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Jelantah

Indonesia as one of the largest producing and exporting countries of crude palm oil (CPO). However, Indonesia still has not utilized the potential of the waste that generated by using CPO as cooking oil, namely used cooking oil. The high content of free fatty acids (FFA) in used cooking oil will cause the saponification reaction and interfere the processing into biodiesel. Cocoa bean shell charcoal (Theobroma cacao L) has a K2CO3 content similar to its commercial product, and contains some traces of silicates and sulfates so that it can increase the efficiency of reducing free fatty acids. In this study, tests were carried out to reduce FFA levels in used cooking oil using charcoal from cocoa bean husks activated with HCl, varying the concentrations of 6, 8 and 10 Molar, as well as the temperature treatment during the process of mixing used cooking oil with activated charcoal adsorbent, which was 75 , 100, and 150°C. The best FFA reduction results were found in the A3T2 reactor which reached 80%, where the best HCl concentration was 10 Molar and the temperature of the mixing process with the adsorbent was 100°C and produced a biodiesel yield of 75%. The quality of the biodiesel produced complies with SNI 7182-2015 standards, 867 kg/m3 of density, 0.5 mg KOH/g of acid number, 1.52 cSt of kinematic viscosity, 48.081 MJ/kg of calorivic value and 143.99%- mass of methyl ester content.

Diversity in Cell Morphology, Composition, and Function among Adipose Depots in River Buffaloes.

Fat deposition is a significant economic trait in livestock animals. Adipose tissues (ATs) developed in subcutaneous and visceral depots are considered waste whereas those within muscle are highly valued. In river buffaloes, lipogenesis is highly active in subcutaneous (especially in the sternum subcutaneous) and visceral depots but not in muscle tissue. Revealing the features and functions of ATs in different depots is significant for the regulation of their development. Here, we characterize the cell size, composition, and function of six AT depots in river buffaloes. Our data support that the subcutaneous AT depots have a larger cell size than visceral AT depots, and the subcutaneous AT depots, especially the sternum subcutaneous AT, are mainly associated with the extracellular matrix whereas the visceral AT depots are mainly associated with immunity. We found that sternum subcutaneous AT is significantly different from ATs in other depots, due to the high unsaturated fatty acid content and the significant association with metabolic protection. The perirenal AT is more active in FA oxidation for energy supply. In addition, the expression of HOX paralogs supports the variable origins of ATs in different depots, indicating that the development of ATs in different depots is mediated by their progenitor cells. The present study enhances our understanding of the cellular and molecular features, metabolism, and origin of AT depots in buffaloes, which is significant for the regulation of fat deposition and provides new insights into the features of AT depots in multiple discrete locations.

Physaria fendleri FAD3-1 overexpression increases ɑ-linolenic acid content in Camelina sativa seeds

Camelina (Camelina sativa) is an oil crop with a short growing period, resistance to drought and cold, low fertilizer requirements, and can be transformed using floral dipping. Seeds have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially ɑ-linolenic acid (ALA), at 32–38%. ALA is an omega-3 fatty acid that is a substrate for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the human body. In this study, ALA content was further enhanced by the seed-specific expression of Physaria fendleri FAD3-1 (PfFAD3-1) in camelina. The ALA content increased up to 48% in T2 seeds and 50% in T3 seeds. Additionally, size of the seeds increased. The expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes in PfFAD3-1 OE transgenic lines was different from that in the wild type, where the expression of CsFAD2 decreased and CsFAD3 increased. In summary, we developed a high omega-3 fatty acid-containing camelina with up to 50% ALA content by introducing PfFAD3-1. This line can be used for genetic engineering to obtain EPA and DHA from seeds.

Healthier Oils: A New Scope in the Development of Functional Meat and Dairy Products: A Review.

In the present day, it has been widely established that a high intake of animal fat that contains a high content of saturated fatty acids may cause several life-threatening diseases, including obesity, diabetes-type 2, cardiovascular diseases, as well as several types of cancer. In this context, a great number of health organizations and government agencies have launched campaigns to reduce the saturated fat content in foods, which has prompted the food industry, which is no stranger to this problem, to start working to develop foods with a lower fat content or with a different fatty acid profile. Nevertheless, this is not an easy task due to the fact that saturated fat plays a very important role in food processing and in the sensorial perception of foods. Actually, the best way to replace saturated fat is with the use of structured vegetable or marine oils. The main strategies for structuring oils include pre-emulsification, microencapsulation, the development of gelled emulsions, and the development of oleogels. This review will examine the current literature on the different (i) healthier oils and (ii) strategies that will be potentially used by the food industry to reduce or replace the fat content in several food products.

Development of technology of crackers wuth increased food value to improve the food supply to military servants during a special period

Flour confectionery products have an unstable polyphase structure that needs stabilization. The nutrient composition of these products is characterized by a high content of sugar and saturated fatty acids. The content of protein, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals is low. This predetermines the feasibility of using the latest raw materials. This paper has proven the possibility of using flour from extruded sunflower seed kernels (FESSK). FESSK is a unique protein-mineral raw material ingredient that contains essential amino and polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as biologically active substances. In FESSK, compared to high grade wheat flour (HGWF), the content of protein increases by 3.1–3.3 times; minerals – 13.80–13.82 times; fiber – 98.91–98.93 times; fat – 2.54–2.56 times; the total amount of essential amino acids – by 3.15–3.19 times. One should note the balance of amino acid composition and the usefulness of FESSK proteins (amino acid number (AAN) of essential amino acids approaches 100 %). Compared to HGWF, FESSK has increased biological value index and utilization rate of amino acid composition, by 48.74 % and 39.29 %, respectively. Of the 13 vitamins necessary for the human body, 12 vitamins (92.3 % of the total amount of vitamins) were identified as part of the FESSK composition. In FESSK, compared to HGWF, fat-absorbing capacity increases by 1.50–1.52 times and water retention capacity by 3.62–3.64 times. It was found that the addition of 10.0 % FESSK increases wettability by 6.58–11.19 %; expansion rate by (1,0±0,1) %; ash content – 5.71–13.33 times; fat content by 2,19–6,17 %; protein content by 8.29–21.37 %. The integrated quality indicator increases by 5.1–6.8 %. Alkalinity decreases by 1.04–2.06 %. The expediency of the production of crackers with improved nutritional properties to improve the food supply of servicemen in a special period has been proven.

Box-Behnken Design for Optimization on Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Waste Cooking Oil Using Modified Smectite Clay Catalyst

A potential alternative fuel option is biodiesel, which is produced mostly from natural resources due to the limited availability of petroleum supplies and environmental issues. Waste cooking oil (WCO) containing a high concentration of free fatty acid (FFA) can be transformed into biodiesel, which substantially benefits the environment and for reducing the fuel . The use of smectite clay as a catalyst in the esterification reaction of WCO with methanol was studied. Smectite was chemically activated by sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to obtain the acid-modified smectite. The utilization of an acid-catalyzed esterification procedure as a pre-treatment for WCO for biodiesel synthesis has been studied in some detail. However, there aren't many effective ways to optimize this operation. The process variables used in this study's esterification of FFAs in WCO were optimized using a Box-Behnken design (BBD). At atmospheric pressure, the catalyst amount of 5.03 wt%, the methanol to WCO molar ratio of 22.38, and the reaction time of 3.01 h are the optimal running parameters for accomplishing 97.96% FFA conversion. The catalyst was employed five times in a row without noticeably lowering its catalytic effectiveness. The results showed that smectite clay is an essential, low-cost, and recyclable catalyst for the esterification of FFA in WCO.

A Fully Integrated Biorefinery Process for the Valorization of Ulva fasciata into Different Green and Sustainable Value-Added Products

In the framework of a sustainable marine bioeconomy, the present work describes an advanced, eco-friendly, fully integrated biorefinery process for marine Ulva fasciata macroalgae. That would serve as a solution for ecosystem bioremediation, an effective utilization of marine macroalgal resources, and a new initiative to promote a green and low-carbon economy. Ulva fasciata biomass can be utilized as an organic fertilizer with total N, P2O5, and K2O contents of 3.17% and a C/N ratio of 11.71. It can also be used as a solid biofuel with a sufficient calorific value of 15.19 MJ/kg. It has high carbohydrate content and low lignin content of approximately 44.85% and 1.5%, respectively, which recommend its applicability in bioethanol and biobutanol production. Its protein, fiber, lipid, and ash contents of approximately 13.13%, 9.9%, 3.27%, and 21%, respectively with relatively high concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and omega-9 fatty acids (n-9 MUFAs) and relatively low omega-6 fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) and a n-6/n-3 ratio of 0.13 also recommend its applicability as food additives and animal feeders. Moreover, the suggested sequential zero-waste biomass residue process yielded 34.89% mineral-rich water extract (MRWE), 2.61% chlorophylla,b, 0.41% carotenoids, 12.55% starch, 3.27% lipids, 22.24% ulvan, 13.37% proteins, and 10.66% cellulose of Ulva fasciata dry weight. The efficient biocidal activity of extracted ulvan against pathogenic microorganisms and sulfate-reducing bacteria recommends its application for medical purposes, water densification, and mitigation of microbially induced corrosion in the oil and gas industry.

Fatty acids composition of actinobacteria isolated from mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis of the Black Sea Odesa Bay

Analysis of the fatty acid composition of total cellular lipids is important chemotaxonomic characteristic that is used to identify microorganisms, in particular actinobacteria, with the help of fatty acid spectra libraries. Actinobacteria are well known as producers of secondary metabolites, which are of pharmacological and commercial interest. A significant number of actinomycetes is associated with various marine benthic communities. The aim of this study was determination of the fatty acid composition and preliminary identification of actinobacteria isolated from mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis of the Black Sea Odesa Bay. Actinobacteria of 12 isolated strains were grown in a liquid medium at 28° C for 72 h. Methyl esters of fatty acids were determined on a gas chromatograph Agilent. The MIDI Sherlock microorganisms identification system was used to identify the studied strains. It was found that the fatty acids methyl esters profiles of studied actinobacteria strains were characterized by the predominance of 12-17 saturated branched-chain fatty acids with high content of 12-methyltridecanoic, 12-methyltetradecanoic, 14-methylpentadecanoic and 14-methylhexadecanoic fatty acids. All 12 actinobacteria strains isolated from mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) of Odesa Bay were identified as members of the Streptomyces genus. Keywords: Black Sea, fatty acid compositions, marine actinobacteria, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Streptomyces

Physicochemical, Biofunctional, Structural, Sensory, and Cooking Characteristics of Seaweed (Caulerpa racemosa) Incorporated Pasta

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to incorporate seaweed powder (Caulerpa racemosa) at different percentages in pasta. The increasing level of seaweed in pasta increases the nutritional composition compared to control pasta. In seaweed incorporated pasta, FTIR analysis confirms the enrichment of seaweed polyphenols due to the presence of functional group in the wavenumber 3761.81 cm−1 and the microstructure studies exhibited a better protein starch network. Phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity are also found to be enhanced. Sensorily, the 5% seaweed powder incorporated pasta was well accepted, with high amino acid and fatty acid contents, and high antioxidant properties.

Relationship between exterior features with milk component composition of ayrshire cows

In order to effectively manage the genetic resources of the Ayrshire cattle population and conduct a directed selection of the parent group to improve traits related to productive longevity and milk quality, a study was conducted to identify the relationship between the linear assessment of the conformation, as well as the udder and leg indices (UDC and FLC) with the main indicators of the component composition of milk. As a result of the conformation type assessment, it was found that the quality of the udder of cows of the first calving had, on average, positive estimates: UDC = +1.0 ± 0.09 units of genetic deviation, due to the high rates of attachment of the front udder lobes, the height of attachment of the hind lobes and the udder furrow. An average negative value of the leg composition index (FLC = -0.2±0.07) was noted, which is associated with a low classification score of the limbs and insufficient heel height in the study sample. Animals with better udder attachment and strong legs from the UDC≥0 and FLC≥0 groups produced milk with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by 0.008 g/100 g (P≤0.01), along with this, milk from cows with more healthy limbs contained less somatic cells (SCC), urea (Urea) and medium chain fatty acids (MCFA). The difference between the groups UDC≥0 and UDC

Antioxidant Activity of Tempeh Ethanolic Extract on Male Swiss Mouse Brain

Tempeh is an Indonesian food made of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) by fermentation using Rhizopus spp mold. Soybean has a high content of protein, fatty acids, vitamins, and isoflavone glycosides. Isoflavone glycosides are poorly absorbed in the human intestine. Fermentation hydrolyzes isoflavone glycosides into isoflavone aglycones which are easily absorbed. Soybean has three main isoflavones, they are genistein, daidzein, and glycitein. They are good antioxidants and have estrogen-like activity. This research studies the antioxidant activity of tempeh ethanolic extract by determining the concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the brain tissue of male Swiss mice. All test substances were diluted in 0.5% CMC-Na solution and administered orally once daily for 12 days. The 0.5 mL of 15% ethanol solution (16.67 mL/kg BW) was administered 1 hour before the other substances. Tempeh ethanolic extract (500 mg/kg BW) as the main treatment. Donepezil-HCl (1 mg/kg BW) and genistein (2.55 mg/kg BW) were used as the positive control groups. The mouse brain SOD and GPx concentration were determined on the 13th day. Results showed a significant depletion of SOD and GPx concentration by ethanol administration. Compared to the control group, mice with tempeh ethanolic extract showed no significant change in the GPx concentration but a little decrease in SOD. The SOD in the group of tempeh ethanolic extract was significantly higher than in the group of donepezil-HCl and genistein. Briefly concluded that tempeh ethanolic extract has better antioxidant activity than donepezil-HCl and genistein.

Morphological and molecular comparison as a useful tool for identification of the three centric marine diatoms (Bacillariophyceae: Chaetoceros).

The objective of this study was to identify morphological and molecular comparison of three marine Chaetoceros species using microscopic observations, sequence analysis of 18S rDNA, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) barcoding and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.Chaetoceros were obtained from three different algae laboratories: Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology (CEMB), Chanthaburi Coastal Fisheries Research and Development (CHAN) and Institute of Marine Science, Burapha University (BIM). Genomic DNA for the RAPD-PCR analysis was extracted using the phenol-chloroform method, followed by 18S rDNA amplification.The blast results of 18S rDNA sequence confirmed the significantly matched to C. gracilis for Chaetoceros BIM and CHAN and C. muelleri for Chaetoceros CEMB(e-value = 0.0, identity = 99%). The RAPD-PCR results revealed differences in the three Chaetoceros isolates with polymorphisms between 30.43% and 60.00%, and Chaetoceros CEMB showed high polymorphic bands. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that Chaetoceros CEMB were larger and had larger setae compared to the other isolates (P < 0.05). The results of the NMR characterization of metabolites were consistent with the results of the sequence and morphological analyses. The concentrations of several metabolites, including chlorophyll c1, chlorophyll a, Myo-inositol, fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin, were lower in Chaetoceros CEMB than in Chaetoceros BIM and CHAN. However, high concentrations of fatty acids, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid and arachidic acid, were observed in all isolates. Generally, the results of this study will aid future studies examining the diversity of Chaetoceros in various cultural environments.

Effect of Black Caraway Oil on Prolonging the Storage Life of Flaxseed Oil

The study was conducted for the purpose of prolonging the shelf life of flax oil by replacing different percentages of flax oil with black caraway oil. Flax oil was replaced with black caraway oil with of 10,5,2.5%, as well as a Comparison sample without addition. The samples were kept at a temperature of 25-30 °C for a period of 1 day, 3, 5 and 8 weeks. The results of estimating the fatty acids of flax oil showed a high content of alpha-linolenic fatty acid, as It reached 50.88%. As for oleic and linoleic acid, they reached 15.18,16.20%, respectively, while the percentages of linolenic, oleic and linoleic acid in black caraway oil were 0.22, 24.51, 55.2%, respectively. The results of estimating the effective compounds also showed that black caraway oil contains many effective compounds, and the compound, Phellandral, recorded the highest percentage, which amounted to 2.54%, and the paeonol compound recorded the lowest percentage, which amounted to 0.13%. As for the development in the pH, peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values of the samples, it was less in the oil sample with a 10% replacement ratio, as it reached 6.80, 3.33 mEq / kg fat, 0.051 mg Malone Dehyde / kg, respectively and the highest in the control treatment oil was 5.75, 5.25 mEq / kg fat, 0.085 mg Malone Aldehyde / kg, respectively, after 8 weeks of storage at a temperature of 30-25 ° C.

Evaluation of Lipid Extracts from the Marine Fungi Emericellopsis cladophorae and Zalerion maritima as a Source of Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Compounds.

Marine environments occupy more than 70% of the earth's surface, integrating very diverse habitats with specific characteristics. This heterogeneity of environments is reflected in the biochemical composition of the organisms that inhabit them. Marine organisms are a source of bioactive compounds, being increasingly studied due to their health-beneficial properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, or anticancer. In the last decades, marine fungi have stood out for their potential to produce compounds with therapeutic properties. The objective of this study was to determine the fatty acid profile of isolates from the fungi Emericellopsis cladophorae and Zalerion maritima and assess the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial potential of their lipid extracts. The analysis of the fatty acid profile, using GC-MS, showed that E. cladophorae and Z. maritima possess high contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids, 50% and 34%, respectively, including the omega-3 fatty acid 18:3 n-3. Emericellopsis cladophorae and Z. maritima lipid extracts showed anti-inflammatory activity expressed by the capacity of their COX-2 inhibition which was 92% and 88% of inhibition at 200 µg lipid mL-1, respectively. Emericellopsis cladophorae lipid extracts showed a high percentage of inhibition of COX -2 activity even at low concentrations of lipids (54% of inhibition using 20 µg lipid mL-1), while a dose-dependent behaviour was observed in Z. maritima. The antioxidant activity assays of total lipid extracts demonstrated that the lipid extract from E. cladophorae did not show antioxidant activity, while Z. maritima gave an IC20 value of 116.6 ± 6.2 µg mL-1 equivalent to 92.1 ± 4.8 µmol Trolox g-1 of lipid extract in the DPPH• assay, and 101.3 ± 14.4 µg mL-1 equivalent to 106.6 ± 14.8 µmol Trolox g-1 of lipid extract in the ABTS•+ assay. The lipid extract of both fungal species did not show antibacterial properties at the concentrations tested. This study is the first step in the biochemical characterization of these marine organisms and demonstrates the bioactive potential of lipid extracts from marine fungi for biotechnological applications.

Impregnation of Norway spruce with low melting-point binary fatty acid as a phase-change material

Norway spruce was impregnated with a eutectic mixture of capric acid and stearic acid. The binary fatty acid was used as a bio-based phase-change material (PCM) for further applications with wood as a latent heat-storage material in building components. For this purpose, different concentrations of impregnation were evaluated. The weight-percentage gain of 124% was the highest for the pure fatty acid mixture, and the PCM-impregnated wood increased density from 470 kg/m³ (untreated wood) to 1045 kg/m³. Compressive strength and hardness were significantly elevated with higher content of fatty acids in the wood. Microscopy analysis confirmed the presence of the PCM within the wood cells. The treated wood also exhibited a larger time delay during heating and cooling due to the temperature shift in the phase transition. Depending on the concentration of the fatty acid in the wood, the latent heat during melting ranged from 50 to 125 J/g in the temperature from about 24°C to 30°C. These results suggest that the use of the capric acid and stearic acid mixture has a great potential to increase the heat-storage capacity of wood and reduce energy consumption for heating and cooling indoor spaces.

Physicochemical and Nutritional Potential of Fifteen Sorghum Cultivars from Burkina Faso

(1) Background: Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a staple food cereal for most of the rural populations in sub-Saharan Africa. In Burkina Faso, a great diversity of sorghum cultivar is cultivated, but its nutritional potential still needs to be assessed. This study aims to characterize the physicochemical and nutritional profile of grains from 15 sorghum cultivars grown in Burkina Faso in order to identify the best ones for selection and breeding programs. (2) Methods: The physicochemical, nutritional, and antioxidant-activity characterizations of the grains were performed according to standard methods. (3) Results: The study shows significant differences between cultivars according to the physicochemical traits of the grains, such as 1000-grain weight, moisture, and germination rate. For nutritional parameters, the best contents of carbohydrates (79.36%), proteins (9.21%), and fats (4.40%) were recorded with cultivars V12, V8, and V11, respectively. The heavy grains are flouriest with high contents of carbohydrates with high ABTS antiradical activity. However, these grains have low contents of proteins and flavonoids. Those with high ash contents are the richest in amylose and phenolic compounds. Principal component analysis based on physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of sorghum grains identified four groups of varieties with specific characteristics. Group 1 (G1), which includes cultivars V1, V12, V13, V14, and V15, is characterized by a high weight of 1000 grains and mealy cultivars with relatively high total carbohydrate content and ABTS.+ antiradical activity. Group 2 (G2) includes cultivars V7, V9, and V11 and is characterized by cultivars with low 1000-grain weight, less floury but good germination rate, high protein, flavonoids, and relatively high antioxidant activity. Group 3 (G3) includes cultivars V3, V4, and V8 with relatively high ash, amylose, and polyphenol contents, while group 4 (G4), which includes cultivars V2 and V6, has high antioxidant activity and high fatty acid content. Conclusions: The study recorded a variation of physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of sorghum grain according to cultivars. The cultivars were divided into four groups. Among them, the group 1 cultivars have the best nutritional traits and could therefore be used in breeding and selection programs to improve the nutritional potential of sorghum.

HPLC/HRMS and GC/MS for Triacylglycerols Characterization of Tuna Fish Oils Obtained from Green Extraction.

Fish oil is one of the most common lipidic substances that is consumed as a dietary supplement. The high omega-3 fatty acid content in fish oil is responsible for its numerous health benefits. Fish species such as mackerel, herring, tuna, and salmon are particularly rich in these lipids, which contain two essential omega-3 fatty acids, known as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Due to the scarcity of information in the literature, this study aimed to conduct a qualitative and quantitative characterization of triglycerides (TAGs) in crude tuna fish oil using HPLC/HRMS. Fatty acid (FA) determination was also performed using GC/MS. The tuna fish oils analyzed were produced using a green, low-temperature process from the remnants of fish production, avoiding the use of any extraction solvents. The analyses led to the tentative identification and semi-quantitation of 81 TAGs. In silico saponification and comparison with fatty acid methyl ester results helped to confirm the identified TAGs and their quantities. The study found that the produced oil is rich in EPA, DHA, and erucic acid, while the negligible isomerization of fatty acids to trans-derivatives was observed.

High-resolution 1H NMR analysis of continuous and discontinuous thermo-oxidative susceptibility of culinary oils during frying at 180 °C.

Lipid oxidations products (LOPs) are reactive mutagenic and carcinogenic species known to be generated in thermally stressed culinary oils. Mapping the evolution of LOPs in culinary oils exposed to standard frying practices - both continuous and discontinuous thermo-oxidation - at 180 °C is vital to our understanding of these processes, and to the development of scientific solutions for their effective suppression. Modifications in the chemical compositions of the thermo-oxidised oils were analysed using a high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) technique. Research findings acquired showed that polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich culinary oils were the most susceptible to thermo-oxidation. Consistently, coconut oil, which has a very high saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, was highly resistant to the thermo-oxidative methods employed. Furthermore, continuous thermo-oxidation produced greater substantive changes in the oils evaluated than discontinuous episodes. Indeed, for 120 min thermo-oxidation durations, both continuous and discontinuous methods exerted a unique impact on the contents and levels of aldehydic LOPs formed in the oils. This report exposes daily used culinary oils to thermo-oxidation, and therefore, it permits assessments of their peroxidative susceptibilities. It also serves as a reminder to the scientific community to investigate approaches for suppressing toxic LOPs generation in culinary oils exposed to these processes, most notably those involving their reuse.