High Extractives Content Research Articles

CARACTERIZACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE NUEVAS LINEAS DE TRITICALE(XTriticosecaleWittmack) PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE MALTA Y ELABORACIÓNDE CERVEZAS ARTESANALES

Triticale has proved to be immensely popular as a renewable source of energy both for animal feed as well as in the food industry. The aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate ten lines of triticale so as to identify and select the best one suited for malt production and brewing. The ten lines of triticale exhibited a protein (11.97–14.52%) and carbohydrate (77.24–82.87%) content good for malt production. The starch viscosity for these lines varied from 33.33 to 104.33 RVU. Four lines (PM–1, PM–3, PM–6 and PM–8) were selected further for malt production. These lines had a high malt extract content of 89.62 to 97.64% and diastatic power similar to some previously known barley malts (86.19–190.19°L). The soluble protein content (4.56%–5.66%) was observed to be more than that of barley malts and the viscosity was high. Two triticale malts, PM–1 and PM–3, were selected for further fermentation with barley malt at varying concentrations (100, 80, 70, 50, 30, and 0%, respectively). Triticale malts (100%) have the potential to generate an optimum fermentation profile (~ 72%). From our study, it can be concluded that triticale malts have the potential to produce high-quality craft beer.

Genetic variation in heartwood properties and growth traits of Eucalyptus bosistoana

Forty-one E. bosistoana families were evaluated for the production of heartwood quantity and quality in two sites. High estimated heritabilities of heartwood diameter (HWD) were found in both sites (0.66 and 0.71). The estimated heritabilities of extractives content (EC) were lower with 0.16 and 0.25. Weak genetic correlations between HWD and EC were found in one site, but highly negative (− 0.86) genetic correlations were observed in the other. The G × E interaction had no significant influence on growth traits but a small-level influence on the EC. Five families were selected for tree breeding as they produced both large HWD and high EC in both sites. It was suggested that genetic breeding selection could improve the heartwood quantity and quality of E. bosistoana plantations.

Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace extract immobilized in chitosan for colorimetric pH indicator film application

During this study, different amounts of black chokeberry (Aronia Melanocarpa) pomace extract were mixed with chitosan to prepare colorimetric pH indicator films. The monomeric anthocyanin and total phenol content of ultrasonically extracted chokeberry pomace solution were determined by pH differential method and Folin-Ciocaltau assay. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, CIELab method, solubility, swelling ability, dye migration and tensile strength measurements were used to characterize the films. The pomace extract contained enough active components to highly reduce the solubility and swelling of chitosan. The indicator films maintained their integrity even at acidic pH which was attributed to the interactions between the polymer chains and the phenolic components of the extract. With higher extract content, a higher resistance to water was observed, which also resulted in reduced dye migration. The immobilized dye in chitosan films responded well to the pH change and showed a high color difference from pH 1 to pH 10.

Exploring the potential of milkweed stalk in wood plastic manufacture

ABSTRACTThe physical and mechanical properties of milkweed composites based on different loads of milkweed flour and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) using polypropylene as matrix are investigated in this study. There levels of milkweed fibers (30, 40, and 50 wt.%), one level of mixed milkweed flour (20:20 wt.% fiber:bark), and two levels of MAPP (4 and 6 wt.%) were used to prepare natural fiber-reinforced composites. Physical and mechanical properties including flexural, tension, impact, and thickness swelling were evaluated according to ASTM standards. The result demonstrated that addition of milkweed flour fluctuates mechanical properties of reinforced composite. However, the optimum load of milkweed flour was different in each test. Generally, 40 wt.% mixed flour composite in comparison with 40 wt.% milkweed composite showed lower mechanical results and higher thickness swelling. MAPP as a coupling agent improved physical and mechanical properties of milkweed-filled composites in most properties. The results of this study depicted positive effects of lignocellulose fibers and coupling gent and also negative effect of bark flour as a function of lower cellulose and higher extractive contents on physical and mechanical properties of milkweed-reinforced composites.

Sladovnická kvalita odrůd jarní pšenice

During a three-year testing period (2013 – 2015), totally 99 samples of spring wheat (11 varieties from three testing localities) were analyzed. The basic parameters (extract, relative extract at 45 °C, diastatic power, fi nal attenuation, friability and β-glucan content in wort as well as some special parameters) were tested. The wheat varieties provided suffi ciently high extract content, the average value of this parameter was 83.5 %. Proteolytic modifi cation given by the value of Kolbach Index was on average 35 %. Compared to barley malt, the wheat varieties had higher viscosity. The viscosity varied from 1.61 – 1.78 mPa.s and the average arabinoxilan content in wort in the scope of 1306 – 1656 mg/L. Friability (brittleness) of malt was very low, moving within 28 – 36 %. β-glucan content in wort was very low, with the average value of 25.9 mg/L.

INFLUENCE OF Eucalyptus WOOD ADDITION TO URBAN WOOD WASTE DURING COMBUSTION

ABSTRACT This research analyzed the effect of the addition of E. grandis x E. urophylla wood to the wood waste of urban origin (WWU) as a strategy for energy generation. The WWU was collected in transshipment and from a sorting company of civil construction waste in the city of Piracicaba, SP. The wood of eucalyptus was obtained from a 7-year old plantation. Five treatments with proportions (%) of WWU and eucalyptus wood were analyzed: T1 = 100/0, T2 = 75/25, T3 = 50/50, T4 = 25/75 and T5 = 0/100. The treatments had the physical, chemical, immediate characteristics, mineral contaminants rate, and combustion test (ICOM) analyzed. The data were analyzed through the study of variance, correlations, and multivariate hierarchical clusters analysis (HCA). The higher content of extractives, holocellulose, volatile materials, low ash content values, rate of mineral contaminants and high performance for combustion test were observed only for the treatment having exclusively eucalyptus wood (T5). However, the addition of eucalyptus wood in the WWU allowed for the increase of the ICOM of these materials. In this way, the T3 treatment presents as the most recommended for energetic use.

Physical, chemical and mechanical properties of Pinus sylvestris wood at five sites in Portugal

Abstract: The reduction of resinous species in Portuguese forest areas has caused constraints to wood industry supplies. Portugal represents the extreme southwest of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) natural distribution and large gaps exist in the knowledge of its wood-quality characteristics. Understanding the relationship between these traits is important for recognizing which combination of wood properties is the most suitable for specific uses. To address these questions, we assessed wood-quality traits, namely, wood-density components (microdensitometric analysis), chemical composition (NIR spectrometry) and mechanical properties (bending tests) of wood samples collected at five representative forest sites in Portugal. Our results showed that Portuguese Pinus sylvestris has good radial growth and denser wood, higher extractive content and higher stiffness and strength than northern European provenances. The lignin content was within the range attributed to softwoods. Among the Portuguese stands, trees growing at lower-altitude sites exhibited denser wood and higher mechanical properties, while trees from high-elevations showed higher amounts of lignin. Ring density was more strongly correlated with earlywood than latewood density. A negative, non-significant correlation was found between ring density and width, supporting the assumption that the higher radial growth (ring width) does not negatively affect wood quality (density). In general, chemical properties had a weak relationship with physical and mechanical properties (MOE and MOR). Both mechanical traits were positively correlated with density and growth components, supporting the assumption that trees with high radial growth do not exhibit poorer mechanical performances.

Py-GC/MS and HPLC-DAD characterization of hazelnut shell and cuticle: Insights into possible re-evaluation of waste biomass

The chemical characterization of shell and cuticle from Tonda Gentile Romana hazelnut was carried out using analytical pyrolysis in the presence of hexamethyldisilazane followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (Py(HMDS)-GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). The aim was to acquire a comprehensive picture of the chemical composition of shell and cuticle, which are produced as wastes by hazelnut confectionery industry, in view of a suitable exploitation strategy. Such waste biomass could be a promising substrate to produce value-added chemicals and biofuels. The pyrogram of the shell fraction showed the typical pyrolysis products of a lignocellulosic matrix. The cuticle pyrogram showed intense peaks that were attributed to fatty acids. Holocellulose-to-lignin (H/L) content ratios were determined both by Py-GC/MS and by a traditional wet-chemistry method. While the H/L values obtained by the two methods were similar for the shell fraction, those of the cuticle fraction were very different. To further investigate this behaviour, HPLC-DAD analyses were carried out on ethanol extracts of the two fractions. High concentrations of catechin, epicatechin and procyanidins were found in the cuticle fraction. The presence of phenolic compounds was hypothesised to determine the overestimation of the H/L ratio in the Py-GC/MS technique. 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene was found to be a plausible marker for the presence of polyphenolic extractives in lignocellulosic materials. Based on the results obtained from the different analysis methods, possible exploitation strategies are suggested for the two waste fractions. The high lignin and carbohydrate content of the shell fraction could be used to produce value-added chemicals, biofuels and biochars. The high extractives content of the cuticle fraction, on the other hand, makes it a possible starting material to produce pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products, as well as cosmetic emulsions.

Structure-property relationships for technical lignins for the production of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resins

The synthesis and performance of a lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin are significantly related to the properties of the lignin used. In an effort to provide a fundamental understanding of lignin structure-property relations for lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis and application, two distinct technical lignins were examined as-obtained from an acidic (L1) and an alkaline (L2) organosolv pulping of bamboo. These samples were thoroughly characterized and the structural and compositional features of them were charted. The content of β-O-4′ linkages in L1 were 23.83 per 100Ar, followed by some β-β′ linkages (1.27 per 100Ar). However, almost all the side-chain linkages in L2 were cleaved. The purities of the two lignins both exceeded 81.0%, but significantly more extractives were found to be present in L2. Subsequently, two lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resins were successfully synthesized using L1 and purified L2 at a substitution rate of 50% to phenol. The high content of extractives contaminating L2, especially long-chain hydrocarbon derivatives, severely affected the synthesis of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin. The successful removal of this fraction was necessary before the material could be put to use.

Odrůdy ječmene registrované v České republice po sklizni 2016

In 2016, following spring barley malting varieties were registered in the Czech Republic: Soulmate, Remark, Pop, Leenke, and LG Monus. The variety LG Monus fulfi lled the requirements given in the application for the protected geographical indication “Ceske pivo”. The highest extract content in malt was exhibited by the varieties Soulmate (84.1%) and Leenke (83.6%). The varieties Soulmate, Remark, Pop, and Leenke exhibited the above average to optimal level of proteolytic, amylolytic and cytolytic modifi cation. Further, non-malting varieties of spring barley Ovation and Forman were registered.

Folic acid content and antioxidant activity of different types of beers available in Hungarian retail.

In this study 40 Hungarian retail beers were evaluated for folic acid content, antioxidant profile and physicochemical parameters. The physicochemical parameters, folic acid content and antioxidant activity of alcohol-free beers were the lowest. Folic acid content of beers aged with sour cherries showed high values, more than 0.4mg/l and an alcohol-free beer-based mixed drink made with lemon juice contained more than 0.2mg/l of folic acid. Dark beers and beers aged with sour cherries had the highest antioxidant activity probably owing to their high extract content, components released from the fruits and special malts. These results highlight the possibility of achieving adequate folic acid and relevant antioxidant intake without excessive alcohol and energy consumption by selecting appropriate beer types.

Ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of wastewater sewage sludge – A micro-pyrolysis study

Concerns over increasing amounts of sewage sludge and unsustainability of current disposal methods have led to development of alternative routes for sludge management. The large amount of organics in sewage sludge makes it potential feedstock for energy or fuel production via thermochemical pathways. In this study, ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis using HZSM-5 catalyst was explored for the production of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons and nutrient-rich char from sewage sludge. The optimal pyrolysis and catalysis temperatures were found to be 500°C and 600°C, respectively. Carbon yields of hydrocarbons from sewage sludge were higher than for lignocellulose; yield differences were attributed to the high extractives content in the sludge. Full recovery of most inorganic elements were found in the char, which suggests that catalyst deactivation maybe alleviated through ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis. Most of the nitrogen was retained in the char while 31.80% was released as ammonia, which suggests a potential for nitrogen recycling.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ПОДГОТОВКИ ЗЕРНОВОГО СЫРЬЯ ДЛЯ БИОКОНВЕРСИИ С ПОВЫШЕННОЙ ЭКСТРАКТИВНОСТЬЮ

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ПОДГОТОВКИ ЗЕРНОВОГО СЫРЬЯ ДЛЯ БИОКОНВЕРСИИ С ПОВЫШЕННОЙ ЭКСТРАКТИВНОСТЬЮ

Thermogravimetric Analysis and Kinetic Study of Pine Wood Pyrolysis

The thermal stability of lignocellulosic materials is an important parameter for application of these natural materials as reinforcements in thermoplastic composites. In this study, the thermogravimetric analysis was used to evaluate the thermal decomposition, activation energy and mechanisms of degradation of two pine wood species. The results indicate higher extractive content in wood may lead to lower thermal stability. Pinus elliottii showed higher thermal stability and higher activation energy than Pinus taeda . Diffusion process controlled the thermal degradation mechanisms for both wood species. The results showed for both species studied Pinus elliottii is recommend the development of composites based on its higher thermal stability. The methods used in this study were helpful to obtain valuable information about the thermal stability of wood and to determine the best conditions for preparation of wood composites.

Pyrolysis Oil Multiphase Behavior and Phase Stability: A Review

This paper reviews the literature related to the complex chemical composition and multiphase nature of bio-oils and their practical implications. Over time, bio-oil forms separated phases due to purely physical phenomena (phase stability) or chemical composition changes in storage (aging reactions). Bio-oil multiphase behavior and the formation of separated phases are controlled by the complex chemical composition of these oils. Fast pyrolysis oils from woody biomass are typically observed in a single phase. However, feedstocks with high extractives content and/or high ash content commonly produce oils with more than one phase (an aqueous phase, an upper layer, and a decanted heavy oily phase). The first part of this Review focuses on the effects of feedstock composition, particle size, type of pyrolysis reactor, and condensation systems on bio-oil chemical composition and their impact on stable oils production. The second section reviews our current understanding of fresh bio-oil multiphase behavior and the effect of aging reactions. The use of phase diagrams as a tool to predict bio-oil phase stability is discussed. The third section focuses on bio-oil upgrading strategies based on the use of solvents and the production of emulsions. In this section we discuss the factors affecting phase equilibrium. This review highlights the importance of developing systematic studies to better understand bio-oil liquid–liquid phase equilibrium and the advantages of using phase diagrams. This understanding could have significant impact on the development of new bio-oil separation processes, on the development of new tools to produce stable bio-oils, as well as on the production of bio-oil-derived fuels. Understanding the complex nature of bio-oil multiphase behavior has been progressing over the years; however, more work is still needed to control these phenomena.

Colour stability of oil-heat treated black locust and poplar wood during short-term UV radiation

Abstract Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L) samples with high extractive content and poplar (Populus × euramericana cv. Pannonia) samples with low extractive content were chosen for the test. The specimens were thermally treated at 160 and 200 °C in sunflower oil for 2, 4, and 6 h then irradiated by a strong UV emitter mercury lamp up to 36 h. The effects of thermal treatment and UV radiation were monitored by colour measurement. The results indicated that the extractives play an important role in the photodegradation of oil-heat treated wood. Thermal treatments reduced the lightness change effect of photodegradation. The oil-heat treated black locust samples showed similar photodegradation properties independently on the thermal pre-treatment time and temperature. The redness of oil-heat treated black locust samples hardly changed during UV radiation proving the photostability of the thermally modified extractives. The redness change of poplar samples caused by UV radiation was partly determined by the temperature of thermal treatment (darkening and lightening also happened). The yellow colour change of the investigated samples showed that the lignin of thermally modified wood undergoes similar photodegradation as that of the untreated natural wood.

New Insights on Wood Dimensional Stability Influenced by Secondary Metabolites: The Case of a Fast-Growing Tropical Species Bagassa guianensis Aubl.

Challenging evaluation of tropical forest biodiversity requires the reporting of taxonomic diversity but also the systematic characterization of wood properties in order to discover new promising species for timber industry. Among wood properties, the dimensional stability is regarded as a major technological characteristic to validate whether a wood species is adapted to commercial uses. Cell structure and organization are known to influence the drying shrinkage making wood density and microfibrils angle markers of choice to predict wood dimensional stability. On the contrary the role of wood extractive content remains unclear. This work focuses on the fast-growing tropical species Bagassa guianensis and we report herein a correlation between heartwood drying shrinkage and extractive content. Chemical extractions and shrinkage experiments were performed on separate wood twin samples to better evaluate correctly how secondary metabolites influence the wood shrinkage behaviour. Extractive content were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed using HPLC and NMR spectroscopy. We found that B guianensis heartwood has a homogeneous low shrinkage along its radius that could not be explained only by its basic density. In fact the low drying shrinkage is correlated to the high extractive content and a corrected model to improve the prediction of wood dimensional stability is presented. Additionally NMR experiments conducted on sapwood and heartwood extracts demonstrate that secondary metabolites biosynthesis occurs in sapwood thus revealing B. guianensis as a Juglans-Type heartwood formation. This work demonstrates that B. guianensis, a fast-growing species associated with high durability and high dimensional stability, is a good candidate for lumber production and commercial purposes.

Effect of extractive content on the thermal stability of two wood species from Brazil

The influence of extractive content on the thermal stability and kinetic degradation of two wood species has been investigated using chemical analysis and thermogravimetry. Two wood species were studied: Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus grandis. Thermogravimetric results showed that higher extractive contents in the wood accelerate the degradation process and promote an increase in the conversion values at lower temperatures reducing the wood thermal stability. After removing the extractives from wood the thermal stability for both wood species increased. The results also demonstrated that prior information about the wood composition can be helpful to increase the range of industrial applications of wood.

Soda Pulp Properties from Corn Stalk as Raw Material

ABSTRACT Corn stalk is the lignocellulosic biomass, which remain as leftover after harvesting. To use the corn stalk as raw material for paper industry, soda pulping was applied. In chemical compositional analysis, extractive contents of corn stalk (45.1%) was higher than hard-wood. With corn stalk pith, soda pulp yield was 25.3% at 10.6 Kappa number, but 39.5% yield with 14.8 Kappa number for corn stalk rind. Higher extractives content in pith is one of the reason for lower pulp yield than rind. Pith pulp fibers had higher fines content than rind pulp. Pith parenchyma cell was removed as fines during pulping or washing process, which caused the lower yield. To use the corn stalks as a raw material for paper making, de-pith process is essential for higher pulp yield and longer pulp length.Keywords: Corn stalk, soda pulp, Kappa number, morphological properties http://dx.doi.org/10.7584/ktappi.2015.47.6.073Journal of Korea TAPPIVol. 47. No. 6, 2015, 73-80pISSN (Print): 0253-3200Printed in Korea

Effect of Extractives on Digestibility of Cellulose in Corn Stover with Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment

Many herbaceous lignocelluloses suitable for ethanol production have high extractives contents, such as some straws and corn stover. The high extractives content might affect pretreatment or enzymatic hydrolysis. In this study, extractives were removed from corn stover, and then extractives-free corn stover and ordinary corn stover were respectively pretreated using a liquid hot water (LHW) method and hydrolyzed to evaluate the effect of extractives on cellulose digestibility. Extractives-free corn stover presented higher cellulose digestibility than ordinary corn stover after the same pretreatment conditions. A total of 87.3% of cellulose was digested in extractives-free corn stover, compared to 71.0% in ordinary corn stover, after pretreatment at 200 °C for 20 min. It is speculated that some water-soluble extractives could buffer H+ ions from water and acetic acid during LHW pretreatment process, reducing xylan removal. Another reason for these results might be that some extractives could condense on corn stover after LHW pretreatment, which hinders cellulose hydrolysis.