Higher System Energy Research Articles

What influences industrial enterprises’ willingness of demand response: A survey in Qinghai, China

Although demand response (DR) is an important means for solving the stability and reliability challenges of renewable energy (RE) power systems, it remains unclear how DR can be widely applied in industrial enterprises, particularly in areas with a high proportional RE system and industrial energy consumption that do not apply any DR programs. The objective of this study is to understand the influencing factors of industrial enterprises' willingness to participate (WTP) in DR in these areas, including one economic factor and three noneconomic factors. This study performs a questionnaire survey in Qinghai, and a total of 556 industrial enterprises completed valid questionnaires, these data are empirically analyzed through Structural Equation Model. The results demonstrate enterprises' DR awareness degree is the most significant predictors of the WTP in DR. Meanwhile, enterprises' electricity consumption level also had a significant impact on the WTP in DR rather than enterprises' potential DR capabilities and the expected minimum compensation. Finally, the study suggests feasible recommendations, such as increasing enterprises' ability of analyzing potential DR, directly encouraging enterprises to participate in DR, designing compensation standards and adopting differentiated DR according to enterprises’ actual DR potential.

Optimizing chemisorption based direct air capture unit efficiency in HVAC systems: A study on the impact of DAC location and adsorption conditions as a response to the climate crisis and indoor air quality

Direct air capture (DAC) technology is still facing some challenges that need to be addressed before the technology can be widely deployed. One major challenge is the high overall system energy requirement, and it is the main bottleneck in DAC commercialization. This study aims to unlock the potential of integrating DAC with Heat Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. A thermodynamic model is used to test the effect of varying the adsorption and desorption conditions on DAC unit performance, and to assess the characteristics of DAC unit positioned in six different locations within air the handling unit (AHU). The results show that by only locating the DAC unit in Position 6 (i.e., positioning the DAC unit after the exhaust fan in AHU) in comparison to a stand-alone unit, the efficiency of the DAC system is improved at varying times through the summer season in Qatar. Specifically locating DAC unit at Position 6 increases DAC efficiency from 5.3% to 27.19% for 8th of June 2022 at 11:00 am in Qatar. Additionally, using the DAC unit with other filters in AHU allows for full air recirculation for 10 h. Based on this scenario and the weather data for 20th of July at 12:00 pm, the hottest day in Qatar in 2022, a reduction of 44% in cooling load is achieved. Locating the DAC unit at a point before the air is supplied from AHU is the best, however, in case of full recirculation of air, positioning the DAC unit after the exhaust fan will achieve better performance.

Stabilizing the Ferroelectric Phase in HfAlO Ferroelectric Tunnel Junction With Different Bottom Electrodes

To satisfy the demand of high-speed and low-power non-volatile memory in the field of integrated circuits for in-memory computing, HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -based ferroelectric tunnel junctions have been development with different film thickness and bottom electrodes. In this study, we investigated the influence of bottom electrode on the ferroelectric characteristics of HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -based devices by the first-principles calculations and experimental results. First-principles analysis verified that the device with GaAs bottom electrode showed robust ferroelectric properties with remanent polarization of about 20 μC/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> due to high O-phase proportion. Meanwhile, the samples with GaAs and Pt bottom electrode display excellent retention properties owing to the high system energy. These results pave the way the development of HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -base ferroelectric tunnel junctions.

Operation control and optimization of high efficiency hot primary air temperature adjustment device

Aiming at the problems existing in the control logic of the current hot primary air temperature adjustment device, such as adjustment lag, poor adjustment quality, deviation of the pulverizing system operation from the normative value and insufficient energy-saving effect in the adjustment process, a standard-based calculation method was proposed. It is a logical optimization scheme that dynamically adapts to the moisture content of raw coal and the coal volume of the pulverized. It has the advantages of faster adjustment speed, high system energy saving effect, and ensures the standard operation of the coal mill.

Stackelberg game-based optimal scheduling of integrated energy systems considering differences in heat demand across multi-functional areas

Demand-side management is very critical in China’s energy systems because of its high fossil energy consumption and low system energy efficiency. A building shape factor is introduced in describing the architectural characteristics of different functional areas, which are combined with the characteristics of the energy consumed by users to investigate the features of heating load in different functional areas. A Stackelberg game-based optimal scheduling model is proposed for electro-thermal integrated energy systems, which seeks to maximize the revenue of integrated energy operator (IEO) and minimize the cost of users. Here, IEO and users are the Stackelberg game leader and followers, respectively. The leader uses real-time energy prices to guide loads to participate in demand response, while the followers make energy plans based on price feedback. Using the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) condition and the big-M method, the model is transformed into a mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP) problem, which is solved by using MATLAB and CPLEX software. The results demonstrate that the proposal manages to balance the interests of IEO and users. Furthermore, the heating loads of public and residential areas can be managed separately based on the differences in energy consumption and building shape characteristics, thereby improving the system operational flexibility and promoting renewable energy consumption.

Thermodynamic simulation and experiment research of the solar air evaporating separation system for saline wastewater treatment with thermal collector–evaporator integrated unit

Solar driven air evaporating separation (AES) technology has extensive application in the field of saline wastewater treatment due to its energy saving and cleanliness. However, these current systems generally utilize solar collectors to heat working fluids (air and wastewater), and then pass these heat carrying fluids into the evaporator to complete the mass transfer evaporation process, so as to realize the separation of the wastewater. This conventional process inevitably leads to the mismatch between heat and mass transfer of two working fluids in evaporator, which limits the efficient utilization of the energy. Accordingly, a novel thermal collector–evaporator integrated unit, in which the collecting process and evaporating process are carried out at the meantime and the collected heat directly supplies the latent heat consumed by this evaporation process, is designed to couple with the solar air evaporating separation system for saline wastewater treatment in this paper. Meanwhile, the system thermodynamic simulation model is established and detailed system performance experimental investigations are carried out. The results show that this system is feasible, and this special design is indeed conducive to improve the system thermal utilization (compared with the traditional system, the average irradiation utilization efficiency ηi can be increased by 21.2%). Furthermore, by comparing the experimental and simulation results, the thermodynamic model can effectively predict various system state parameters during operation (errors are all basically within ±10%). More importantly, from the system dynamic characteristic analysis results, the stored wastewater has the phenomenon of heat storage and heat release, which is beneficial to prolong the duration of maintaining high GOR, evaporation efficiency (EE) and system energy utilization efficiency (ηsys). Even under experimental conditions in winter, this system can still sustain high wastewater treatment performance and energy efficiency (When c=10%, three average indicator: GOR= 3.99, EE= 6.97 kg/kWh, ηsys=73.8%).

Design of three-dimensional imaging lidar optical system for large field of view scanning

Three-dimensional (3D) lidar has been widely used in various fields. The MEMS scanning system is one of its most important components, while the limitation of scanning angle is the main obstacle to improve the demerit for its application in various fields. In this paper, a folded large field of view scanning optical system is proposed. The structure and parameters of the system are determined by theoretical derivation of ray tracing. The optical design software Zemax is used to design the system. After optimization, the final structure performs well in collimation and beam expansion. The results show that the scan angle can be expanded from ±5° to ±26.5°, and finally the parallel light scanning is realized. The spot diagram at a distance of 100 mm from the exit surface shows that the maximum radius of the spot is 0.506 mm with a uniformly distributed spot. The maximum radius of the spot at 100 m is 19 cm, and the diffusion angle is less than 2 mrad. The energy concentration in the spot range is greater than 90% with a high system energy concentration, and the parallelism is good. This design overcomes the shortcoming of the small mechanical scanning angle of the MEMS lidar, and has good performance in collimation and beam expansion. It provides a design method for large-scale application of MEMS lidar.

Fuzzy hierarchical analysis applied in high ratio wind power system energy storage

With the continuous development of wind power generation technology and the increasing investment, the global installed scale of wind power generation is growing rapidly. Since the strong intermittency and fluctuation of wind power easily leads to the difficulty of real-time power balance in system operation and the relatively expensive cost of energy storage, this paper will take the high proportion of wind power system as an example to analyze the configuration and operation of energy storage. Firstly, the generation plan curve of the unit is drawn and the system unit power supply cost is calculated, and finally the reliability of the model and the quadratic planning algorithm is checked by genetic algorithm. Secondly, the solution with the lowest overall system cost is solved. Finally, the model is built and combined with fuzzy hierarchical analysis to obtain the optimal power balance solution, and the feasibility and effectiveness of the solution are determined by consistency test.

Mitigating Lifetime-Energy-Makespan Issues in Reliability-Aware Workflow Scheduling for Big Data

The emergence of cloud computing in big data era has exerted a substantial impact on our daily lives. The conventional reliability-aware workflow scheduling (RWS) is capable of improving or maintaining system reliability by fault tolerance techniques such as replication and checkpointing based recovery. However, the fault tolerant techniques used in RWS would inevitably result in higher system energy consumption, longer execution time, and worse thermal profiles that would in turn lead to a decreased hardware lifespan. To mitigate the lifetime-energy-makespan issues of RWS in cloud computing systems for big data, we propose a novel methodology that decomposes the complicated studied problem. In this methodology, we provide three procedures to solve the energy consumption, execution makespan, and hardware lifespan issues in cloud systems executing real-time workflow applications. We implement numerous simulation experiments to validate the proposed methodology for RWS. Simulation results clearly show that the proposed RWS strategies outperform comparative approaches in reducing energy consumption, shortening execution makespan, and prolonging system lifespan while maintaining high reliability. The improvements on energy saving, reduction on makespan, and increase in lifespan can be up to 23.8%, 18.6%, and 69.2%, respectively. Results also show the potentiality of the proposed method to develop a distributed analysis system for big data that serves satellite signal processing, earthquake early warning, and so on.

Fuzzy Logic Based Zone Head Selection Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Hot-spots are a problem that comes in the cluster-based routing protocol that employs multi-hop communication due to this problem the energy among the sensor nodes is not balanced. The hot-spots issue requires high overhead and is prone to connectivity issues in the sensor network this can be only possible because of unequal clustering. In this method, we have to act on all the nodes of the sensor network for communication. This process consumes high system energy if the numbers of nodes are very high. To offer guaranteed connectivity, decrease high usage and complexity, a fuzzy logic-based zone divisional method has been proposed in this paper. Use fuzzy logic to create clusters and assign nodes to them to decrease the consumption of energy and the age of the network prolongation. The simulation and results section shows the outperformance of the proposed protocol, where the (LEACH) low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy, (EAUCF) energy-aware unequal clustering fuzzy,(EAMMH) energy-aware multi-hop multi-path hierarchical, and (TTDFP) two-tier distributed fuzzy logic-based protocol for efficient data aggregation in multi-hop wireless sensor networks algorithms. The proposed algorithm has better results in terms of energy consumption minimization, and prolongation of the network lifetime.

MemX

This work presents MemX: a biologically-inspired attention-aware eyewear system developed with the goal of pursuing the long-awaited vision of a personalized visual Memex. MemX captures human visual attention on the fly, analyzes the salient visual content, and records moments of personal interest in the form of compact video snippets. Accurate attentive scene detection and analysis on resource-constrained platforms is challenging because these tasks are computation and energy intensive. We propose a new temporal visual attention network that unifies human visual attention tracking and salient visual content analysis. Attention tracking focuses computation-intensive video analysis on salient regions, while video analysis makes human attention detection and tracking more accurate. Using the YouTube-VIS dataset and 30 participants, we experimentally show that MemX significantly improves the attention tracking accuracy over the eye-tracking-alone method, while maintaining high system energy efficiency. We have also conducted 11 in-field pilot studies across a range of daily usage scenarios, which demonstrate the feasibility and potential benefits of MemX.

A Brand-New Composite Air Supply Scheme for Tall and Square-Built Buildings with Different Air Distribution Variations

The composite air supply for tall space buildings has always grabbed the researchers’ attention. Tall and square-built spaces generally have more complex building structures, along with challenges such as high system energy consumption, poor sewage disposal efficiency, and difficulty in heat dissipation. In addition, tall and square-built space buildings will have a greater impact on the flow of indoor airflow with respect to the air inlet/outlet selection, layout position, and spray angle. Therefore, in order to choose a more suitable plan and create a more reasonable airflow organization form, we use CFD numerical simulation method to simulate the airflow organization of a tall and open-duplex-structured factory in mainland, China. By setting different air supply parameters and air supplier column parameters, the composite air supply scheme combining the tuyere type and the air supplier column type is evaluated respectively. The experimental results show the feasibility and innovation of this scheme to increase the exhaust air volume, reduce energy consumption, and improve the heating effect in tall and square-built space buildings, and also provide a stereotype for the future application of examples on air distribution in similar buildings.

Incorporation of solar-thermal energy into a gasification process to co-produce bio-fertilizer and power

Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is attracting increased interest because it can achieve high system energy efficiency (>50%), which is predicted to increase with the increase in the solar share in biomass IGCC. This study evaluated the potential of crop residues numerically for the co-production of power and bio-fertilizer using ASPEN Plus® simulation software. The results showed that the gas yield increases with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure while the yield of bio-fertilizer is dependent on the biomass composition. The biomass with a low ash content produces high bio-fertilizer at the designated gasification temperature. The IGCC configuration conserves more energy than a directly-fired biomass power plant. In addition, the solar-assisted IGCC attains a higher net electricity output per unit of crop residue feed and achieves net thermal efficiencies of around 53%. The use of such hybrid systems offer the potential to produce 0.55 MW of electricity per unit of solar-thermal energy at a relatively low cost. The ASPEN Plus model predicted that the solar biomass-based IGCC set up is more efficient in increasing the power generation capacity than any other conversion system. The results showed that a solar to electricity efficiency of approximately 55% is achievable with potential improvements. This work will contribute for the sustainable bioenergy production as the relationship between energy production and biomass supplies very important to ensure the food security and environmental sustainability.

Void-interface wetting to crossing transition owing to bubble to void transformation

Understanding cavity-interface interaction is crucial in designing high-strength, radiation-tolerant nanocomposites. Here, bubbles near the Cu–Nb interface in Nb could be absorbed by Cu voids wetting the interface due to the high system energy difference produced by the huge pressure difference between the bubbles and voids and high mobility of bubbles, and no bubble-denuded zone forms owing to fast Brownian motion of bubbles, which keeps bubbles distributed homogeneously. However, owing to the low system energy difference generated by the low internal pressure difference and low mobility, voids near the Cu–Nb interface in Nb would simply coalesce with Cu voids wetting the interface, leading to the void-interface wetting to crossing transition and the formation of void-denuded zones due to the negligible migration of internal Nb voids.

Paralleling voltage oscillation forecast method of energy device based on hysteresis curve equation

Power battery is widely used in backup power and new energy vehicles. Many countries have paid more and more attention to the safety of power battery. At present, the battery combination mode of series connection to parallel connection is conducive to the fast combination and unloading of high voltage system energy. It is an effective way for modular design and production of the power battery system. However, the voltage oscillation may appear when the voltage difference exists between the parallel modules. The phenomenon may affect the performance and safety of electric power and electric equipment. The voltage oscillation standard deviations in paralleling with different voltages were analysed, the voltage oscillation distribution map can be drawn. The reasonable parallel voltage range can be obtained by hysteresis curves, which were used to predict the limit of paralleling voltage. Lithium-ion+ battery experiment was carried out and the result shows that the proposed method can predict the large voltage oscillation in battery paralleling, it can ensure the safety of battery module and it provided an effective forecast in paralleling for the new energy power electric system.

Manufacturing Method for Large-Format, Rechargeable Zn-Sponge Electrodes

Rechargeable zinc (Zn) batteries are safe, sustainable, and energy-dense alternatives to Li-ion batteries. Recent advances, such as monolithic Zn-sponge electrodes, have enabled long cycle lives by suppressing the formation of short-circuiting dendrites even after deep levels of discharge and charge. A substantial barrier, however, to their widespread adoption has been their poor mechanical integrity. Our previous Zn-sponge electrodes had uniaxial compressive strengths near 0.01 MPa. With such a compressive strength, the sponge electrode can break under its own weight if cantilevered with planar dimensions beyond 1 cm with a thickness of 0.2 cm. If the mechanical strength were enhanced while preserving electrochemical performance, Zn-sponge electrodes could be used in next-generation grid-storage, electric-vehicle, and personal-electronic batteries. Here, we present a manufacturing process that optimizes the reinforcing zinc-oxide shell over the fused zinc-sponge core. The presence of the oxide shell boosts the compressive strength of the sponge with respect to our previous version by 9,900%, yielding a plateau stress of 1 MPa. This increase in strength enables the fabrication of large, thin Zn-sponge electrodes (12×12×0.2 cm) for large-format applications. When paired with a nickel electrode, the reinforced Zn-sponge electrode displays rechargeability and high system energy density.

Effect of system energy on quantum signatures of chaos in the two-photon Dicke model.

We have studied entanglement entropy and Husimi Q distribution as a tool to explore chaos in the quantum two-photon Dicke model. With the increase of the energy of a system, the linear entanglement entropy of a coherent state prepared in the classical chaotic and regular regions becomes more distinguishable, and the corresponding relationship between the distribution of time-averaged entanglement entropy and the classical Poincaré section has clearly been improved. Moreover, Husimi Q distribution for the initial states corresponding to the points in the chaotic region in the higher-energy system disperses more quickly than that in the lower-energy system. Our results imply that higher system energy has contributed to distinguishing between the chaotic and regular behavior in the quantum two-photon Dicke model.

Application of a radial radio-frequency electron gun to waste treatment

Electron-beam irradiation has been shown to be a clean, efficient, and effective technique for treating a variety of contaminants in a variety of media. In particular, the ionizing radiation produced by an electron beam can effectively decontaminate wastewater and aid in removing harmful chemicals from industrial flue gas. In this paper, we investigate a novel technique for waste treatment using an electron-beam system in which an (approximately) annular beam converges radially into the treatment volume. We provide preliminary system-level analysis of the design of a radial electron gun, and we discuss hypothetical system constructs in which a radial electron gun is used for treatment of flue gas and wastewater. We derive dose uniformity, throughput rates, and other important treatment parameters for each application. Our results suggest that a lower-energy system with a large-radius cylindrical treatment volume is preferable for flue gas treatment, whereas a higher-energy system with an annular treatment volume is better-suited for wastewater treatment.

A Meta-Analysis on the Advancement on the thermodynamic properties of clothing in extreme cold environments

When two systems with different energies are in contact, the heat from the higher energy system will move into the lower energy system and the two will reach equilibrium. Humans in extreme cold environments will perish if they do not keep appropriate heat contained within their system and thus it is the object of much historic research to maintain heat within a system for as long as possible. Research and development of cold weather clothing focuses on a range of methods regulating heat flow between clothing layers. Modern research focuses on air gaps between layers of clothing, development of new conventional insulating textiles and contemporary solutions such as the use of Phases Change [1]. The purpose of this paper is to conglomerate all of the current research into one meta-analysis highlighting the gaps in the research and potential areas in need of further study, and to propose a new article of cold weather apparel utilizing the most effective advancements from the papers collected in this study. It was found that each component of cold climate clothing affects an aspect of thermal resistivity. Thickness affects the windchill resistance, the specific heat increases thermal resistance of the fabric, while humidity increases thermal conductivity, air gaps reduce it and the rigidity affects all of these factors. Our findings suggest if the air gaps are above 8 mm, natural convection currents can occur which increase the thermal and moisture transfer between clothing layers. By analysing all of these factors, a new prototype garment was able to be proposed.&#x0D; Keywords: Cold environment; clothing; thermoregulation.

Toward Soluble, Stable Organic Electroactive Materials for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Commercial redox flow batteries (RFBs) contain highly acidic and corrosive electrolytes, a cause for concern with widespread use to due concerns about safety and environmental contamination. Replacing these electrolytes with non-aqueous equivalents allows for a safer storage medium. Additionally, utilization of organic electroactive materials may lead to more scalable technologies that do not rely on mined materials such as vanadium and lithium. Furthermore, non-aqueous electrolytes could enable a 2- to 3-fold increase in operating voltage due to the wider operating voltage of non-aqueous systems. Despite the promise for a safer, scalable, higher energy system, the number of organic compounds reported in non-aqueous flow battery systems has been limited to a few classes of compounds, many of which suffer from instability and/or insolubility, especially in charged states. Our recent efforts have focused on the development of organic electron donors and acceptors with stable oxidized and reduced states. This presentation will focus on design strategies utilized to increase molecular stability and solubility in all relevant states of oxidation while keeping syntheses short, high yielding, and scalable. In particular, we highlight the design, synthesis, and electrochemical analysis of new phenothiazine and napthoquinone derivatives designed to serve as one- or two-electron donors. We show that tactical placement of substituents leads to improved stability and increased solubility. Additionally, a new approach to modification of redox potentials using strategic substituent placement will be presented.