High Electrical Conductivity Research Articles

Super Tough Anti-freezing and Antibacterial Hydrogel With Multi-crosslinked Network for Flexible Strain Sensor.

Addressing the diverse environmental demands for electronic material performance, the design of a multifunctional ionic conductive hydrogel with mechanical flexibility, anti-freezing capability, and antibacterial characteristics represents an optimal solution. Leveraging the Dead Sea effect and the strong hydrogen bonding, this study exploits the CaCl2 and the abundant hydroxyl groups in phytic acid (PA) to induce chain entanglements, thereby constructing a complex, multi-crosslinked network. Furthermore, PA and ternary solvent systems (CaCl2/Glycerol/H2O) synergistically impart excellent mechanical strength, toughness (with tensile strength of 8.93MPa, elongation at break of 859.93%, and toughness of 39.92MJm-3), high electrical conductivity, antifreeze capability, antibacterial properties, and high strain sensitivity (gauge factor up to 2.10) to the hydrogels. Remarkably, the hydrogel structure maintains stability even after undergoing 6000 loading-unloading cycles, demonstrating its outstanding fatigue resistance. Upon receiving external stimuli, the hydrogel exhibits a response time of 126ms, making it ideal for the dynamic monitoring of human motion signals. This study offers novel insight into the potential application of ionic conductive hydrogels as flexible sensors in challenging environments.

Graphene-based materials and electrochemical biosensors: An overview.

Graphene, an exceptional two-dimensional material, has attracted significant attention from the scientific community. Its unique physiochemical properties make it a suitable candidate for many applications in the field of biotechnology and medical sciences. High specific surface area, exceptionally high electrical conductivity, and good biocompatibility of graphene give it a large scope in disease diagnosis and biosensing applications. This review aims at presenting the advances in the journey of graphene-based materials and their successful implication as electrochemical nanobiosensors. The first part of the review summarizes the history, structure, and recent developments in the large-scale production of graphene. It further includes the sensing mechanism, the recent trends in biosensing, and improvements in graphene-based biosensors. The comparative analysis shows graphene-based electrochemical biosensors to have high sensitivity, long-term stability, and low detection limits compared to the various other biosensors.&#xD.

Enhanced methanol electro-oxidation activity of CuO nanoparticles derived from the thermal decomposition of a CuII salophen type coordination compound

Electrocatalysts based on Cu compounds have been considered as a suitable alternative to platinum compounds due to their low cost, high abundance, excellent redox properties, and performing the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) at low potentials. This article represents a study of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) prepared through a simple method of thermal decomposition of the CuL coordination compound (H2L = N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-4-chloro-1,2-diaminobenzene), C20H13ClCuN2O2, as a precursor by different electrochemical methods. A comparison of the MOR ability of precursor (CuL) and CuO NPs shows that both compounds are active, but CuO NPs present a peak current density of about 248 mA cm− 2 when screened for catalytic MOR in 1.0 M KOH with 0.5 M methanol, which is superior to the performance of CuL and some previously reported related catalysts based on CuO. The methanol oxidation peak at 0.69 V vs. Ag/AgCl is also more intense than CuL (0.77 V). The modified electrode with CuO NPs also shows lower onset potential, lower Tafel slope, higher electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) and better stability compared to the CuL electrode. These advantages can be assigned to the higher activity of catalytic sites and the lower charge transfer resistance of CuO due to its higher electrical conductivity than the CuL.

Effect of particle size on the oxygen reduction reaction activity of carbon‐supported niobium-oxide‐based nanoparticle catalysts

Abstract In this study, niobium oxynitride nanoparticles were examined to determine the effect of particle size on oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. To this end, catalyst precursors with niobium oxides dispersed on carbon supports were prepared using the irradiation or impregnation method. Polyacrylonitrile was added to each precursor, followed by heat treatment under an ammonia‐containing atmosphere to synthesize niobium oxynitride nanoparticles. The structures of the prepared catalysts were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The results indicated that two catalysts with the same crystal phase but different particle sizes were obtained. Comparing their ORR activities revealed that the effect of particle size on ORR activity was limited. Thus, it was inferred that controlling the microelectron conduction paths can help maximize the benefits of particle size reduction. In addition, niobium oxynitride nanoparticles with different structures were obtained by varying the heat-treatment temperatures, and the ORR activity of each prepared catalyst was evaluated. These findings suggest that forming graphitized carbon residues with high electrical conductivity and controlling nitrogen-doping in the oxide nanoparticles are crucial steps for enhancing the ORR activity of oxide-based catalysts. These findings offer valuable insights for developing material design strategies to improve oxide-based catalyst performance. Graphical abstract

Investigation on phase formation and thermoelectric transport properties of CoTe2-CoSe2 solid solution alloys.

CoTe2 and CoSe2 alloys have garnered considerable attention in thermoelectric applications due to their high electrical conductivity, tunable electronic properties, and potential for high power factors. In this study, the phase formation behavior and thermoelectric transport properties of a CoTe2-CoSe2 solid solution alloy were investigated by synthesizing a series of Co(Te1-xSex)2 compositions, where x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0. For x = 0, 0.25, and 0.50, the orthorhombic phase of CoTe2 was observed, while for x = 0.75, the orthorhombic phase of CoTe2 and cubic phase of CoSe2 coexisted. Up to x = 0.50, the power factor decreased slightly as the Hall mobility and the density-of-state effective mass decreased. The total thermal conductivity decreased as x increased to 0.50, owing to a decrease in the electronic and lattice thermal conductivity. Despite the decrease in total thermal conductivity, no significant increase in zT values was observed in the range of x = 0.25-0.50 due to a more pronounced decrease in the power factor. Nevertheless, cubic phase CoSe2 exhibited higher power factors and thus higher zT of 0.13 at 700K. Further analysis based on single Kane band model suggests that significant enhancement in the power factor and zT could be achieved by reducing the carrier concentration from ∼1021 to ∼1019 cm-3 for all compositions.

Iron phosphides nanocrystals encapsulated with hierarchical nitrogen doped carbon networks as high-performance anodes for sodium ion batteries

Exploiting a facile and effective approach to alleviate huge volume expansion and improve the slow dynamics of conversion-based transition metal phosphides (TMPs) anodes for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) is of great significance but challenging. Herein, a protective etching strategy is developed to construct the iron phosphides nanocrystals encapsulated with hierarchical nitrogen doped carbon networks (FexP@NC). This strategy utilizes phytic acid (PA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as the etchant and protectant for pretreating the Fe-based metal-organic frameworks. Under the unique synergetic protective etching process, the obtained FexP@NC sample shows optimized nano-sized iron phosphides heterostructures, flexible and rigid nitrogen doped carbon protective networks with high electrical conductivity and high surface area, which are conducive to enhancing the structural stability and sodium ion storage dynamics. As expected, when employed the FexP@NC sample as an anode for SIBs, it delivers remarkable electrochemical performances, including a high discharge capacity of 468.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, rapid rate capability of 272.1 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1, and long cycling stability. This strategy opens up a new approach for designed high-performance TMPs based anodes for SIBs.

Multifunctional Bamboo-Derived Porous Carbon for Efficient Electrical-Thermal Energy Management and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Joule heating is an effective heating method but is often limited by the extra heat dissipation. To address this, we developed bamboo-derived porous carbon (CB) for use as Joule heaters, which exhibits remarkable electrothermal conversion efficiency, driven by its high electrical conductivity and porous structure. The natural porous structure of bamboo reduces electrothermal conversion losses, allowing for a steady-state saturation temperature of 164 °C at 2 V. The microcrystalline graphite structure, 3D microporous channels, and low thermal conductivity (0.03 W m-1 k-1) contribute to an electrothermal conversion efficiency of 99.14%. Moreover, CB heaters demonstrate remarkable surface heating and cooling rates of 114.36 °C/min and 113.78 °C/min, respectively. CB Joule heaters are suitable for de-icing and body-assisted heat treatment at various applied voltages. Its unique gradient porous structure also provides asymmetrical electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance, with high absorption losses concentrated in the sparse inner layer. This sustainable CB material has significant potential for advanced Joule heating and EMI shielding applications.

Physical properties of ultrasonic assisted MWCNT/Ni0.5Co0.5Pr0.2Fe1.8O4 nanocomposites for future energy storage applications

The demand for materials with superior magnetic and dielectric properties is critical for the advancement of high-performance electronic and magnetic devices. In response to this need, Ni0.5Co0.5Pr0.2Fe1.8O4 (NiCoPrFeO) nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol–gel auto-combustion technique, known for its simplicity and versatility. To enhance the functional properties of these nanoparticles, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were incorporated, recognized for their high electrical conductivity and low density, to create a novel nanocomposite. The structural and physical properties of the prepared NiCoPrFeO/MWCNTs nanocomposites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and Impedance Analysis. XRD confirmed the successful formation of the nanocomposite NiCoPrFeO/MWCNTs. TEM provided detailed insights into particle size to be around 18.553 and the interactions between the nanoparticles and MWCNTs. FTIR spectra indicated the presence of absorption bands ‘ν1′ and ‘ν2′ to be around 545 and 415 cm−1 which is characteristic of the cubic spinel structure. The addition of MWCNTs significantly improved the magnetic properties of the nanocomposite, with higher MWCNT concentrations leading to stronger magnetization, as shown by VSM analysis the values of Mr, Ms and Hc were found between 1.41 to 4.79 emu/g, 16.67 to 24.35 emu/g and 204.29 to 569.77 Oe, respectively. The dielectric properties, including dielectric constant, dielectric loss, loss tangent, and AC conductivity, exhibited notable improvements with increasing MWCNT content across varying frequencies. These results suggest that NiCoPrFeO/MWCNTs nanocomposites could be a promising solution for improving materials used in electronic and magnetic devices, leading to more efficient and advanced technologies.

MXene-based materials for enhanced water quality: Advances in remediation strategies.

Two-dimensional MXenes are promising candidates for water treatment because of their large surface area (e.g., exceeding 1000 m²/g for certain structures), high electrical conductivity (e.g., >1000 S/m), hydrophilicity, and chemical stability. Their strong sorption selectivity and effective reduction capacity, exemplified by heavy metal adsorption efficiencies exceeding 95 % in several studies, coupled with facile surface modification, make them suitable for removing diverse contaminants. Applications include the removal of heavy metals (e.g., achieving >90 % removal of Pb(II)), dye removal (e.g., demonstrating >80 % removal of methylene blue), and radioactive waste elimination. Furthermore, 3D MXene architecture exhibit enhanced performance in antibacterial activities (e.g., against bacteria), desalination rejection percentage, and photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants. However, several challenges have remained, which necessitate further investigation into toxicity (e.g., assessing effects on aquatic organisms), scalability, and cost-effectiveness of large-scale production. This review summarizes recent advancements in 3D MXene-based functional materials for wastewater treatment and water remediation, critically analyzing their both potential and limitations.

Influence of asymmetric rolling paths on the microstructure, texture, mechanical behavior, and electrical conductivity of electrolytic tough-pitch copper

In this work, the influence of asymmetric rolling paths on the microstructure, texture, mechanical behavior, and electrical conductivity of electrolytic tough-pitch copper was studied. Four different asymmetric rolling paths including unidirectional (UD), rolling (RD), transverse (TD), and normal (ND) with a thickness reduction of 90% were applied. Based on simulation results, the uniformity of strain distribution in the UD path was less than the other paths, the RD and ND paths had a better distribution of strain along the thickness, and the TD path exhibited the best strain distribution. Because of this, the TD, ND, and RD samples revealed a better distribution of copper oxide particles compared to the UD sample. The homogeneity of texture through the sheet thickness for the RD, TD, and ND paths was more than that for the UD path due to the uniform strain distribution. Unlike the other samples, the UD sample exhibited {001}〈110〉 Rotated Cube and {001}〈100〉 Cube orientations in the areas close to the surface due to the formation of severe accumulated strain. The maximum yield strength (405.5 MPa) and tensile strength (419.0 MPa) belonged to the RD sample. The TD sample showed a lower strain hardening rate as a result of easier cross-slip. The highest electrical conductivity (85.2 %IACS) belonged to the TD sample due to its lower dislocation density. The presence of θ-fiber and γ-fiber improved the electron conductivity of copper.

Utilization of Red Mud and Biofertilizer for Peat Quality Improvement and Its Effect on the Growth and Production of Hybrid Corn

Peatlands are suboptimal lands that can be improved its quality to be used for agricultural cultivation. One of which is by using red mud and biofertilizer. Red mud, a by-product of bauxite processing, is widely available in West Kalimantan. Red mud has high pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium and base saturation. Biofertilizers are products containing selected microorganisms that can help enhance plant growth and yield. This study aims to examine the effects of red mud and biofertilizer applications on peat quality improvement and their impact on the growth and yield of hybrid corn. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) with two factors. The first factor was red mud with three dosage levels: control (l0), 6 tons/ha (l1), and 12 tons/ha (l2). The second factor was biofertilizer with three types: control (p0), Mycofer at 10 g/plant (p0), and Provibio at 10 ml/l (p2). The results showed that red mud at a dose of 12 tons/ha significantly affected soil pH, electrical conductivity, plant growth, and hybrid corn yield. The interaction of 12 tons/ha red mud and Provibio biofertilizer significantly increased sodium content and achieved the highest uptake of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

Design of a novel Cu-Cr-X alloy with high strength and high electrical conductivity based on mechanical learning

Design of a novel Cu-Cr-X alloy with high strength and high electrical conductivity based on mechanical learning

Assessment of groundwater suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes with probable health threats in a semiarid river basin of South India.

In the semiarid river basin of south India, the present study focuses on the appropriateness of water for drinking and irrigation as well as the risks to human health posed by pollutants. A total of 68 groundwater samples were evaluated for irrigation and consumption purposes. With a high electrical conductivity peaking at 3430 μS/cm and an alkaline composition, the groundwater has a high salinity and poor water quality. Durov's figure displays a trend along the dissolution or mixing line and identifies the geochemical facies of groundwater samples. According to water quality indexes, the majority of samples are categorized as unfit for human consumption (26.47%), extremely bad (36.76%), and poor (26.47%). According to elemental concentrations, the data are grouped into three clusters using hierarchical cluster analysis. According to the geographical distribution, nitrate levels are safe over about 320.25 km2 and dangerous over about 121.10 km2, whereas fluoride levels are safe over about 293.92 km2 and dangerous over about 147.43 km2. About 50.65 km2, 14.70% of the samples, fell into the no restriction category for irrigation, indicating acceptable standards. Low sodium levels in soils are indicated by parameters like SAR, %Na, PI, RSC, MR, and KR; SAR values fall into the C2S1, C3S1, and C4S1 categories. According to Doneen's diagram, 70.5% of samples had a PI >75, indicating suitability; the Wilcox diagram classified 22.05% of samples as excellent and 69.11% as good to permissible for irrigation. According to human health risk assessment, 75% of babies, 63% of children, 75% of teens, and 54% of adults have THI values >1 for fluoride. About 45% of newborns, 42% of kids, 45% of teenagers, and 29% of adults are at risk for nitrate. Infants, kids, and teenagers are at the danger. In order to safeguard human health against fluoride and nitrate, the study emphasizes the necessity of efficiently managing groundwater resources, lowering agricultural pollution, and assuring clean drinking water. PRACTITIONER POINTS: In the area, 79.25 km2 has good drinking water quality based on DWQI. Based on IWQI, 70.33 km2 area is recognized as suitable for agricultural practices. Geogenic and anthropogenic activities contribute to fluoride and nitrate pollution in water. Based on THI, infants and children are more prone to fluoride and nitrate contamination.

Novel Cellulosic Fiber Composites with Integrated Multi-Band Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Energy Storage Functionalities

In an era where technological advancement and sustainability converge, developing renewable materials with multifunctional integration is increasingly in demand. This study filled a crucial gap by integrating energy storage, multi-band electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and structural design into bio-based materials. Specifically, conductive polymer layers were formed within the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxide (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose fiber skeleton, where a mild TEMPO-mediated oxidation system was applied to endow it with abundant macropores that could be utilized as active sites (specific surface area of 105.6 m2g-1). Benefiting from the special hierarchical porous structure of the material, the constructed cellulose fiber-derived composites can realize high areal-specific capacitance of 12.44 F cm-2 at 5mAcm-2 and areal energy density of 3.99 mWh cm-2 (2005 mW cm-2) with an excellent stability of maintaining 90.23% after 10,000 cycles at 50mAcm-2. Meanwhile, the composites showed a high electrical conductivity of 877.19 S m-1 and excellent EMI efficiency (> 99.99%) in multiple wavelength bands. The composite material's EMI values exceed 100dB across the L, S, C, and X bands, effectively shielding electromagnetic waves in daily life. The proposed strategy paves the way for utilizing bio-based materials in applications like energy storage and EMI shielding, contributing to a more sustainable future.

Heavy metal biomonitoring and entomofauna distribution of enyigba mines in southeast, Nigeria

Heavy metals are metals with high atomic weight and substances with high electrical conductivity that voluntarily lose their electrons to form cations. The heavy metal biomonitoring and entomofauna distribution of enyigba mines in southeast, Nigeria was studied to determine the contamination of heavy metals base and attendant health risks using standard entomological techniques and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Insects examined were Reticulitermes flavipes, Zonocerus elegans, Acraea acrita, and Crematogaster sp collected from Royal Salt mining sites. The study revealed the accumulation index of Po4 (683.70±677.50) was high followed by Mn, (11.00 ±10.90) Cu, (7.600 ±6.60) Cd, (0.350±0.145) at p<0.05. This is high compared to the codex standards. ANOVA results declared the concentration of heavy metals above permissible limits with a significant difference between site A (SA) and the control site (CS) at (p<0.0001). Also, there is an important difference observed between site A (SA) and site B (SB) (p<0.0001). The relatively higher concentrations of metals were found in Orthoptera, followed by termite where ants recorded the lowest metal concentration. The study further revealed that remarkable values were recorded in the Control Site (CS) (32944) followed by (SB) (20904) while SA recorded the least value (6644). However, the low species diversity and abundance in different sites is an indication of the impacts of heavy metals accumulation in the sites. However, accumulation of PO4 in the insects, especially at sites A and B, showed the effects of mining on PO4 generation is high and could pose health risks to human life if not mitigated. However, the wet season recorded higher abundance compared to the dry season on Reticulitermes flavipes followed by Crematogaster sp. whereas Acraea acrita recorded the least abundance.

High Dimensionless Figure of Merit and Efficiency Thermoelectrics for Operation below Sub-250 °C─Origin of Colossal Seebeck Coefficient with Phonon Assisting, Coexistence with Electrical Conductivity, and Device Application for Their Multilayered Structure.

Thermoelectric (TE) devices recycle high-temperature waste-heat efficiently, but waste-heat below sub-250 °C remains uncaptured. As promoting full autonomy for the Internet of Things (IoT), we present a TE generator using multilayered pseudo-p-type GaN/TiN/GaN and n-type TiO2/TiN/TiO2 TE one-leg devices, where heterozygous of outer/inner layers demonstrates the functions of a colossal Seebeck coefficient (S = +15,000 μV K-1) with phonon-assist hopping, controlling by the porosity for reducing thermal conductivity (κ), a high electric conductivity (σ) with reducing κ by outer layers, and σ-S coexistence over singular curve by the asymmetric electrode configuration. S is elucidated hopping among inner grains and the space charge (SC) grain boundary (GB) of 100 μm regions within Debye length. By assisting phonon, SC capturing, hopping-up (recoiling, pseudo-p-type) or -down (n-type) over potential barriers at GBs are investigated. The devices showed high ZT (∼2.2), low κ (15.2 W m-1 K-1), and outputs at sub-250 °C, which is promising for waste heat recycling (predicted efficiency: 12.5%).

Impact of Sequential Chemical Doping on the Thin Film Mechanical Properties of Conjugated Polymers.

Conjugated polymer (CP) films with nanometer-scale thickness exhibit unique properties distinct from their bulk counterparts, which is an important consideration for their end application as thin film devices. In the realm of organic electronic devices, enabling high electrical conductance properties of CPs often necessitates doping. However, the impact of doping on intrinsic polymer mechanical properties, such as the elastic modulus, in ultrathin films at device-relevant thicknesses is not well understood and has not been directly measured. In this study, we quantified the effect of doping on the mechanical properties of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) (P3ATs) using pseudofree-standing tensile testing. We observed modulation of the mechanical properties of ultrathin CP films through sequential doping of P3ATs thin films (60-80 nm thick) with the molecular dopant F4TCNQ. Our findings reveal that, despite the ease of doping all P3ATs with F4TCNQ, the resulting changes in mechanical properties are highly dependent on the side-chain lengths of the P3ATs. Specifically, the elastic modulus of rubbery P3ATs with side-chain lengths of six carbons or more (e.g., P3HT and P3OT) increases significantly-by one to two times-upon F4TCNQ doping, while the modulus of the glassy poly(3-butylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3BT) remains nearly unchanged. Such a phenomenon is linked to the changes in the glass transition temperature (T g) of the doped film, where the rise of T g results in a large change in the modulus for P3HT samples. However, the P3BT remained in a glassy state before and after doping, exhibiting a minimal change in its mechanical properties. These insights into the mechanical behavior of doped ultrathin CP films are crucial for the design and optimization of flexible electronic devices.

Liquid Metals for Advanced Batteries: Recent Progress and Future Perspective

ABSTRACTThe shift toward sustainable energy has increased the demand for efficient energy storage systems to complement renewable sources like solar and wind. While lithium‐ion batteries dominate the market, challenges such as safety concerns and limited energy density drive the search for new solutions. Liquid metals (LMs) have emerged as promising materials for advanced batteries due to their unique properties, including low melting points, high electrical conductivity, tunable surface tension, and strong alloying tendency. Enabled by the unique properties of LMs, four key scientific functions of LMs in batteries are highlighted: active materials, self‐healing, interface stabilization, and conductivity enhancement. These applications can improve battery performance, safety, and lifespan. This review also discusses current challenges and future opportunities for using LMs in next‐generation energy storage systems. image

The Design of Intrinsically Conductive Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Thermoelectric Materials

Thermoelectric (TE) materials offer exciting promise in the development of sustainable, green energy alternatives. Ideal TE materials promote high electrical conductivity, whilst effectively scattering phonons for reduced thermal conductivity, thus giving the phonon‐glass electron‐crystal concept. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a versatile class of materials that could meet these criteria. The high crystallinity of MOFs can offer effective pathways for charge transport whilst their intrinsic high porosity yields ultralow thermal conductivity. The high structural diversity of MOFs, owing to the versatile coordination of metal cation/cluster and linker offers the potential to systematically tune their properties for TE performance. This review examines the advancement in the design strategies that have thus far been implemented toward intrinsically conductive MOFs and how these should be tailored for application toward TE materials. By addressing the challenges and leveraging the unique properties of MOFs, future research can pave the way for innovative and efficient TE MOF materials.

Enlargement of the Surface Area of High-Entropy Alloys with Acid Treatment as Positive Electrode for High Specific Capacitance Supercapacitors.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs), containing five or more elements in equal proportions, have recently made significant achievements in materials science due to their remarkable properties, including high toughness, excellent catalytic, thermal, and electrical conductivity, and resistance to wear and corrosion. This study focuses on a HEA composed of 23Fe-21Cr-18Ni-20Ti-18Mn, synthesized via ball milling. The alloy was treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to enhance its active surface area. The untreated HEA and the HCl-treated HEA (HEA-T) were then evaluated as potential cathode materials for supercapacitors (SCs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed that the HEA's composition and crystalline structure remained stable during acid treatment, with no new phases forming. The acid treatment significantly increased the surface area by ~20 times, the pore volume by ~10 times, and improved microstructural homogeneity. The HEA-T electrode demonstrated superior specific capacitance, lower internal resistance, and better cycling stability than the untreated HEA electrode. At 0.5 A/g current density, the specific capacitance (Csp) of the HEA-T was 600 F/g, approximately two times higher than the untreated HEA. This enhanced performance suggests that the HEA-T electrode could lead to the development of high-performance SCs.