Higher Education Output Research Articles

A study on the potential of higher education in reducing carbon intensity.

The Chinese government has established definitive goals to reach a "carbon peak" by 2030 and achieve "carbon neutrality" by 2060. Investigating the attainment of these emission reduction objectives while simultaneously fostering regional economic growth and enhancing living standards holds critical importance. This study examines the link between higher education and carbon intensity across China's thirty provincial-level administrative regions, employing fixed effects models on provincial panel data spanning 2001-2020. The findings, validated through robustness tests and a mediation effect model, elucidate the mechanisms by which higher education influences carbon intensity. Notably, the results reveal that enhancing higher education markedly lowers carbon intensity; specifically, a 1% increase in the logarithmic transformation of per capita investment in higher education in a province decreases its carbon intensity by 0.219%. Additionally, higher education's output similarly contributes to reductions in carbon intensity. The influence of higher education on reducing carbon intensity is particularly pronounced in the central and western regions of China. Moreover, higher education facilitates the reduction of carbon intensity through mechanisms such as promoting environmental consciousness, advancing industrial structure, and encouraging technological innovation.

OECD 고등교육 재정의 국제 비교

In this article we compare the higher education finance of advanced countries using OECD’s “Education at a Glance” data from 1998~2018. We first investigate the relationship among input side variables such as relative size of number of college students, relative size of per student expenditure, the portion of public expenditure in higher education finance. We find fundamental trade-off between the quality and quantity, as captured by the negative correlation between the per student expenditure-GDP per capita ratio and the number of college students compared to the total population. We also investigate the relationship between the input and outputs of higher education. The major findings are that the higher the portion of public expenditure in higher education finance, the lower the chance of having world’s top research universities. Meanwhile, the youth unemployment tends to be lower in countries that governments’ portion of higher education finance are large.

Higher education and digital Economy: Analysis of their coupling coordination with the Yangtze River economic Belt in China as the example

Analyzing the coupling coordination interactions of higher education (HE) and digital economy (DE) to achieve sustainable growth is crucial. Thus, we constructed the coupling coordination interaction mechanism and the comprehensive evaluation system of the two subsystems to measure their coordination interactions; then, we processed the temporal-spatial analysis of the development status and the coupling coordination degree (CCD) in the case of China. Furthermore, we used the gray correlation model to determine the primary influencing factors and proposed differentiated policymaking suggestions. We found that: (1) the development status of higher education (HE-D) was more stable than that of the digital economy (DE-D), which showed a slight upward trend; besides, there were noticeable spatial differences for HE-D and DE-D. (2) The temporal changes of CCD were not noticeable. (3) Expenditure on research activities in HE and the number of patents were the significant factors affecting DE; the popularity rate of mobile phones and the number of employees in the DE industry were the significant factors affecting HE; besides, HE's output benefits and DE's input was more influential in the coordination relations. Furthermore, we also put forward targeted, specific, and differentiated policymaking suggestions, which can guide policymakers to formulate regional sustainable development policies.

THE IMPACT OF STRATEGIC PLANNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS ON THE NEEDS OF THE BUSINESS MARKET IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN

The study aimed to reveal the impact of strategic planning on the needs of the labor market in the Sultanate of Oman. The study population consists of the occupants of senior and middle management positions in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Innovation and educational institutions affiliated to the Ministry in the Sultanate of Oman. As well, as graduates of the Colleges of Applied Sciences of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Innovation in the Sultanate of Oman. The study relied on the descriptive approach. The study used the questionnaire as tools for data collection, after ensuring its validity and reliability. The study also used the Model Structural Equation (SEM) to analyze the results. The study found several results, the most important of which is that there is a direct impact of both the importance of strategic planning and the practice of strategic planning in higher education institutions in the Sultanate of Oman on the needs of the labor market from the point of view of higher education officials. The study also included many recommendations, the most important of which is the need for coordination between the Ministry of Higher Education, the Ministry of Labor and the private sector with regard to revealing the needs of the labor market through periodic review and conducting analytical studies of reality to keep pace with modernization in the field of the labor market and its alignment with the outputs of higher education as well as the importance of activating the practical side in universities To provide students with the practical skills necessary for them to enter the labor market.

ALIGNMENT BETWEEN THE NEEDS OF THE LABOR MARKET AND THE OUTPUTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN THROUGH STRATEGIC PLANNING AS A MEDIATING VARIABLE

The study aimed to reveal the compatibility between the needs of the labor market and the outputs of higher education in the Sultanate of Oman through strategic planning as a mediating variable. The study population consists of the occupants of senior and middle management positions in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Innovation and educational institutions affiliated to the Ministry in the Sultanate of Oman. As well as graduates of the Colleges of Applied Sciences of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Innovation in the Sultanate of Oman. The study relied on the descriptive approach. The study used the questionnaire as tools for data collection, after ensuring its validity and reliability. Its psychometric properties were also verify by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis using the statistical program (AMOS) and (SPSS), and the study used the Model Structural Equation (SEM) to analyze the results. The study reach several results, the most important of which is the presence of an indirect effect of the variable of strategic planning practice in higher education institutions in the Sultanate of Oman on the variable of adapting their outputs to the needs of the labor market through the harmonization of outputs to the labor market from the point of view of higher education officials, and this result indicates that there is a positive and effective impact. The study also included many recommendations, the most important of which is the need to activate the practical side in universities to provide students with the practical skills necessary for them to engage in the labor market

A PROPOSED MANAGEMENT VISION TO ACHIEVE THE INTERACTIVE ENVIRONMENT IN THE JORDANIAN TECHNICAL COLLEGES DUE TO SOME VARIABLES FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE FACULTY MEMBERS WORKING THERE.

The study aimed to propose a management vision to achieve the interactive environment in the Jordanian technical colleges due to some variables. The study sample consisted of (278) faculty members from the Jordanian technical colleges, who were chosen in a stratified random manner.
 The descriptive developmental survey method was used in the current study, and to achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was developed, and its validity and reliability were confirmed.
 The study concluded that the degree of the interactive environment in the Jordanian technical colleges due to the variables of: leadership, technology, and incentives from the point of view of the faculty members was average, in addition to statistically significant differences at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05) according to the variable of gender in all fields in favor of the male category, except for the field of technology. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences according to the variable of college type, except for the field of technology. Also, there were no statistically significant differences according to the variable of academic rank in all fields except for the leadership style field in favor of the Associate Professor rank.
 According to the results of the study, a management vision was proposed to achieve the interactive environment in the Jordanian technical colleges due to some variables.
 The study recommended that higher education institutions adopt the proposed management vision to achieve the interactive environment in their academic departments, and give the subject of the interactive environment the utmost importance so that it encourages studies and research from time to time. In addition, it recommended studying the conditions of the faculty members working there, and their academic, management, economic, social, and psychological problems related to the university work environment, which reflects positively on the outputs of higher education, and supplying the labor market with the distinguished quality of students.

Higher Education System Evaluation System Based on Mathematical Modeling

The higher education system plays a vital role in the development of a country. Each country's higher education system has its strengths and weaknesses, and it faces various external risks (such as the global pandemic), so countries need to rethink their higher education systems and make adjustment accordingly. Therefore, it is important to study the health status and sustainability of the national higher education system. We have developed a model for assessing health status in higher education at the national level. We respectively consider the higher education environment, higher education input and higher education output, and then a three-level evaluation system with 16 specific indicators was established. Then, in order to make a comparative analysis, we chose the United States, China and India, which are all representative countries of developed and developing countries. The health status of national higher education system was evaluated by using principal component analysis method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and the ranking result was the United States> China> India. So we identify India as the country with more room for improvement, and conduct follow-up analysis.

Issues in Higher Education: Analysis of 2017 Global Knowledge Index Data and Lessons Learned

Despite considerable efforts to increase the quality of Higher Education (HE) in many countries, the absence of a methodology to guide scholars and policymakers to assess its quality has been a barrier. In 2017, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Mohamad bin Rashid Al Maktoum Knowledge Foundation (MBRF) launched the Global Knowledge Index (GKI), a tool by which data from 131 countries were collected for seven sectors—one of which was HE. In this paper, an analysis of the HE index data is introduced. Then, three key issues which emerged from data are discussed. The first issue is HE efficiency, which is measured by comparing the indexes of HE inputs and outputs. The second issue is the enabling environment factors that might support or limit the growth of HE. The third issue is the intricate relationship between HE, economy, and Research and Development (R&D). The study found that HE efficiency is declining globally except in a few areas. A strong positive relationship was found between the enabling environment and variables of political stability and government effectiveness and HE’s ability of knowledge production. Furthermore, strong relationships were found between HE outputs, economy, and R&D respectively. The study concludes with future directions for increasing the quality of HE.

Evaluation of Learning Styles of Clinical Dental Students in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences and Determining Their Relationship with Satisfaction with Education Status

Background & Objective: Education and learning are affected by different variables, such as learning style, which can affect educational performance and higher education output. This study aimed to evaluate the learning styles of dental students and their satisfaction with education at the dental school. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 109 clinical dental students in 2016-2017. After completing the Kolb learning style questionnaire, the satisfaction of students with the education at the dental school was assessed with one question scored in a range of 0-10 (from completely dissatisfied to completely satisfied). In addition, a P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: In this study, the learning styles of converging (57.8%), assimilating (21.6%), diverging (12.8%), and accommodating (7.8%) were the most-to-least used styles, respectively. According to the results, no relationship was observed between the learning model and variables of gender, GPA, and academic semester. Moreover, there was no significant association between mean educational satisfaction of students (4.8±2.6) and their learning style (P=0.4). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, converging and assimilating learning styles were the most frequently applied learning models among dental students. It is recommended that problem-focused education along with lecture-based teaching be applied as a suitable training method.

Interaction between Higher Education Outputs and Industrial Structure Evolution: Evidence from Hubei Province, China

In China, the government has made great achievements in mass higher education and intended to promote sustainable economic and social development. However, China still lacks innovation today and is trapped in its low-value-added industrial dilemma. Therefore, this paper aimed to understand how higher education outputs and industrial structure evolution affect each other by analysing evidence from Hubei, China, from 2004 to 2013. This paper quantified higher education outputs into graduate scale, education advancement, and innovation outputs and quantified industrial structure evolution into industrial structure upgrading and industrial structure rationalisation. Next, we applied the Granger causality test, vector auto-regression model, impulse response function, and variance decomposition to explore the causal relationships, response styles, and contribution rates between the indicators. The findings are as follows: (i) industrial structure upgrading and rationalisation are the Granger reasons for education advancement, and innovation outputs and graduate scale are the Granger reasons for industrial structure rationalisation; (ii) industrial structure upgrading and rationalisation can promote education advancement both quickly and significantly, however, education advancement, in turn, does not contribute to industrial structure evolution; (iii) though the contribution of innovation outputs to industrial structure rationalisation is hysteretic, it is greater than that of the graduate scale.

Drivers of Higher Education Output: Saudi Evidence and Analysis

This study adheres to the education production research tradition, and estimates an exogenously interactive model where a measurable education outcome, namely student GPA, is specified in terms of classic resource inputs in a Saudi higher education setting. The objective of the study is to empirically identify the fundamental inputs to the education production process that are critical for Saudi higher education. This is imperative for education policy makers and standard setters in KSA. Toward this end, the contribution of this study to the extant literature is twofold: 1) estimating a parsimonious specification of the education production capital embodiment model within a Saudi higher education setting, and 2) empirically identifying critical inputs to the higher education process in Saudi Arabia at conventional significance levels. Once identified, those critical inputs may be policy managed with the goal of obtaining equal respective ratios of marginal products to input prices. The study is therefore instructed by the 2030 vision of Saudi Arabia and how it can be reflected upon in higher education. This can be materialized via evidence-based policy recommendations that reflect the fundamental economic principle of efficient allocation of resources.

تحلیل ظاهرة بطالة خریجی التعلیم الجامعی المصری فی ضوء بعض المتغیرات المعاصرة المرتبطة بالتحول فی سوق العمل

ملخص عربى : استهدف البحث الحالي تقديم رؤية تربوية لما يمکن القيام به لتفعيل العلاقة بين مخرجات التعليم الجامعي المصري ومتطلبات سوق العملتحديد الاطار المفاهيمي لسوق العمل المصري .تحديد أهم التحولات الحادثة في سوق العمل والمؤثرة على عمالة خريجي التعليم الجامعي المصري .توضيح أهم التغيرات المعاصرة التي يشهدها التعليم الجامعي .وقداعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي المرتکز على الاستناد للدراسات والدوريات والمراجع ذات الصلة بموضوع البحث ،وأيضا جمع وتحليل البيانات الصادرة عن الجهات الرسمية المختصة لبيان حجم ظاهرة بطالة خريجي التعليم الجامعي وعلاقة ذلک بالاختلالات في سوق العمل المصري .وقد توصلت الدراسة الى مجموعة من النتائج منها:1. ارتفاع معدلات البطالة ،بما يعکس عدم التوافق بين العرض والطلب عليه ،وخاصة بين الشباب المتعلمين . کما يتسم حجم التشغيل بعدم التوازن بين القطاعات الاقتصادية المختلفة .2. ترتبط ظاهرة بطالة المتعلمين بالعديد من الظروف والمتغيرات والسياسات منها الرکود الاقتصادي ،والأزمات المالية والاقتصادية ،وتناقص فرص العمل بالدول العربية بل وعودة الکثير منها ،وأخيرا جمود التوظيف الحکومي للخريجين منذ منتصف الثمانينيات .3. ضعف قدرة سوق العمل على استيعاب مخرجات التعليم الجامعي کما أنه يتطلب مستويات عالية من المعرفة فى مجالات متنوعة .کما أوصت باعداد :1. مخرجات التعليم الجامعي بطريقة ملائمة لتلبية الاحتياجات المستقبلية لسوق العمل وتحسين الروابط بينهما، بحيث يکون لديهم المهارات والکفاءات التي ستکون هناک حاجة إليها في الاقتصاد الحديث والمجتمع الحديث وبذلک تتوافر فرص عمل لهم في هذه الأسواق .2. تجديد سياسات القبول والقيد بالجامعات المصرية بما يتوافق مع احتياجات سوق العمل، ومراجعة سياسات وأساليب القبول ،والإجراءات والأنظمة ذات الصلة بالطاقة الاستيعابية لمؤسسات التعليم العالي. ملخص انجليزى : This research aimed to provide an educational vision of what can be done to activate the relationship between the outputs of the Egyptian Higher Education and the requirements of the labor market· Define a conceptual framework for the Egyptian labor market.· Identify the most significant changes to the labor market affecting the university graduates’ employment· Clarify the most important contemporary changes in university educationThe research used a descriptive analytical approach based on the relevant body of literature on the subject, as well as data collection and analysis issued by the competent official authorities to indicate the magnitude of unemployment phenomenon among university graduates and its relationship to imbalances in the Egyptian labor market.Following are some of the key findings of the study:1. High unemployment rates, reflecting the mismatch between supply and demand, especially among educated youth. The employment volume is also characterized by imbalances between different economic sectors.2. The phenomenon of educated unemployment is linked to many circumstances, variables and policies, including economic stagnation, financial and economic crises, shrinking of job opportunities in Arab countries and even the return of labourers from them. Finally, freezing all government hiring since the mid-1980s.3. The reduced capacity of labor market to absorb the increasing university output where the increasing complexity of the labour market also requires higher levels of knowledge in various fields.We also recommend preparing:· The outputs of higher education in an appropriate manner to meet the future labour market needs and strengthen the links between them, so that they have the skills and competencies that will be needed in the modern economy and modern society. Thus, most graduates can find the right jobs for them.The Ground for renewal of the admissions and enrollment policies in the Egyptian universities in accordance with the evident needs of the labour market, and to review the policies and methods of acceptance, procedures and regulations related to the absorptive capacity in higher education institutions

Analysis of the Gap Between the Outputs of Higher Education and the Labor Market in the University (2003-2016)

The aim of this research is to study the relationship between the outputs of higher education and the requirements of the labor market in iraq, and to identify the most important factors affecting the level of higher education in it, and the development of some of the necessary treatments to improve the level of higher education, which helps to achieve economic development. The research included two aspects, and the other applied, the research has used quantitative methods to reach that relationship, including the method of measuring the stability of time series of the variables of research, and then measuring the relationship between the outputs of higher education and the needs of the labor market in iraq in the manner of analysis of the joint integration between those variables, as well as a set of research conclusions and recommendations.

THE ROLE OF MINISTRY OF MANPOWER VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTERS IN HABILITATION JOB SEEKERS WITH LABOUR MARKET NEEDS - COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS

The phenomenon of unemployment is a humanitarian phenomenon that complicates many studies because it is one of the engines of change that may go beyond the limits of the problem and become a threat to the apparent security. This concern is due to the fact that the issue of reducing unemployment has become one of the main objectives of the Egyptian labor market. The study aims to shed light on: The outputs of higher education are an additional burden on the Egyptian labor market. There is a clear imbalance between the skills required and the existing skills due to the inflexibility of the current education system. The modern requirements of the labor market are not limited to updating the scientific material, The professional market depends on information technology, which led to the low employment opportunities of these young people, who remained in the confusion between delivery to the extent and waiting for new opportunities for rehabilitation and training to keep abreast of progress. Problem and knowledge of the reasons for inadequate outputs of university education for the labor market. There is a conflict in which the student lives in the labor market after graduating from the university to the labor market is the result of either a weakness in the absorption of the labor market to prepare the graduates and I research this scientific rationality in the disclosure of the relationship between the outputs of education and the labor market and I graduates suffer from social problems such as the problem of unemployment and migration problems Which is considered to have a negative impact on society and its relations. And employment policies in Egypt and reduce unemployment and thus achieve sustainable development, which aims to consolidate a national program aimed at combating unemployment and development and opening new outlets for employment are available to young people with certificates through the following questions: To what extent did methodological programs achieve employment policies in the vocational aspirations of youth in the labor market? Did these programs solve the problem of unemployment? Employment and unemployment are important indicators of production?

A Comparative Analysis of Effects of Education on Sub-Saharan Africa's Economic Growth

This study aims to analyze and to compare the effects of various levels of education on the economic growth of some selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) between 1980 and 2015.It is hypothesized in the study that various levels of education have significant positive impacts on the economic growth of some selected sub-Saharan Africa countries over the stated period. Fixed effect Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) and a robust version of System Generalized Methods of Moment (SYSGMM) are adopted as model estimating techniques. Results from the LSDV model indicate increasing positive impacts of various levels of education on the economic growth of the thirty selected SSA countries. This trend of significance is corrected in the dynamic model, but with negative effects on the lower levels of education on growth while higher education output which negatively impacted on growth is reversed. The study systematically compares the effects of education on growth when higher education is included and when it is excluded both at the enrolment and output level in the regression model. We found different results at each instance for the various levels. Therefore, the major conclusion of this study is that higher education human capital at the output level appears to be the most significant of all the levels of education. However, this advantage enjoyed by higher education could have been as a result of cumulative effects from other levels of education over time. We, therefore, conclude that higher education should be supported with strong education policy implementation, as this could have a positive impact on SSA economic growth.

A Comparative Analysis of Effects of Education on Sub-Saharan Africa’s Economic Growth

This study aims to analyze and to compare the effects of various levels of education on the economic growth of some selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) between 1980 and 2015.It is hypothesized in the study that various levels of education have significant positive impacts on the economic growth of some selected sub-Saharan Africa countries over the stated period. Fixed effect Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) and a robust version of System Generalized Methods of Moment (SYSGMM) are adopted as model estimating techniques. Results from the LSDV model indicate increasing positive impacts of various levels of education on the economic growth of the thirty selected SSA countries. This trend of significance is corrected in the dynamic model, but with negative effects on the lower levels of education on growth while higher education output which negatively impacted on growth is reversed. The study systematically compares the effects of education on growth when higher education is included and when it is excluded both at the enrolment and output level in the regression model. We found different results at each instance for the various levels. Therefore, the major conclusion of this study is that higher education human capital at the output level appears to be the most significant of all the levels of education. However, this advantage enjoyed by higher education could have been as a result of cumulative effects from other levels of education over time. We, therefore, conclude that higher education should be supported with strong education policy implementation, as this could have a positive impact on SSA economic growth.

TERTIARY EDUCATION TRUST FUND (TETFund), RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND NIGERIA’S HIGHER EDUCATION

This chapter focuses attention on the TETFund intervention in tertiary institutions. Research and development is strategic for the growth and development of a country, however, this requires funding; which was hitherto lacking in the Nigerian higher education system until the advent of TETFund. The chapter has focused adequate attention on research and development (Rand D) and argues that strategic position of TETFund in Nigeria’s educational system has much to do with research, inventions, innovations and studies. This is because education at this level brings solutions to challenges nations face in their quest to self-reliance and sustainability. The chapter has identified challenges of TETFund to include funding to overcome the inadequacy of fiscal resources which threatens to erode the desired qualitative higher education output. In this regard, the chapter proffers solutions on how TETFund could be repositioned for optimum performance. Article visualizations:

Productivity effects of higher education human capital in selected countries of Sub-Saharan Africa

This study aimed to analyse the productivity effects of higher education enrolment (HEE), higher education output (HEO) and the associated productivity gap (GP) on selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the period between 1981 and 2014. It was hypothesized in the study that HEE and HEO had statistically significant positive impact on productivity in the selected sub-Saharan Africa countries over the stated period. Fixed effect Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) and a robust version of System Generalized Methods of Moment (SYSGMM) were adopted as model estimating techniques. Results from the LSDV model indicated that HEE had no statistically significant positive impact on productivity growth in the twenty-one SSA countries. This non-significance was corrected in the dynamic model, but with negative effects on the growth rate of total factor productivity (TFP). The study further compared the worldwide technological frontier with those of the SSA countries under investigation and discovered that countries like Gabon, Mauritius and Swaziland ranked high, while Burundi needs to improve on its productivity determinants. The major conclusion of this study is therefore that higher education human capital should be supported with strong policy implementation, as this can have a positive impact on productivity growth.

HIGHER EDUCATION VOLUME AND VALUE OF OUTPUT: EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATIONS FOR MALAYSIA

The valuation of higher education’s contribution to the national economy in the past has typically been based upon costs of inputs. However, such an approach neglects any productivity or quality variations in the outputs of higher education, mainly from teaching services and research. An increasing number of countries are now using output-based measures of the volume of higher education services. This paper describes a quantitative approach for output-based measurements using publicly available data in order to attempt a preliminary application for Malaysia. Government’s development and operational budget on education and training increased significantly after 2007 with the implementation of the National Higher Education Strategic Plan (NHESP). Using the output approach, we find that value of teaching services by the public HE sector rose by 5.2 per cent that from RM13.77 billion to RM14.48 billion in 2010 although aggregate enrolment grew by 9.9 per cent; as compared to 5.1 per cent increase in operational budget for the same period. The result is justified given that higher percentage of the new enrolments are often found in advanced levels of study (postgraduate courses) which cost less per unit of quantity – as there is less coursework involved. The finding sheds light on the nature of NHESP’s impact on national income and provides helpful inputs to future refinements of the national strategic plan.

The application of production functions to Iranian higher education system

This article aims to empirically examine the application of production functions for evaluating remarkable developments in Iranian higher education system during the past three decades, using data from the Statistics Center of Iran and Institute for Research and Planning in Higher Education for the 1988-2014 period. A variety of production function forms have been used to evaluate the main determinants of Iran's higher education performance, and cointegration analyses have been conducted to rectify the problem of spurious regressions and to evaluate long-run and short-run relationships among the variables used. We found that: (1) estimated Iranian higher education production functions conform the polynomial cubic as well as Cobb-Douglas forms; (2) academic staff and number of institutions are the main determinants of higher education outputs in both long-run and short-run explaining more than 98% of the variations in the dependent variable, with the human capital factor playing a dominant role; (3) Iranian higher education system performs at the situation of increasing return to scale exhibiting some degree of inefficiency; and (4) the estimates of Cobb-Douglas forms provide evidence on the existence of substitutability among various academic staff.