Higher Education Industry Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Higher Education: A Threat or Helping Hand in Improving Student-Instructor Communication

Purpose: The study aims to summarize current discussions among educational stakeholders regarding the potential benefits and threats posed by Artificial Intelligence. Methodology: In conducting comprehensive and systematic review, the study utilized the PRISMA flowchart and included only articles published between January 2020 and July 2024. The focus was strictly on peer-reviewed articles, with conference papers, dissertations, and other types of papers excluded. Data was sourced exclusively from EBSCOhost and Google Scholar. Additionally, only articles centered on the higher education industry were considered. Findings: The findings of this study reveal ongoing debates among educational stakeholders regarding the threats and benefits of AI models. It explains how AI is transforming academic environments by offering personalized learning experiences, enhancing learning outcomes, and increasing student engagement. However, concerns about data privacy have also emerged. To eliminate these concerns, the study recommends the introduction of consent forms that give users the option to allow or deny the use of their data for AI training. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study contributes to the ongoing debates by grounding its analysis in Sociotechnical Systems Theory (STS), emphasizing the need for a human-centered approach in AI adoption. This offers a holistic perspective on how educational institutions can implement AI effectively while addressing stakeholder concerns about privacy and control over data, making it a valuable resource for both academic and policy discussions surrounding AI in education.

Tertiary Agricultural Students’ Proclivity to Use Social Media for Improving Learning Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic Era in Oyo State, Nigeria

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions in the higher education industry, leading to program closures and delays. Institutions were asked to adopt Web 2.0 teaching methods, including Social Media (SM), for engagement and multitasking. Despite this, educational institutions are yet to harness SM’s potential to improve learning outcomes among students. Hence, this study investigated students’ proclivity to use social media for improving learning outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic era in Oyo State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select a total of 210 respondents. Data were collected quantitatively through questionnaires on respondents' socioeconomic characteristics, knowledge, learning outcomes, and proclivity to use SM. Data were analyzed using frequency count, percentage, mean, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, and linear regression at α0.05. Respondents’ average age was 23.96±3.52 years, majority (61.1%) were female, single (90.9%), and Christians (74.5%). Most (68.8%) students depended on their parents/guardians for their source of income, with an average monthly income of #30,418.27±56322.51. Majority (66.8%) had high knowledge of SM usage and learning outcomes (61.1%). Most (53.4%) indicated a high proclivity to use SM for improving learning. Students’ proclivity to use SM was not significantly correlated with their knowledge of use (r=0.025) while age (β=-0.287) contributed to their proclivity to use SM. Students are more willing to use SM for improved learning outcomes in Oyo State, Nigeria. The government and policymakers should create guidelines and recommendations for educators on how to integrate social media platforms into their teaching methods to improve learning outcomes.

Graduate employability skills, trending avenues and research gaps: a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis

PurposeCurrent study theoretically and technically analyzed the empirical literature on Graduate Employability Skills (GES) and aimed to investigate ten research questions: 1) the specific features of the retrieved empirical studies on GES, 2) the trends of empirical scientific production of GES, 3) the most relevant and high-impact sources in the field of GES, 4) clustering the sources through Bradford’s Law of Scattering, 5) the highly cited articles on GES, 6) the most relevant countries on GES, 7) the most pertinent and high-impact authors on GES, 8) authors' productivity through Lotka’s Law of authors’ Scientific Productivity, 9) the trending research avenues for future investigations on GES, and 10) identified research gaps relevant to the field of GES.Design/methodology/approachThe Scopus database was used to extract data, and VOSviewer and Biblioshony tools were used for the study's bibliometric analysis and systematic literature evaluation.FindingsThe present study analyzed 864 sources containing 1816 articles from 4378 authors that address GES. Publications on GES were steadily increasing, with a notable upswing beginning in 2010 and reaching a record high of 232 articles in 2019. The UK, Australia, and Malaysia are the top three nations in terms of number of publications and cumulative citations. The thematic map of keywords revealed which themes future researchers need to investigate: work-integrated learning, entrepreneurship, industry 4.0, sustainability, management education, business education, project-based learning, education, curriculum development, learning, and graduate skills.Originality/valueThe present study provides theoretical, practical, and social implications for graduates, the higher education industry, policymakers, the economy, and society.

Ecological, Societal and Executive Management Leadership Development for Long-Term Sustainability in Academic Institutions

The incorporation of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into the sustainability objectives of higher education institutions is the subject of this investigation, which focuses on the effects on various stakeholders. Using secondary data, this study investigates the benefits and drawbacks of ESG integration. This concentrate likewise takes a gander at the strategies top foundations use to effectively integrate ESG factors into their day to day tasks and dynamic systems. In light of a careful examination of the writing, the review looks at the benefits and valuable open doors that emerge from executing ESG endeavors and distinguishes commonplace barriers. Solid administration systems, organizations, limit building, partner association, and solid authority are undeniably underlined in this article. In addition, explain how technology can be used to enhance ESG practices, stakeholder involvement, measurement, and reporting. By recognizing the obstacles, implementing these strategies, and utilizing technology, higher education institutions can improve their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance, promote sustainable development, and stimulate constructive transformation in the higher education industry.

Academic Intrapreneurs: Exploring the Antecedents of Academic Intrapreneurial Intention

It is widely accepted that intrapreneurial behavior is imperative for any type of organization to maintain sustainability in terms of growth and performance. In this context, it is also important to investigate the factors that play a role in promoting intrapreneurship within dynamic industries, such as the higher education industry. For this purpose, this study aimed to explore the antecedents of intrapreneurial intention in academic staff to provide theoretical as well as practical contributions for universities. We used a survey method to collect data with a sample consisting of 236 academic staff from universities in Northern Cyprus, and tested hypotheses through three different structural models by using structural equation modeling (SEM). Following a deductive approach to establish constructs in the models, we treated academic intrapreneurial intention as the dependent variable, and self-leadership, self-efficacy, and psychological capital as the independent variables. In addition, attitudes toward intrapreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were individually tested as mediating variables. The results of this study indicate that self-leadership, self-efficacy, and psychological capital have direct and indirect effects on academic intrapreneurial intention, and attitudes toward intrapreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control play a mediating role between these antecedents and academic intrapreneurial intention.

Employee Well-Being in Higher Educational Institutes of India –A Study of LPU Employees

With rising expectations for high-quality instruction, research output, and global competitiveness, India's higher education industry has seen significant change recently. Amidst these shifts, there is now more attention on the topic of employee well-being in higher education institutions. The nature of work in academia settings, with its high standards, demanding schedules, and frequently difficult workloads, calls for a closer look at the variables affecting the wellbeing of those who contribute to the mission of LPU using Lovely Professional University as an example, this case study offers a distinctive viewpoint on employee well-being in the context of Indian higher education. LPU's quick development, wide range of academia programmers, and dedication to building a lively community make it an engaging place to learn about the difficulties associated with employee well-being in the context of an evolving educational institution. In an environment where demands are high, and stress levels can be significant, prioritizing the wellbeing of faculty and staff is not just a moral support but also essential for maintaining productivity, creativity, and overall effectiveness organizational. Keywords: employee well-being, higher education, educational institutes.

Individual motivation and knowledge sharing: the hindering effect of perceived costs in higher education

ABSTRACT Knowledge sharing among academic staff allows universities to foster innovation and achieve competitiveness in the higher education industry. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study developed an integrated model to investigate the impact of individual motivation on academics’ attitudes and intentions to share knowledge, incorporating both perceived costs (loss of knowledge power, time and effort) as well as benefits (expected association, enjoyment in helping others) associated with knowledge sharing. Data was collected from 532 faculty staff in higher education institutions in China through an online questionnaire and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The findings indicated that loss of knowledge power as well as time and effort negatively impacted academics’ attitudes toward knowledge sharing while expected association and enjoyment in helping others positively impacted attitudes. Additionally, attitudes significantly contribute to enhancing academics’ intentions to share knowledge. The study contributes to the extant literature by highlighting the hindering role of perceived costs in developing positive attitudes toward knowledge sharing which have not been empirically verified in previous studies. In addition, the study provided recommendations on how knowledge sharing can be encouraged among academics by minimizing costs while maximizing benefits associated with knowledge sharing.

Work integrated learning and trending areas for future studies: a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis

PurposeThis study intends to conceptually and technically examine the literature on work integrated learning (WIL) through a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. The present study addresses eight distinct research questions: (1) descriptive features of the extracted literature on WIL, (2) publications trends and thematic evolution in the field of WIL, (3) the most relevant and high-impact sources on WIL, (4) the most global cited articles on WIL, (5) the most relevant and high-impact authors on WIL, (6) the most relevant countries on WIL, (7) outcomes of Bradford’s Law of Scattering and Lotka’s Law of Scientific Productivity and (8) trending research avenues for future studies in the field of WIL.Design/methodology/approachThe present study employed systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis mapping techniques to analyze 1,295 articles extracted from the Scopus database. The analysis utilized Biblioshiny software and VOSviewer software as the primary tools.FindingsThe findings reveal that WIL constitutes a steadily expanding subject discipline, showcasing a notable 23.28% annual growth in scientific production spanning from 2002 to 2023 (July). Australia, South Africa and Canada emerged as the most productive countries within the field of WIL, as evidenced by their cumulative scientific production. The thematic map of keyword analysis suggests several burgeoning avenues for future researchers in the WIL domain, including education, reflective practices, curriculum, employability skills, international students, learning and self-efficacy.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the WIL discourse by providing a comprehensive literature review. The present study’s findings hold significance for graduates, universities, employers, the higher education industry, policymakers, regulators and the broader community.

Factors Leading to Student Dissatisfaction in The Education Sector; A Study of Google Reviews from The Higher Education Industry in Sri Lanka

Purpose: The research is focused on the higher education institutes, and non-state sector in Sri Lanka. The study aims to understand perspectives presented by the positive and negative reviews on sixty-four (64) higher education institutions. Design/methodology/approach: A total of Two Thousand Five Hundred (2500) reviews have been studied. The research study aims to recognize, define, and determine the factors in the non-state higher education institution space leading to student dissatisfaction. Findings: The literature review covers (1) Word of Mouth (WOM) & Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) (2) Digital media marketing (3) Review sites (4) the Sri Lankan higher education system and players (5) Student Dissatisfaction and its determinants. The methodology will involve a positivist research philosophy, the deductive approach, and the survey-based research study that is focused upon with cross cross-sectional timeline. From the results, it is identifiable that only 29.6% of the teams had a responsive Google Business page. These are institutions that respond to reviews. The top concerns noted by the students/public were (1) Lack of student support (2) Delay in certificates (3) Poor management practices (4) Lack of academic quality. Originality: This research outlines the perspectives from Sri Lankan, non-state Higher Education Institutions (HEI). A newer area of research and perspective in digital media. Implications: This research adds to the existing literature and specifically focuses on aspects of Google Reviews. Google reviews are relatively new to Sri Lanka, where the masses may rely on word of mouth. Managing the reviews allows for HEIs to show confidence and capability in handling media. Keywords: Digital Marketing, Google Reviews, Higher Education Institution, Student satisfaction, Word of Mouth

Work readiness and trending avenues for future studies: a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis

PurposeThis study aims to undertake a theoretical and technical exploration of the literature on Work Readiness (WR) through the implementation of a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. The present study addresses seven distinct research questions: (1) an examination of the descriptive features characterizing the literature on WR, (2) an analysis of trends in annual scientific publications related to WR, (3) the identification of the most pertinent and high-impact sources contributing to WR, (4) the delineation of the globally cited articles exerting the most influence on WR, (5) the determination of the most relevant countries associated with WR, (6) an evaluation of the outcomes derived from Bradford’s Law of Scattering and Lotka’s Law of scientific productivity in the context of WR, and (7) the identification of the prevailing research avenues that hold significance for future studies on WR.Design/methodology/approachThe present study employed Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis mapping techniques to analyze 521 articles extracted from the Scopus database. The analysis utilized Biblioshiny software and VOSviewer software as the primary tools.FindingsThe findings reveal that WR constitutes a steadily expanding subject discipline, showcasing a notable 9.12% annual growth in scientific production spanning from 1975 to 2023. Australia, the USA, and Canada emerged as the most productive countries within the field of WR, as evidenced by their cumulative scientific production. The thematic map of keyword analysis suggests several burgeoning pathways for future researchers in the WR domain, including workplace learning, functional capacity evaluation, graduate WR, digital literacy, blended learning, resilience, and curriculum.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the WR discourse by providing a comprehensive literature review. The findings of this study hold significance for graduates, universities, employers, the higher education industry, and the broader community.

Does learning organization create workplace happiness of educators? A post-pandemic perspective

BACKGROUND: Higher education industry has seen a dramatic shift in the new normal. Given that, the present study proposes learning organization as a predictor of happiness of teachers and the academic administrators because happiness is vital to enhancing performance during unprecedented times. OBJECTIVE: Drawing on the resource based view (RBV) and ability, motivation and opportunity (AMO) framework, this research aims to investigate workplace happiness of university-level educators in the post-pandemic era. It proposes learning organization as a determinant of happiness at work through indirect path of perceived organizational support. Furthermore, it also proposes moderation of achievement motivation between learning organization and workplace happiness. METHODS: Using simple random sampling, data were collected through survey questionnaire from 172 staff and faculty members of universities/HEIs in Sindh, Pakistan. The study employed structural equation modeling through SmartPLS for data analysis. RESULTS: The study findings suggest that learning organization indirectly predicts happiness at work through perceived organizational support. However, moderation of employee achievement motivation could not be supported. CONCLUSION: Applying learning organization model and utilizing AMO and RBV theories, the study offers implications from theoretical and managerial perspectives. It proposes a holistic framework for achieving workplace happiness amidst post-COVID era. The study recommends that during times of uncertainty, the universities/HEIs may implement the model of learning organization as a strategic tool to foster happiness at work. It could result in a satisfied, committed and engaged workforce. Limitations and future research areas are discussed.

Innovations in Higher Education Industry – Shaping the Future

Innovations in Higher Education Industry – Shaping the Future

Optimizing the Use of Artificial Intelligence-Powered GPTs as Teaching and Research Assistants by Professors in Higher Education Institutions: A Study on Smart Utilization

Purpose: Optimizing the effective utilization AI-powered GPts by professors in academics and research aims to address various objectives. Firstly, it seeks to explore the potential applications of AI-Powered GPTs in the Higher Education Industry. Secondly, the paper aims to assess the current utilization of AI-Powered GPTs by professors in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). It further investigates the desired status of professors in employing AI-powered GPTs as Teaching and Research Assistants. Additionally, the research analyzes the roles of Teaching and Research Assistants for professors in HEIs, emphasizing the transformative impact of AI-powered GPTs in these roles. Methodology: Adopting exploratory research method, the paper contends that AI-powered GPTs can serve as invaluable virtual Teaching and Research Assistants, eliminating the need for human counterparts and enhancing overall productivity. Furthermore, ethical and legal considerations related to the use of AI-powered GPTs in these roles are evaluated. Result/Analysis: The paper uses ABCD analysis framework to analyse the advantages, benefits, constraints, and disadvantages of using AI-powered GPTs as teaching assistants and research assistants. The research paper concludes by providing practical recommendations on the strategic and ethical use of AI-powered GPTs by professors in Higher Educational Institutions and Universities, emphasizing their role as Teaching and Research Assistants to optimize academic and research responsibilities through ABCD analysis and Smart usage strategies. Originality/Value: The paper focuses on how Professors in HRIs and Universities can use AI-powered GPTs in an effective manner to eliminate the burden on their Teaching Assistants and Research Assistants and accelerate both academic responsibilities and research responsibilities to improve their productivity. Paper Type: Exploratory Research.

Reflecting on the experience of the rationalisation and consolidation of the faculties and campuses at Walter Sisulu University: successes and challenges

One of six comprehensive universities in South Africa, the Walter Sisulu University (WSU) combines the best academic credentials from universities and technikons in an effort to effectively meet the socio-economic development needs of the nation, in the Eastern Cape Province, and the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, Chris Hani Municipality, King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality. An institution of a new generation, the WSU is more than the sum of its parts. Its goal is to improve community potential through quality academic programs, research, and community engagement projects with a strong emphasis on involvement and sustainable development. This article considers the different successes and difficulties associated with the WSU rationalization and consolidation of faculties. This theoretical article observes that the government started using rationalization and consolidation as a tool to reconfigure and reform the higher education sector. Rationalization and consolidation are nothing new, and several nations have used them to revamp or reorganize their higher education industries. The article provides literature debates and scholarly background on comparing the South African higher education sector's proposed rationalisation and consolidation to those of other nations' higher education sectors, however, would reveal the most ambitious reform program ever launched in recent memory. The conceptual paper adopts a thematic qualitative approach. The primary wave of the mergers mandated by the government that happened in 2004 and 2005 was preceded by the 2002 merger of Walter Sisulu University.

Innovations in Higher Education Industry – Shaping the Future

Purpose: The purpose is to comprehensively explore the multifaceted landscape of innovations within the higher education system. Through a systematic investigation, this study aims to introduce, define, and delineate various types of innovation prevalent in academia, spanning from policy-driven reforms to technological advancements, pedagogical evolution, stakeholder-centric approaches, and beyond. Methodology: Information is collected using identified keywords using various search engines like Google, Google Scholar, and AI-based GPTs and analysed using various research analysis frameworks to identify, explore, and interpret various types of innovations under different areas of the higher education industry, Results/Analysis: The paper examined the global trends, dissecting the nuances of these innovations and their impact on reshaping educational paradigms. Additionally, this research endeavoured to highlight the role of collaboration and partnership, uncovering their significance in fostering innovation, and shedding light on 'super innovations' that transcend conventional boundaries, setting new benchmarks for excellence. Outcome/Value: Ultimately, the paper proposed pathways for exploratory research, emphasizing the identification of innovations, best practices, and institutional distinctiveness, with a vision to propel the evolution of higher education toward a future defined by transformative and inclusive innovation. Type of the paper: Exploratory Research.

ANALISIS PENGARUH BAURAN PEMASARAN SYARIAH TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN MAHASISWA MEMILIH PRODI EKONOMI SYARIAH UNISKA MAB BANJARMASIN

Increasingly intense competition in the current era of globalization indirectly results in organizations always trying to maintain their existence in society. Rapid and dramatic environmental developments and changes, including changes in consumer tastes, technological advances, and socio-economic changes, have affected the higher education sector, resulting in intense business competition in the higher education industry. Efforts to increase competitive advantage can be made by implementing a Sharia marketing mix strategy. This study aims to examine and determine the effect of the Sharia marketing mix on students' decisions to choose the Islamic Economics study program either partially or simultaneously. This research includes field research by exploring data from research locations, namely students of the Islamic Economics Study Program at UNISKA MAB Banjarmasin. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire with a measurement scale, a Likert scale, and documentation. Determination of the sample using probability sampling technique, namely using simple random sampling with a total sample of 83 respondents and research data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study show that: 1) Partially, the variables Product, Promotion, Place, People, and Physical Evidence have a significant effect on the Student's Decision to Choose an Islamic Economics Study Program. While the Price and Process variables have no significant effect in this study. 2) Simultaneously, there is a significant influence of the Sharia marketing mix on the Student's Decision to Choose the Islamic Economics Study Program with a score of 81.020 with sig. F = 0.000 (p < 0.05).

The Leadership Style of the Program Chair in Improving the Performance of Lectures and Its Relevance to the Quality of Education: A Case Study of the Informatics Engineering Program at ITB Swadharma

This research examines the significance of effective leadership and job performance in achieving organizational or company goals. The research focuses on the leadership style adopted by the head of the information technology engineering study program in improving the performance of lecturers and its relevance to the quality of education in the program. This research holds important value in providing recommendations to decision-makers in educational quality improvement programs to face increasing competition in the higher education industry. This section highlights the importance of effective leadership and job performance in motivating and guiding employees to achieve organizational goals and their impact on the quality of education. Good leadership can involve various aspects, such as providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating organizational members to work effectively. The factors that support educational quality in the implementation model of Total Quality Management include: 1) leadership, 2) customer-focused approach, 3) organizational climate, 4) problem-solving teams, 5) meaningful data, 6) scientific methods and tools, and 7) education and training. The data sources used in this research include: 1) secondary data from internal and external evaluation reports, 2) questionnaires to measure the perceptions of students and lecturers, 3) interviews with the head of the study program, lecturers, students, and alumni, 4) policy documents and strategic plans, and 5) statistical data on the performance of lecturers and students.

Application of ChatGPT in Higher Education and Research – A Futuristic Analysis

Purpose: The purpose of conducting research on the "Application of ChatGPT in Higher Education and Research – A Futuristic Analysis" is to critically examine the evolving role of advanced AI language models like ChatGPT in shaping the future of education and research. This research seeks to anticipate how ChatGPT and similar technologies will impact pedagogy, academic support, and scholarly inquiry in the years ahead, shedding light on their potential benefits and challenges. By analyzing current implementations and forecasting future possibilities, this research aims to inform educators, institutions, and researchers about the transformative opportunities and ethical considerations associated with the integration of AI-driven chatbots and language models in higher education and research settings. Methodology: This is exploratory research and makes use of the information obtained from scholarly articles through Google Scholar and AI-based GPTs to analyse, compare, evaluate, and interpret the concept of application of ChatGPT in Higher Education and Research. Results/Analysis: A systematic analysis is carried out on the futuristic and effective use of ChatGPT for higher education, advanced research, scholarly publication, and possible threats of it on higher education industry. Originality/Value: A systematic analysis is carried out to interpret: (1) the diverse applications of ChatGPT in various academic disciplines, including basic sciences, engineering, health sciences, agriculture, management, and social sciences within higher education, (2) how ChatGPT contributes to different types of research, including exploratory, empirical, and experimental research endeavours. Type of Paper: Exploratory Research.

A tale of online learning during COVID-19: A reflection from the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the higher education industry around the world. The battle that was fought by institutions and their faculty members to move classes and programs from a face-to-face environment to an online one has resulted in a new set of challenges for them to overcome. In the context of online education, academics working in less developed countries are confronted with quite different realities than their peers working in more developed economies. This article investigates the effect that COVID-19 had on the higher education systems of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, three of the most important SAARC nations at a time when these countries were struggling with limited resources, unreliable infrastructure, and a pronounced “digital divide” in higher education. The literature review and in-depth interviews conducted for the purpose of this study uncovered six primary challenges. These challenges were identified as facilitating conditions, technology readiness, learning experience, mental health, concerns regarding performance improvement and sustainability. The findings presented here highlight the necessity for more government intervention and investment in order to: firstly, improve the quality of teaching and learning; and secondly, close the digital divide. Several recommendations are stated in this paper for future research to consider.

Drivers and Barriers of Social Sustainable Development and Growth of Online Higher Education: The Roles of Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness

Online and distance learning classes have been touted for the last several years as an innovation in higher education that should help improve the entrepreneurial growth mindset of students. However, the reported negative online learning experience of many college students worldwide during the COVID-19 epidemic has shown that many opportunities remain to improve the sustainable development and growth of online visual instruction practices. In this study, we outline and investigate a set of hypotheses related to the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use (from TAM) of online video instruction in higher education courses during the pandemic. We employ grounded theory using autoethnographic case studies as a data source. We found that (a) synchronous broadcast lectures improve participant attitude (H1) and motivation (H2) toward online instruction, (b) prerecorded video instruction increases participant perceived “ease of use” (H3) and perceived behavioral control (H4) of online instruction, but (c) indicators of recorded dates on pre-recorded video instruction decreases participant perceived “usefulness” (H5) and “certainty” (H6) of online instruction. We enrich the insights of popular motivation models for organizations and the higher education industry by outlining a set of emotional elements originating in neuroscience leadership research (SCARF) that might either amplify or diminish the perceived the ease of use and perceived usefulness to technology usage relationships when participations engage in online learning situations.