Highest DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Comparing Three Varieties of Labisia pumila (Primulaceae): Phytochemicals and Antioxidation

Labisia pumila is a traditional medicinal herb that is widely used by women to firm the uterus after childbirth. Recent scientific studies have also proven its pharmacological importance. However, the comparison of phytochemicals in the different varieties of the herb is very limited in literature. Therefore, 3 common varieties of L. pumila leaves were extracted in a reflux system, and consequently the crude extract was fractionated using reversed phase solid phase extraction (SPE) into individual fractions according to solvent polarity. L. pumila var. alata (LPA) showed the highest yield of crude extract and total phenolics content which was also in line with high DPPH radical scavenging activity. While, L. pumila var. pumila with red leaves (LPPR) exhibited higher total flavonoids and triterpenoids than its green leaves counterpart (LPPG). Higher antioxidant capacity was possibly due to the presence of plant co-pigments in LPPR. Glycosylated flavones including orientin were putatively detected in the intermediate polar fraction of LPA based on mass fragments. However, 0 % methanol (polar) and 100 % methanol (less polar) fractions notably contained compounds competing oxygen with nitric oxide radicals from the formation of nitrite ions. Proton NMR spectral analysis proposed N-[1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(morpholin-4-yl)propan-2-yl]decanamide and 4-[({1,3-bis[(2-ethylpenta-3,4-dien-1-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl}oxy)methyl]hexa-1,2-diene in the 0 % methanol and 100 % methanol fractions, respectively. This study concluded that the plant variety of alata was more antioxidative than pumila. The detection of orientin and its derivatives are first time reported in LPA. Glycosylated flavones are more likely to be hydrogen atom and/or electron donors contributing to the major antioxidant property of the herb. HIGHLIGHTS pumila var. alata (LPA) and L. pumila var. pumila (LPP) are two commonly used varieties LPA showed to have higher phenolics, but LPP had higher flavonoids and terpenoids content LPA exhibited higher antioxidant capacity because of higher phenolics content Many glycosylated flavones, especially orientin found in 50 % methanol fraction of LPA HPLC, tandem mass spectrometry and proton NMR discovered new phytochemicals in LPA GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Antioxidant Properties, Total Phenolic Content and LC-MS/MS Analysis of Mentha Pulegium, Lepidium Draba and Centaurea Solstitialis

The Mentha pulegium, Lepidiıum draba and Centaurea solstitialis have traditionally been used in different cultures for the treatment of various diseases. We investigated the total phenolic content analysis, chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of different solvent extracts such as acetone, methanol and n-hexane obtained from the aerial parts of Mentha pulegium, Lepidiıum draba and Centaurea. The amount of total phenolic substance was determined as gallic acid equivalent determine. Also, the LC-MS/MS technique was used to determine the phenolic profiles of each extract. Finally, antioxidant activities of three extracts were determined by DPPH and ABTS methods. The highest total phenolic content for acetone, n-hexane and methanol extracts was found as 99 507, 46 305, and 18 227 μg GAE mL-1 in Centaurea solstitialis plant, respectively. While the major component rosmarinic acid amount in the acetone extract of Mentha pulegium was 128 195 μg analyte g-1 extract, this amount was determined as 780 383 μg analyte g-1 extract in the methanolic extract. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was found in the acetone and methanolic extracts of Mentha pulegium as 77% and 79%, respectively. ABTS radical scavenging activity was also found to be 98% and 94% for Mentha pulegium in acetone and methanol extracts, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts is related to the total amount of phenolic substances.

Isolation of prebiotics from wild vegetables: In vitro characterization by antioxidant assays and human adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29)

Wild vegetables are recognized for their antioxidants, fibres, other bioactive components and consumed as a rich prebiotic source along with probiotics. Crude prebiotics were isolated from wild vegetables and extracts were treated with digestive enzymes to enrich non-digestible prebiotics. The prebiotics were used to prepare different synbiotic formulations with Lactobacillus plantarum strains, L. bulgaricus and L. lactis whereas inulin served as a positive control. These formulations were evaluated for antioxidant activities viz. lipopolysaccharide-induced cell survival assessment and microbial cell adhesion using the HT-29 cell line. All formulations showed significant antioxidant activity. L. plantarum, L. plantarum (LB-VII) and L. bulgaricus with prebiotic Emblica officinalis showed highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (≈85%). ABTS radical scavenging activity was maximum for L. plantarum (LB-VII) with E. officinalis (57%). L. bulgaricus with E. officinalis showed highest FRAP activity (≈515 μM). Cell survival was restored in presence of prebiotics and maximum was observed in L. plantarum (LB-VII) with E. officinalis (77.8%) and the highest microbial cell adhesion was 76% of L. bulgaricus with E. officinalis. Microscopic cell adhesion assay showed successful adhesion to mucus secreted by HT-29 cells. This study underlines and provides evidence for the usage of wild vegetables as a source of prebiotics.

Controlled release of protein from gelatin/chitosan hydrogel containing platelet-rich fibrin encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles for accelerated wound healing in an animal model

The physiological healing process is disrupted in many cases using the current wound healing procedures, resulting in delayed wound healing. Hydrogel wound dressings provide a moist environment to enhance granulation tissue and epithelium formation in the wound area. However, exudate accumulation, bacterial proliferation, and reduced levels of growth factors are difficulties of hydrogel dressings. Here, we loaded platelet-rich fibrin-chitosan (CH-PRF) nanoparticles into the gelatin-chitosan hydrogel (Gel-CH/CH-PRF) by solvent mixing method. Our goal was to evaluate the characteristics of hydrogel dressings, sustained release of proteins from the hydrogel dressing containing PRF, and reduction in the risk of infection by the bacteria in the wound area. The Gel-CH/CH-PRF hydrogel showed excellent swelling behavior, good porosity, proper specific surface area, high absorption of wound exudates, and proper vapor permeability rate (2023 g/m 2.day), which provided requisite moisture without dehydration around the wound area. Thermal behavior and the protein release from the hydrogels were investigated using simultaneous thermal analysis and the Bradford test, respectively. Most importantly, an excellent ability to control the release of proteins from the hydrogel dressings was observed. The high antimicrobial activity of hydrogel was confirmed using Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Due to the presence of chitosan in the hydrogels, the lowest scavenging capacity-50 value (5.82 μgmL−1) and the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (83 %) at a concentration 25 μgmL−1 for Gel-CH/CH-PRF hydrogel were observed. Also, the hydrogels revealed excellent cell viability and proliferation. The wound healing process was studied using an in vivo model of the full-thickness wound. The wound closure was significantly higher on Gel-CH/CH-PRF hydrogel compared to the control group, indicating the highest epidermis thickness, and enhancing the formation of new granulation tissue. Our findings demonstrated that Gel-CH/CH-PRF hydrogel can provide an ideal wound dressing for accelerated wound healing.

Scientific substantiation of the use of plant processing derivatives for enrichment of ferrous milk drinks

Derivatives from plant processing are generally classified as industrial waste. Despite their biological properties, they are mostly recycled or used in the production of animal feed. Given the rapid growth of the world's population and the increased interest of consumers in plant foods, it is advisable to use plant by-products as nutritional supplements with certain functional properties. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the possibility of using sesame flour and rice bran as fillers in the production of fermented milk drinks. Formulas were developed for fermented milk drinks enriched with sesame flour in the amount of 2 % and rice bran – 1 %. The amount of additives was determined taking into account the optimal organoleptic indicators. The study showed that the addition of additives increased the content of dietary fiber in a product enriched with rice bran, up to 0.3%, and up to 0.7 % in a fermented milk drink with sesame flour. The antioxidant properties of a fermented milk drink enriched with sesame flour were studied. Antioxidant properties were determined by the level of DPPH radical scavenging activity. The results of the study showed that the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (1.82 mg/ml) was observed in the enriched sample on day 7 of storage. On the 14th day of storage in the control sample, the activity decreased to 1.55 mg/ml, while in the sample with sesame flour its value was at the level of 1.75 mg/ml. Thus, it can be argued that the investigated plant by-products can be used as additives to increase the content of dietary fiber and increase the shelf life of products

Investigation of a novel smart and active packaging materials: Nanoparticle-filled carrageenan-based composite films

In this study, curcumin, zein, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and carrageenan were used to fabricate curcumin-zein-EGCG-carrageenan (CZEC) layer-by-layer nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were embedded within carrageenan films to form composite films with enhanced antioxidant activity and smart responses. Light scattering, micro-electrophoresis, FTIR, and SEM were used to characterize the size, charge, interactions, and morphology of CZEC nanoparticles. The optical, mechanical, morphological, spectroscopic, thermal, and other functional attributes of the films were evaluated. The CZEC nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed within the carrageenan matrices, and improved their UV barrier (2.4–11.1 A mm−1), mechanical (7.09 %–9.35 %), and thermal resistance properties. The films exhibited a color change, from yellow to red, in response to an increase in pH (2.0–12.0) or ammonia concentration (8.0 mM). The films also displayed relatively high DPPH (79.46 %) and ABTS (73.34 %) free radical scavenging activities. Finally, the composite film exhibited the ability of monitoring and extending the freshness of packaged fish.

Estimation of phytoconstituents and screening of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of different extracts from Moringa oleifera

The present study deals with the preliminary phytochemical screening and determination of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of various extracts from leaves and flowers of Moringa oleifera. The results revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and steroids in the extracts. All the extracts exhibited antibacterial effect against the tested bacteria with the diameter of inhibition zone ranging from 7 to 22 mm. However, highest antibacterial activity was observed by methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The scavenging effect of the n-hexane extracts of leaf and flower on DPPH radicals increased with increasing concentration and highest activity was 70.94% and 73.50%, respectively while ascorbic acid was the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (82.91%) at a concentration of 180 μg/ml. These results indicated that n-hexane extracts of flower and leaf of Moringa oleifera have a noticeable effect on scavenging free radical, however, it can be categorized as a good and potential antioxidant agent and could be one of the areas which attached a great deal of attention is the possible therapeutic potential of antioxidants in controlling degenerative diseases associated with marked oxidative damage. The preliminary studies on Moringa oleifera extracts exhibited their antibacterial and antioxidant potential which could be exploited further as future antimicrobials for pharmaceutical treatment, natural therapies, food preservation and cosmetic applications.

Extraction, characterization, and antioxidant properties of cell wall polysaccharides from the pericarp of Citrus Reticulata cv. Chachiensis

The pericarp of Citrus reticulata cv. Chachiensis (PCRC) had been used as a traditional herbal medicine in southeast and eastern Asia, and it was also an important source of nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients. In the present study, the cell wall polysaccharides were sequentially extracted from PCRC using different solvents, resulting in five pectic fractions and two hemicellulose fractions, namely water-soluble pectin (WSP), hot water-soluble pectin (HWSP), chelator-soluble pectin (CSP), diluted acid-soluble pectin (HSP), sodium carbonate-soluble pectin (NSP), 1 mol/L KOH soluble hemicellulose (KSH-1) and 4 mol/L KOH soluble hemicellulose (KSH-2). The seven fractions were characterized in terms of composition, structure, thermal, rheological, and antioxidant properties. The pectin fractions were classified as high-methoxy pectin with a degree of methyl esterification (DM) between 56.89% and 62.20%. Ammonium oxalate extraction provided the CSP fraction with the highest content of galacturonic acid (75.18%) and the lowest degree of acetylation (0.03). HWSP was considered to be an aggregative of homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) containing side chains of galactans and arabinans. Thermal analysis indicated that HWSP had the highest thermal stability than other fractions. All fractions exhibited the characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids, with NSP showing the highest apparent viscosity. Assays for antioxidant activities suggested WSP had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity while NSP had the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The result could be a good basis for the applications of cell wall polysaccharides, especially pectin, of PCRC in the preparation of functional food products.

Nutraceutical and bioactive potential of high-quality date fruit varieties (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as a function of in-vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion

The present study aims to investigate the digestive process (gastric and intestinal phases) effects on the survivability of total and individual phenolic compounds, and the in vitro health-related bioactive properties of four high-quality and commonly consumed dates (Phoenix dactylifera) varieties (Safawi, Khalas, Khudri, and Booman). Phenolic compounds were analyzed by HPLC-UV (at 275 nm) and a higher amount of phenolics were identified in Khalas and Booman intestinal digested extracts, compared to the other date varieties-based extracts, which corroborates with the total phenolic contents in those samples, with respective values of 186.5 and 358.14 mg GAE/100 g. Considering their bioactive potentialities, the highest DPPH radical scavenging activities, of around 320 TEAC µg/mL, were observed with Khalas and Khudri gastric extracts. In contrast, Khalas intestinal extract displayed the highest ABTS radical scavenging potential of 969 TEAC µg/mL. Moreover, the Safawi intestinal extract, along with Khalas and Booman gastric extracts, showed the highest increase in the α-glucosidase inhibition activity, compared to the other date varieties-based extracts. Safawi and Khalas intestinal extracts displayed the highest DPP-IV inhibition activities (IC50 of 2.85 µg/mL). Additionally, regarding the pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase inhibition, Khudri and Khalas varieties after intestinal digestion demonstrated the highest activities. These results suggested that the Khalas variety showed more potent bioactive properties than other date varieties, mainly related to the variations in the phenolic content between date varieties. Overall, this study provides additional insight into investigating these dates varieties upon their simulated gastro-intestinal digestion and exhibition of multifunctional bioactive properties.

Antioxidant and Inflammatory Cytokines Regulatory Actions of Fresh Snail and Seawater Gastropods Extracts

Context: Mollusca also termed mollusks. These are unsegmented, bilateral animals. Freshwater and seawater gastropods are considered rich source of bioactive molecules that possesses various therapeutic potential. Aim: The present work aimed to investigate the antioxidant, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory effects along with the regulation of inflammatory protein at the cellular level by apple snail (freshwater gastropod) and tibia shell (seawater gastropod) extract. Materials and Methods: The mass of freshwater and seawater gastropods was macerated in water. Results: The aqueous extract of apple snail exhibited the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) activity at 85.62% and 73.35% at 10 mg/ml, whereas the aqueous extract of seawater gastropod exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS activity 83.53% and 76.14% at 1 mg/ml. Marine water snail aqueous extract and freshwater snail aqueous extract, each of 250 mg/kg showed 83% and 67.14% inhibition of paw edema, respectively. The cell viability study was performed by MTT assay and both the extracts showed cell viability above 97%. Both samples (freshwater snail extract and seawater gastropod extract) have good anti-inflammatory effects as they lower the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (pro-inflammatory cytokines) and increase interleukin-10 (anti-inflammatory cytokines). Conclusion: The present work concluded that the extracts of seawater gastropods were found to be more effective as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

Investigation on the effects of drying methods on the structure and antioxidant activity of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides using asymmetrical flow field‐flow fractionation

AbstractPolysaccharide is an important bioactive component in Tremella fuciformis (T. fuciformis). In this study, the effects of three drying methods (i.e., vacuum freeze‐drying, microwave drying, and hot air drying) on the structure in terms of molecular weight (Mw) and radius of gyration, and conformation of T. fuciformis polysaccharide (TFP) were investigated by asymmetrical flow field‐flow fractionation coupled online with multiangle light scattering and differential refractive index detectors. The physicochemical properties of TFPs were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, the structure‐antioxidation relationship of TFPs was investigated. Results revealed that three drying methods did not significantly affect functional groups, crystal structure, and thermal property of TFPs but led to some differences in the morphology and Mw of TFPs. The TFP obtained by microwave drying had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, which could be attributed to low Mw.Novelty impact statementThe three drying methods (i.e., vacuum freeze‐drying, microwave drying, and hot air drying) studied in this work did not affect the functional groups and thermal properties of T. fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPs), but significantly affected the morphology of TFP granules and the Mw distribution of TFP molecules. TFP‐M had the smallest Mw (1.36 ± 0.10 × 107 g/mol), which could be beneficial to its DPPH radical scavenging activity.

Variation in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Salvadora oleoides Decene. and Salvadora persica L. Fruits and Aerial Part Extracts.

(1) Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of Salvadora oleoides (S. oleoides) and Salvadora persica (S. persica) polyphenols as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. (2) Methods: Aerial parts and fruits of S. oleoides and S. persica were collected from the periphery of District Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. Methanol extracts were prepared using the Soxhlet extraction technique. Extract yield varied from 8.15 to 19.6 g/100 g dry plant material. RP-HPLC revealed the detection of thirteen phenolic aids and five flavonoids. Gallic acid, hydroxy benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, and cinamic acid were the major phenolic acids, whereas catechin, rutin, and myricetin were the flavonoids detected. (3) Results: Maximum total phenolic contents (TPCs) (22.2 mg/g of dry plant material) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) (6.17 mg/g of dry plant material) were found in the fruit extract of S. persica, and the minimum TPC (11.9 mg/g) and TFC (1.72 mg/g) were found in the aerial part of S. oleoides. The fruit extract of S. persica showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of all the extracts was performed on albumin-induced rat paw edema that was comparable with the standard indomethacin; S. persica fruit extract showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activity. Analgesic activity of aerial part and fruit extracts of S. oleoides and S. persica was investigated using a mouse model, and the results showed that maximum possible analgesia of fruit extracts of S. persica was 53.44%, which is better than the PC group (52.98%). (4) Conclusions: The variations in the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of methanolic extracts of S. oleoides and S. persica were found to be significant, and they have therapeutic potential as antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agents.

Determination of Antioxidant and Anti quorum Sensing Activity of Aegle marmelos Picrorrhiza kurroa and Swertia chirayita

From the ancient period, humans have been fighting pathogenic microorganisms for survivalpurposes and in this context, man has developed antibiotics as a powerful weapon to treat various infections caused by pathogens. Nevertheless, the need to discover new antimicrobial agents is increasing at an alarming rate. This is because the microorganisms have developed various mechanisms to resist the action of antibiotics. One such mechanism is the production of biofilm. Infections caused by biofilm-forming pathogenic microorganisms are very difficult to treat, even using potent antibiotics. However, in folk medicine, many plants are found to be helpful to treat certain infectious diseases. This is because of the synthesis of a variety of bioactive compounds by plants with high medicinal value. Hence, in the present study, three different plants were used viz Aegle marmelos, Picrorrhiza kurroa, and Swertia chirayita to determine their antioxidant and anti-quorum sensing activities. According to the literature, antioxidants delay the oxidation process and nullify the effect of free radicals that cause damage and accelerate aging. Quorum sensing is the chemical way of communication between biofilm-forming microorganisms. Among the alcoholic extracts, the methanolic extract of P. kurroa showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity of 82.11%. All the plant extracts under investigation exhibited anti-quorum sensing activity against the standard culture of Chromobacterium violaceum MTCC 2656; however, the plant extracts of A. marmelos were found to be more potent as compared to P. kurroa and S. chirayita. Plant extracts P. kurroa and S. chirayita showed almost similar anti-quorum sensing activity. This confirms the pharmaceutical importance of plant materials of interest, which might prove to be useful to treat damage caused by free radicals and biofilm-related infections, after due consideration of clinical trials for safety issues.

Experimental synthesis, biological evaluation, theoretical investigations of some novel benzoxazolinone based Schiff under eco-environmental conditions as potential antioxidant agents

In this paper, we have developed a new, non-hazardous and eco-friendly access route for the synthesis of a novel Schiff bases containing 2-oxo-3H-benzoxazole scaffold 4(a-f) by lemon juice as natural catalyzed acid under solvent-free conditions. The chemical structures of the new synthesized compounds were elucidated on the basis of the FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques and all molecules were isolated with moderate yields after shorter reaction times. Furthermore, a preliminary study on the in vitro antioxidant activity of some synthesized compounds was investigated. The biological activity results revealed that highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity was observed for compound 4e with an IC50 of 2.13 µg.mL−1, more active than the standard ascorbic acid (IC50 = 2.16 µg.mL−1). In-silico studies based on density functional theory (DFT) were realized to rationalize the biological activity with the structural and electronic properties of the 6-imino-2-oxo-3H-benzoxazoles. We using the molecular docking simulation to study the affinity and the possible binding mode of complexed ligand-protein. The synthesized molecules were tested to cross the clinical test by the ADMET prediction, these results indicated that the compounds 4(a-f) have excellent drug-likeness properties.

Potent nutraceuticals having antioxidant, DNA damage protecting potential and anti-cancer properties from the leaves of four Ficus species

In the present study, we have evaluated fractionation based phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, DNA damage protecting potential and anticancerous properties of leaves of common Ficus species (namely Ficus virens, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Ficus elastica) along with GCMS analysis for identification of major bioactive constituents. Methanol fraction of F. virens contained maximum amount of phenolics (1267.35 mg GAE/g dry extract) and flavonoids (1080.61 mg QE/g dry extract) whereas hexane fraction of F. religiosa possessed highest amount of tannins (123.76 mg TAE/g dry extract). Least amount of phytochemicals was recovered from F. elastica. Highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 108.28 μg/ml) was detected by methanol fraction of F. benghalensis whereas highest ABTS activity (IC50 = 105.56 μg/ml) by F. benghalensis and highest ferric reducing power by F. virens (359.44 mg QE/g dry extract). Leaf methanol fraction of F. virens, F. religiosa and F. elastica were able to prevent oxidative DNA damage at 0.1 mg/ml,0.2 mg/ml and 0.3 mg/ml respectively. Viability of normal breast cells was unaffected by methanol fraction of tested Ficus species at doses less than 160 μg/ml, whereas survival of breast cancer cells was decreased by F. benghalensis at 5 μg/ml. GCMS analysis of the purified methanol fraction of tested species revealed the presence of potent bioactive compounds such as carvacrol, phytol, tocopherol, benzophenone, dibutyl phthalate, lycopersen etc. All our experimental results along with the identification of the bioactive compounds supported the fact that leaves of tested Ficus species as rich source of phytochemicals with nutraceutical potentialities.

Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Essential Oil Isolated from Anti-Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Formulation and Their Chemical Analysis

This study evaluates the in vitro antioxidant and immunomodulation activities of essential oils isolated from an anti-upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) formulation with a view to their therapeutic potential. The chemical components of the essential oil were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidative activity of the oils was investigated with regard to their ability to scavenge DPPH●, ABTS●+, and hydroxyl free radical (•OH). Their immunostimulatory activities were determined using murine macrophage cells. The main components of the oil with pharmacological and biological activities include 1,8-eucalyptol (42.9%), patchouli alcohol (19.9%), trans-erinolide (9.2%), and guaiacol (5%). The oils displayed high DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and anti-inflammatory activities by reducing tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. The results indicate that essential oils have the potential to be used in products for anti-URTI treatment.

Effects of Spray Drying and Freeze Drying on Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and ACE Inhibitory Activities of Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis) Skin Hydrolysates.

The physicochemical, structural properties, antioxidant, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of fish skin protein hydrolysate (SPH) that were freeze-dried (SPH-FD) and spray-dried (SPH-SD) were investigated. SPH-SD showed abundant volatile compounds, higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferrous iron chelating activity than SPH-FD, while the ABTS radical scavenging activity and ACE inhibitory activity were not influenced by the drying method. Amino acid compositions showed a higher proportion of proline and hydroxyproline residues in SPH-FD. The major molecular weights were both distributed below 1000 Da. SPH-SD had spherical structures, while SPH-FD had glass shard-like structures. The results indicated that the drying method could affect the physicochemical properties of hydrolysates, and SPH-SD showed potential prospects in developing functional fortified foods.

Exploration of the Antioxidant Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Performance of Various Solvent Extracts of Eighteen Plants.

This study examined the antioxidant chemical constituents (total phenolic and total flavonoid contents) and antioxidant activities [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)] of different solvent extracts of eighteen functional plants. The active components of the target plants were extracted using four different solvents (methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and water). Mentha piperascens leaf exhibited a higher total phenolic content (chloroform and water extracts), total flavonoid content (all solvent extracts), DPPH radical scavenging activity (methanol, ethanol, and water extracts), ABTS radical scavenging activity (water extract), and FRAP radical scavenging activity (water extract) (in all solvent extracts). Similarly, Petasites japonicas root was another excellent and competent extract with a high total flavonoid content (in all four solvent extracts), DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity (methanol, ethanol, and water extracts), and FRAP activity (methanol, ethanol, and water extracts) (in all solvent extracts). Rubus coreanus fruit had the highest total phenolic content (methanol, ethanol, and water extracts), DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activate (in all solvent extracts), and FRAP in its water extract were the two most effective functional plants. Based on the abundance of antioxidant chemical constituents and the most potent antioxidant activity demonstrated in this study, extracts from M. piperascens leaf, P. japonicas root, and R. coreanus fruit appear to be promising candidates to meet the current demand for natural preservatives in food and pharmaceutical industries.

EFFECT OF SALINITY STRESS ON ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND GRAIN YIELD OF DIFFERENT WHEAT GENOTYPES

In order to evaluate the antioxidant activity of wheat in salinity stress conditions, an experiment with 27 wheatgenotypes grown on two types of soil was conducted: solonetz (increased salinity) and chernozem (control),during two vegetation seasons (2015/2016 and 2016/2017). Analysis of DPPH radical scavenging activity andphenolic content (PC) were performed in different phenophases of wheat (tillering, stem elongation andheading). Genotypes showed significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (9.82 mg trolox equivalents(TE) per mg of dry matter (d.m.)) and PC (8.15 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per mg d.m.) under salinitystress conditions compared to values obtained on control (8.52 mg TE mg-1 d.m. and 7.13 mg GAE mg-1 d.m.,respectively). All analyzed factors (genotype, soil type and year) had the highly significant influence onphenotypic variation of grain yield. Salinity stress reduced grain yield by 30%, whereas drought stress in2016/2017 vegetation season reduced grain yield by 20%. Highly significant and positive correlations arepresent between grain yield and parameters of antioxidant activity in all growth stages of wheat and both soilconditions. Therefore, it could be possible to select salinity tolerant genotypes in early growth stages. DPPHscavenging activity and total phenolic content are in highly significant and positive correlation in all growthstages, which indicates that antioxidant activity is highly derived by phenolics.

Extraction optimization and antioxidant activity evaluation of se‐enriched walnut proteins

In this study, the proteins of selenium-enriched walnuts produced in three seleniferous areas of Enshi (Yesanguan (YS), Lichuan (LC), and Sancha (SC)) were extracted by the alkaline method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the optimization of protein extraction. The total selenium (Se) content of walnut proteins was 1.3345 mg/kg in YS, 0.6219 mg/kg in LC, and 0.4219 mg/kg in SC, and about 82–85% was organic Se. The major Se speciation was selenocystine and selenomethionine. All walnut proteins showed antioxidant activities in a Se-concentration-dependent manner. The antioxidant activity of YS walnut was stronger than that of other proteins, which exhibited high DPPH radical (69.5%) and moderate hydroxyl radical (46.5%) scavenging activities at 1.0 mg/ml. After enzymatic hydrolysis, protein hydrolysates displayed significantly higher antioxidant capacities than undigested proteins at all tested concentrations. The overall results indicated that Se-enriched walnuts have great potential as functional food additives for a dietary supplement. Novelty impact statement Organic selenium accounts for more than 82% of the total Se in walnut proteins, in which SeCys2 and SeMet are major organic forms of selenium. The Se content in walnut proteins is positively correlated with the antioxidant ability. Walnut protein hydrolysates exhibit better antioxidant activities than proteins.