High Current Research Articles

Induced electric wireless effects on energy storage: Bipolar electrochemistry effects on Cu/Zn batteries performance

Immersed conducting materials in an electrolyte undergo polarization in presence of electric fields, resulting in a dipole where opposite poles of the material become an anode and cathode, where electrochemical reactions may occur at sufficiently induced potentials. Such induction phenomena lower significantly the resistance of the electrochemical cell. This work shows how in a Cu/Zn battery, it also yields lower overpotentials, and enhanced charge capacity and power, especially at high currents. The outcome of such bipolar electrochemistry, depends on the specific configuration of the bipolar electrodes within the electric field, and the possible reactions at the bipolar electrode for the specific redox system chosen. For the largest induced dipole tested, specific capacities may be increased by 40 % and volumetric capacities may double. It is of great significance that, with appropriate configurations, the capacity of a specific battery may be greatly enhanced, allowing also to reduce the number of cells in a stack to maintain the same performance.

A Highly Linear Ultra-Low-Area-and-Power CMOS Voltage-Controlled Oscillator for Autonomous Microsystems.

Voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) can be an excellent means of converting a magnitude into a readable value. However, their design becomes a real challenge for power-and-area-constrained applications, especially when a linear response is required. This paper presents a VCO for smart dust systems fabricated by 65 nm technology. It is designed to minimize leakage, limit high peak currents and provide an output whose frequency variation is linear with the input voltage, while allowing rail-to-rail input range swing. The oscillator occupies 592 μm2, operates in a frequency range from 43 to 53 Hz and consumes a maximum average power of 210 pW at a supply voltage of 1 V and 4 pW at 0.3 V. In addition, the proposed VCO exhibits a quasi-linear response of frequency vs. supply voltage and temperature, allowing easy temperature compensation with complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) voltage.

Numerical investigation on behaviour of mooring line system for container ship at berth

The constant growth of the world’s maritime industry has led to the need to increase the size of ships as wellas accelerate the trend of moving ports to open sea areas and outside estuaries. Increasing the size of ships,especially container ships, has the potential to cause unsafe ship anchoring in ports. Furthermore, the mooringof ships at the harbor also lacks international guidelines on the layout of the mooring system. Meanwhile, relocating seaports outside estuaries and open seas can create conditions for high winds, high tidal fluctuationsand strong currents to penetrate the port basin. This paper presents a study using the MIKE 21 MA numericalmodel to determine the most optimal mooring layout for a container ship as well as clarify the influence offactors (wind, current, water level and ship’s draft) on the tension force of the mooring lines. The most optimal mooring layout in the study scenarios was uncovered from the simulation results. In addition, wind wasidentified as the factor with the greatest influence on the tension force of the mooring system.

Micron silicon-oxide-carbon coated with TiOx(OH)y layer as better performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

Micron-silicon based material is a promising anode material for high performance lithium batteries due to its ultra-high specific capacity. However, the volume expansion exceeds 300 % during charging and discharging, resulting in the collapse of the electrode structure and a rapid decline in electrochemical performance. Coating the surface of silicon-based materials with flexible ionic conductors is an effective method to maintain their high capacity and suppress swelling. Here, to further improve the electrochemical performance of silicon-based materials, we have deposited a titanate-type ionic conductor layer on a micron-sized silicon-carbon oxide (SiOX-C) material to synthesize the SiOX-C@TiOx(OH)y material. The TiOx(OH)y layer not only exhibits the elastic properties of a superpolymer to mitigate swelling strain, but also has a fast capacitance effect to improve its rate performance. In addition, the interfacial charge transport of SiOX-C@TiOx(OH)y is enhanced due to the structural diversity of the TiOx(OH)y layer. For the above mechanisms, the SiOX-C@TiOx(OH)y has a specific capacity of 278.3 mAh g−1 under high current of 3500 mA g−1. Meanwhile, the SiOX-C@TiOx(OH)y with the capacity retention of 67 % is achieved at 2000 mA g−1 after 100 cycles.

In Situ Characterization of Interface Evolution in Argyrodite-Based All-Solid-State Li Batteries.

Interfacial stability is one of the critical challenges in all-solid-state Li metal batteries. Multiple processes such as solid electrolyte (SE) decomposition and lithium dendrite growth take place at the solid interfaces during cycling, leading to the overall cell failure. To deconvolute these complex processes, in situ characterization is of paramount importance to elucidate the interfacial evolution on the SE upon Li plating/stripping. Herein, an all-solid-state asymmetric in situ cell is developed that allows the direct visualization of the highly localized Li plating/stripping processes under the optical microscope. Moreover, this cell configuration enables reliable post-mortem chemical and morphological analysis of the intact SE/Li interface. Using combined scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, the study reveals that the evolution of the Li argyrodite interface is strongly influenced by the current density, particularly in terms of chemical distribution and Li plating morphology. More specifically, the solid interface is LiCl-rich with the formation of Li cubes at low current densities, while high currents result in more uniform elemental distribution and filament morphology. These findings elucidate the dynamic evolution mechanism at solid interfaces and offer valuable guidance for developing stable solid interfaces in all-solid-state Li metal batteries.

Application of Deep Learning to Optimize Gradient Porosity Profile for Improved Energy Density of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries with high active material loading can yield a high energy density at low C-rates. However, the sluggish ion transport caused by longer and more tortuous pathways hinders high energy delivery when extracting high power. This study presents the implementation of neural networks to optimize the gradient active material distribution profile throughout the thickness of electrodes to enhance energy density. The profiles were randomly generated, while maintaining a constant average active material in each electrode. An electrochemical–thermal model was used to investigate the impact of different profiles. A neural network model was then developed to establish the connection between the profiles and the resulting energy density for various electrode thicknesses and C-rates, utilizing a limited amount of simulation data. The neural network model could replicate the performance of the electrochemical–thermal model, but with significantly reduced computational time. This enabled the possibility of efficiently exploring a vast number of candidate profiles to identify the most optimal one for each of the positive and negative electrodes. The results showed that the gradient profiles were mostly influenced by the average active material, rather than the thickness of the electrode. Finally, at high currents, the optimal gradient profiles increased the energy density by over four times compared to uniform electrodes.

Impurity behaviour in JET high-current baseline scenario for Deuterium, Tritium and Deuterium-Tritium plasmas

To support future ITER operation, experimental campaigns at the Joint European Torus (JET) with an ITER-like wall (tungsten divertor and beryllium main chamber) in pure deuterium (D), tritium (T) and Deuterium-Tritium (D-T) were performed. One of the most important challenges in recent years was the development of two main scenarios that investigated different approaches to achieve the high fusion power as well as good plasma confinement (Garzotti et al., 2023). The first one, so-called baseline scenario is relying on high plasma current (Ip≈3.5 MA), normalized beta βN < 2 and safety factor q95 ≈ 3 (Garzotti et al., 2023). On the other hand, the second one, so-called Hybrid scenario is operating at lower plasma current (flat-top Ip ≤ 2.6 MA) and density with respect to the baseline, higher normalized beta βN > 2 and safety factor q95 ≈ 4.8 (Hobirk et al., 2023).In this paper we focus on the impurity behaviour analysis for the baseline discharges at Ip = 3.5 MA and BT = 3.3 T with D, T and DT plasmas, in which the gas and power waveform were optimized to achieve the best possible performance. In particular, we study the impact of total heating power (Ptot + Palpha), flat-top gas flow and ELM (edge localized modes) frequency on mid-Z (Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu)) and high-Z (Tungsten (W)) impurities. In addition, we compared the two best performing pulses of the baseline scenario (Ip = 3.5MA, BT = 3.3 T and Pin ≈ 35 MW) in D and DT in order to identify the causes responsible for the increase in radiation during the DT pulse, which led to an early plasma termination. All presented results rely on the data collected by the VUV as well as the bolometry system. Detailed analysis indicates that in the baseline scenario, higher radiation, which is most likely due to the tungsten (W), is observed for T and DT plasmas in comparison to D. Moreover, for the two best performing baseline pulses, tomographic reconstructions show that the radiated power density is mainly emitted from the low field side (LFS) of the plasma and W does not accumulate in the plasma center (Telesca et al., 2024).

A Low-Acidity Chloride Electrolyte Enables Exceptional Reversibility and Stability in Aqueous Tin Metal Batteries.

Tin (Sn) metal has emerged as a promising anode for aqueous batteries, due to its high capacity, non-toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. However, Sn metal has often been coupled with strong and corrosive sulfuric acids (2-3 M), leading to severe electrode corrosion and hydrogen evolution issues. Although high efficiency and long cycling were reported, the results were achieved using high currents to kinetically mask electrode-electrolyte side reactions. Herein, we introduce a low-acidity tin chloride electrolyte (pH=1.09) as a more viable option, which eliminates the need of strong acids and enables a reversible dendrite-free Sn plating chemistry. Remarkably, the plating efficiency approaches unity (99.97 %) under standard testing conditions (1 mA cm-2 for 1 mAh cm-2), which maintains high at 99.23-99.93 % across various aggressive conditions, including low current (0.1-0.25 mA cm-2), high capacity (5-10 mAh cm-2), and extended resting time (24-72 hours). The battery calendar life is further prolonged to 3064 hours, significantly surpassing literature reports. Additionally, we presented an effective method to mitigate the potential Sn2+ oxidization issue on the cathode, demonstrating long-cycling Sn||LiMn2O4 hybrid batteries. This work offers critical insights for developing highly reversible Sn metal batteries.

Simulation of the effect of temperature on space charge transport in LDPE under DC electric field stress

Polymers are considered essential materials used in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) applications due to their excellent insulating properties. They are widely employed in various electrical equipment such as cables, transformers, and station insulators, providing effective protection against high currents and voltages. One of the main challenges in these applications is the effect of temperature on the performance of these insulators, as elevated temperatures can alter the electrical properties of polymers, potentially impacting the dynamics of electric charges within the material. In this work, bipolar charge transport (BCT) was used to study the effect of temperature on the dynamics of space charge in LDPE under a DC electric field. The model includes processes such as injection, migration, trapping, detrapping, and recombination. We applied a DC electric field of 50 kV/mm to low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films for 2 hours under different temperatures. The results indicate that higher temperatures significantly enhance charge mobility, leading to improved charge flux, reduced trapping, and increased detrapping of charges. This results in a more uniform distribution of the electric field within the material and a quicker transition to a steady-state condition. The increase in temperature within the applied electric field created a relative balance between trapped charge and mobile charge, indicating a positive effect of higher temperatures on the electrical insulation properties of LDPE.

Lasting effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the inducibility of synaptic plasticity by paired-associative stimulation in humans

BackgroundTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is capable of eliciting changes in cortical neuroplasticity. Increasing duration or repetition of tDCS during the after-effects of a first stimulation has been hypothesized to enhance efficacy. Computational models suggest sequential stimulation patterns with changing polarities to further enhance effects. Lasting tDCS effects on neural plasticity are of great importance for clinical applications.ObjectiveThe study systematically examined the influence of different tDCS paradigms on long term potentiation (LTP)-like plasticity in humans, focusing on stimulation duration, repetition frequency and sequential combinations of changing polarities as the underlying characteristics.MethodsAmplitude changes of motor evoked potentials (MEP) were measured in response to paired associative stimulation (PAS) 6 h after application of different tDCS protocols. In total, 36 healthy participants completed the study, randomised into three groups with different stimulation protocols (N = 12 each).ResultstDCS was able to display lasting modulatory effects on the inducibility of LTP-like plasticity in the human motor cortex 6 h after stimulation. TDCS with the anode on primary motor cortex significantly increased MEP amplitudes following PAS induction. Further analyses highlighted single stimulation block duration to be of higher importance than repetitive protocols for efficacy of effects.ConclusionstDCS is capable of inducing lasting changes in the brain’s capability to interact with future stimuli. Especially, effects on the inducibility of LTP-like plasticity might only be detectable with specific tests such as PAS and might otherwise be overlooked. Refined tDCS protocols should focus on higher current and duration of single stimulations instead of implementing complex repetitive schedules.

Crystal Step‐Induced Uniform and Rapid Deposition on Zinc Anodes

AbstractAqueous Zn‐ion batteries have emerged as promising candidates for large‐scale energy storage owing to their high safety and low cost. However, dendrite growth and side reactions compromise the stability of the Zn anode in practical applications. Here, a novel Zn anode featuring well‐designed crystal steps along the (002) facets, referred to as Step‐Zn is introduced. The intersections of the (002) and (100) planes in these crystal steps create preferential adsorption sites for Zn2⁺ ions, promoting initial electro‐epitaxial growth of Zn that uniformly covers the crystal steps. This process effectively regulates subsequent Zn deposition, ensuring fast reaction kinetics and smooth morphology without dendrite formation. Consequently, the unique Step‐Zn anode exhibits excellent cycle life over 6000 times at 3 mA cm−2 and low greatly reduced polarization voltage under high areal currents and capacities. Integrated with activated carbon (AC) cathode, the Step‐Zn||AC full cell demonstrates excellent durability over 10 000 cycles at 5 A g−1. This work offers valuable insights into controlling Zn deposition modes by engineering the surface microstructure of Zn anodes with greatly extended cycling stability.

Enhancing electricity generation from water evaporation through cellulose-based multiscale fibers network

Harvesting energy from the water − solid interface through natural water evaporation provides a promising approach for generating sustainable electricity to power self-powered electronics. Advancing the bio-based hydrovoltaic materials enhances sustainability, with wood as a viable candidate due to the inherent hydrophilic and charged properties. However, current wood-based water evaporation-induced electricity generators (WEIGs) mainly depend on the “top-down” construction strategies. Wherein, the improvement of power density is constrained by the limited structural regulation, nondiverse building blocks, and monolithic enhancement mechanisms. Here, the high-performance wood-based WEIGs based on multiscale fibers network (MFN) are reported by embedding the Ti4O7 nanofibers (T4NF) inside the assemblies of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNF) through a “bottom-up” route. Benefiting from the large specific surface area, high surface potential, and photothermal effect of conductive T4NF, the WEIG achieves a high short-circuit current of ∼13.7 μA while delivering ∼0.94 V open-circuit voltage. This work presents an efficient method to boost performance while understanding the impact of functional MFN on water evaporation.

Application of Surge Arrester in Limiting Voltage Stress at Direct Current Breaker

Hybrid DC circuit breakers combine mechanical switches with a redirecting current path, typically controlled by power electronic devices, to prevent arcing during switch contact separation. The authors’ past work includes a bipolar hybrid DC circuit breaker that effectively redirects the fault current and returns it to the source. This reduces arcing between the mechanical breaker’s contacts and prevents large voltage overshoots across them. However, the breaker’s performance declines as the upstream line inductance increases, causing overvoltage. This work introduces a modification to the originally proposed hybrid DC breaker to make it suitable to use anywhere along DC grid lines. By using a switch-controlled surge arrester in parallel with the DC breaker, part of the arc energy is dissipated in the surge arrester, preventing an overvoltage across the mechanical switches. Based on the experimental results, the proposed method can effectively interrupt the fault current with minimal arcing and reduce the voltage stress across the mechanical switches. To address practical fault currents, tests at high fault currents (900 A) and voltage levels (500 V) are conducted and compared with simulation models and analytical studies. Furthermore, the application of the breaker for the protection of DC distribution grids is illustrated through simulations, and the procedure for designing the breaker components is explained.

Study on preparation and performance of CoS2/NiS2-CNT@C anode material for high-performance lithium‑sulfur batteries

Functional carbon materials with high porosity have been widely used in energy storage materials. In this work, a porous carbon skeleton was constructed by a rigid template method, and carbon nanotubes grown in situ in the skeleton to realize the organic combination of the honeycomb structure and carbon nanotubes, thereby forming a carrier material with a specific structure. At the same time, bimetallic sulfide (CoS2/NiS2) was introduced as a modification material on the specific structure. The two transition metal sulfides have a matching energy band structure, which can form a high-quality interface in the composite. The electron transfer can be accelerated through the interface between different substances, and the electron regulation and redistribution can be realized, thereby further improving the reaction kinetics. Electrochemical tests also confirmed the superiority of its performance. At a current density of 0.5 A/g, the first discharge-specific capacity reached 1378.9 mAh/g, and there was still a capacity of 993.5 mAh/g after 100 cycles. Even at a high current (5 A/g), the capacity remained at 503 mAh/g.

Online MR-guided proton and ion beam radiotherapy: investigation of image quality

Objective.Magnetic resonance (MR) images free of artefacts are of pivotal importance for MR-guided ion radiotherapy. This study investigates MR image quality for simultaneous irradiation in an experimental setup using phantom imaging as well asin-vivoimaging. Observed artefacts are described within the study and their cause is investigated with the goal to find conclusions and solutions for potential future hybrid devices.Approach.An open MR scanner with a field strength of 0.25 T has been installed in front of an ion beamline. Simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging and irradiation using raster scanning were performed to analyze image quality in dedicated phantoms. Magnetic field measurements were performed to assist the explanation of observed artifacts. In addition,in-vivoimages were acquired by operating the magnets for beam scanning without transporting a beam.Main Results.The additional frequency component within the isocenter caused by the fringe field of the horizontal beam scanning magnet correlates with the amplitude and frequency of the scanning magnet steering and can cause ghosting artifacts in the images. These are amplified with high currents and fast operating of the scanning magnet. Applying a real-time capable pulse sequencein-vivorevealed no ghosting artifacts despite a continuously changing current pattern and a clinical treatment plan activation scheme, suggesting that the use of fast imaging is beneficial for the aim of creating high quality in-beam MR images. This result suggests, that the influence of the scanning magnets on the MR acquisition might be of negligible importance and does not need further measures like extensive magnetic shielding of the scanning magnets.Significance.Our study delimited artefacts observed in MR images acquired during simultaneous raster scanning ion beam irradiation. The application of a fast pulse sequence showed no image artefacts and holds the potential that online MR imaging in future hybrid devices might be feasible.

Association of the Mediterranean diet with arterial stiffness, inflammation, and medication use in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: An exploratory study

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) face increased cardiovascular risk not fully explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Arterial stiffness, inflammation and disease-related therapies may be contributors to augmented cardiovascular risk, whereas healthy dietary habits could help in their management. The aim of the present study was to analyze the association of the adherence to the Mediterranean Diet with arterial stiffness, inflammation, and disease-related medication in women with SLE. A total of 76 women with SLE were included in this cross-sectional exploratory study. The adherence to the Mediterranean Diet was assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Score. Arterial stiffness was measured through pulse wave velocity (PWV). Inflammatory profile was evaluated through high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). The use (yes / no) and doses (mg /day and cumulative dose over the last 3 years) of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants were also registered. No association of the overall adherence to the Mediterranean Diet with PWV, hsCRP or medication use was found (all P>.05). Lower intake of full dairy products was related to greater odds of corticosteroids use (odds=1.72; P=.004), and both higher current (β=0.29; P=.024) and cumulative (β=0.21; P=.040) doses. Lower intake of red wine was associated with lower odds of immunosuppressants use (odds=0.63; P=.008). No association of the adherence to the Mediterranean Diet with arterial stiffness, inflammation or disease-related medication was observed in women with SLE with mild disease activity. However, higher dairy products and lower red wine consumption were related to lower use of disease-related medication. Future intervention studies are needed to better understand how nutritional education promoting Mediterranean Diet food groups can complement conventional SLE treatments.

Overview of results from the 2023 DIII-D negative triangularity campaign

Abstract Negative triangularity (NT) is a potentially transformative configuration for tokamak-based fusion energy with its high-performance core, edge localized mode (ELM)-free edge, and low-field-side divertors that could readily scale to an integrated reactor solution. Previous NT work on the TCV and DIII-D tokamaks motivated the installation of graphite-tile armor on the low-field-side lower outer wall of DIII-D. A dedicated multiple-week experimental campaign was conducted to qualify the NT scenario for future reactors. During the DIII-D NT campaign, high confinement ( H 98 y , 2 ≳ 1), high current ( q 95 &lt; 3), and high normalized pressure plasmas ( β N &gt; 2.5) were simultaneously attained in strongly NT-shaped discharges with average triangularity δ avg = −0.5 that were stably controlled. Experiments covered a wide range of DIII-D operational space (plasma current, toroidal field, electron density and pressure) and did not trigger an ELM in a single discharge as long as sufficiently strong NT was maintained; in contrast, to other high-performance ELM-suppression scenarios that have narrower operating windows. These strong NT plasmas had a lower outer divertor X-point shape and maintained a non-ELMing edge with an electron temperature pedestal, exceeding that of typical L-mode plasmas. Also, the following was achieved during the campaign: high normalized density ( n e / n GW of at least 1.7), particle confinement comparable to energy confinement with Z eff ∼ 2 , a detached divertor without impurity seeding, and a mantle radiation scenario using extrinsic impurities. These results are promising for a NT fusion pilot plant but further questions on confinement extrapolation and core-edge integration remain, which motivate future NT studies on DIII-D and beyond.

Flexible Near‐Infrared Organic Photodetectors With Ultralow Dark Current by Layer‐by‐Layer Blade Coating

AbstractNear‐infrared organic photodetector (NIR OPD) is promising for emerging wearable biosensing applications. However, their practical application is hindered by the high dark currents of devices that limit the detection of faint light. In this work, highly sensitive flexible NIR OPDs are presented with ultralow dark currents, fabricated using a layer‐by‐layer blade coating (LBL‐BC) technique. In the active layer, a fully fused‐ring molecule FM2, featuring a fixed molecular skeleton, is employed as an electron acceptor to reduce the trap density. The LBL‐BC method enhances the film order and phase purity of the active layer, significantly reduces the trap density of states, and optimizes the vertical phase separation structure of the thin film, thereby preventing reverse charge injection. As a result, a highly sensitive flexible NIR OPD is developed exhibiting an ultralow dark current density of 4.83 × 10−9 A cm−2 at −0.3 V bias and an extremely low noise current density of 7.65 × 10−15 A Hz−1/2 at 10 Hz, comparable to commercial silicon photodiodes. Furthermore, this flexible device is successfully applied for real‐time monitoring of human heartbeat rate, oxygen saturation, and motion recognition. These findings advance the development of highly sensitive NIR OPDs and their application in wearable biosensing technologies.

Plasmonic perovskite photodetector with high photocurrent and low dark current mediated by Au NR/PEIE hybrid layer

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite photodetectors have gained significant attention due to their superior potential for optoelectronic applications, offering various advantages such as low-cost processing, high charge carrier mobility, and lightweight properties. However, these perovskite photodetectors exhibit relatively low absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) range, which limits their potential applications. Here, to address this challenge, the integration of gold nanorods (Au NRs) utilizing localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects in the NIR range has been developed, leading to enhanced light absorption in the active region and higher photocurrent generation. Additionally, ∼7.9 nm of thin polyethyleneimine ethoxylated (PEIE) interlayers were incorporated into the Au NR photodetectors, suppressing dark current by blocking charge injection. As a result, the synergistic effect of the Au NR/PEIE hybrid layer has led to a high-performance photodetector with a responsivity of 0.360 A/W and a detectivity of 1.81 × 1010 Jones, demonstrating a noticeable enhancement compared to the control device. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, morphological characterizations, and photoluminescence studies further support the mechanism for enhancing the performance of the device. We believe that our plasmon-enhanced protocol holds strong potential as a promising platform for perovskite optoelectronic devices.

Penyuluhan Manfaat Rumput Laut untuk Perawatan Kulit Wajah pada Masyarakat Kecamatan Muara Gembong

Muara Gembong sub-district has a high level of suitability for seaweed cultivation because it is included in the category of areas with high salinity, currents, and sufficient substart. The people of Muara Gembong sub-district use it as a place to cultivate the seaweed species Gracilaria sp. The purpose of this service is to increase community knowledge and skills in utilizing seaweed as a facial skin beauty mask. The method used was counseling to teachers and guardians of SDN 03 Pantai Mekar students. The training was attended by 8 teachers and 5 student guardians. Evaluation was carried out to measure the satisfaction of service activities using a questionnaire containing 4 indicators, namely quality and productivity, material, instructor, and satisfaction. The overall results showed that 77% of participants were very satisfied with the service activities, and 23% were satisfied. It can be concluded that the participants were very satisfied with the service activities carried out by the lecturers of the Cosmetics and Beauty Care Study Program.