Highest Phenolic Content Research Articles

Parametric optimization, Polyphenol profiling and Bioefficacy of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell phytoextract against multi-drug resistant (MDR) foodborne bacterial pathogens.

Nowadays, antimicrobial resistance and foodborne burden are a prevalent global concern for human health and sustainable development. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell extract against pathogenic foodborne bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes). Antibiogram phenotypic analysis on these strains revealed a high multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index, which varies from 0.5 to 0.75, and antibiotic resistance of 50-80 per cent. Polarity-wise extracted ethanolic extract (BM04-ET) showed potent anti-listerial (22.33±1.15mm) and anti-escherichial (20.33±0.58mm) potential with strong bactericidal activity against tested strains. In vitro phytochemical experiments confirmed a very high content of phenols (214.2±1.79mg/g and flavonoids (61.01±0.48mg/g) in BM04-ET; further confirmation via UPLC elucidated the abundance of natural bioactive flavanonol, i.e., dihydroquercetin (224.932μg/mL), possibly imparting bactericidal property to extract. Optimization studies identifies the best parametric combination with pH value of 6.8, temperature 37°C, and incubation period of 24h for the antibacterial effect of BM04-ET. Due to high polyphenolic content and superior antibacterial excellence, the study suggested B. monnieri ethanolic extract could be used as a choice in combating foodborne infection, and further research exploration on key antibacterial components turn out to be a remarkable milestone in food and medicinal industries.

The Role of Extracts of Edible Parts and Production Wastes of Globe Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.)) in Counteracting Oxidative Stress.

In addition to the immature edible flower heads, the cultivation of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori) generates substantial quantities of by-products, including leaves, stems, and roots, which constitute potential sources of bioactive compounds and prebiotic dietary fiber. Preserving agricultural biodiversity and promoting socioeconomic development are essential for enhancing domestic production and fostering innovation. In the search for new biomolecules with antioxidant properties, this research focused on a globe artichoke landrace at risk of genetic erosion, still cultivated in the northern part of the Lazio region, known as the "Carciofo Ortano". To investigate the antioxidant properties of various globe artichoke tissues from the "Carciofo Ortano" landrace, methanolic extracts were prepared from the immature main and secondary flower heads, stems, and leaves of representative genotypes of this landrace. Additionally, extracts were obtained from the same tissues of four landraces/clones included in the varietal platform of the PGI "Carciofo Romanesco del Lazio", which served as reference genotypes: Campagnano, Castellammare, C3, and Grato 1. The antioxidant properties of these extracts were assessed using FRAP, ABTS, DPPH assays, and total phenolic content (TPC). The stem and secondary flower head extracts of two representative "Carciofo Ortano" genotypes and the Grato 1 clone, which have higher phenolic content, demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. These extracts were therefore studied for their chemical profile using HPLC-DAD and SPME-GC/MS analysis. Additionally, the same extracts were investigated in vitro for their antioxidant capacity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, assessing their effects on ROS levels and the restoration of GSH levels. Furthermore, the in vivo beneficial effects of counteracting oxidative stress were evaluated in high sucrose-fed Drosophila melanogaster, as oxidative stress is a typical hallmark of hyperglycemic status. Overall, the results indicated that the edible immature inflorescences of the "Carciofo Ortano" landrace, along with the byproducts of its cultivation, are sources of raw materials containing biomolecules whose properties can be exploited for further applications in the pharmaceutical and medical sectors.

A ternary deep eutectic solvent for efficient biomass fractionation and lignin stabilization.

The efficient isolation and lignin stabilization are critical to the fractionation process of lignocellulosic biomass, enabling the subsequent valorization of both carbohydrates and lignin. In this study, a ternary deep eutectic solvent pretreatment system with outstanding reusability has been developed. Under optimal conditions (ChCl: MT: p-TsOH=1:1:0.5, 120°C, 60min), the system efficiently removed 94.66% of hemicellulose and 95.74% of lignin while retaining 84.50% of cellulose. Glucose was obtained from the cellulose-rich solid residue via enzymatic hydrolysis, achieving an 87.12% yield. This DES system inhibits lignin condensation through a dual mechanism of α-etherification and intermolecular forces (π-π stacking and hydrophobic interaction). The recovered lignin exhibits a low molecular weight (922-1049g/mol), high phenolic hydroxyl content (2.57-3.37mmol/g), low polydispersity (1.54-1.61), and high purity (93.02%). Combined with its superior antioxidant activity and UV shielding properties, this lignin represents a promising new resource with potential applications.

Improving the Biostability of Extra Virgin Olive Oil with Olive Fruit Extract During Prolonged Deep Frying.

This study explores approaches to enhancing the biostability of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) supplemented with olive fruit extract (OFE) enriched with hydroxytyrosol (HTyr). The investigation focuses on prolonged deep frying (DF) conditions at 170 °C and 210 °C, over durations ranging from 3 to 48 h, with the aim of improving sensorial attributes, polyphenolic content, and thermal oxidative stability. Parameters, such as acidity, peroxide value (PV), K232, K270, ΔK, phenolic compounds, and sensory attributes, were monitored. The PV did not exceed the standard limit in HTyr-EVOO at 210 °C/24 h; however, in non-supplemented EVOOs, it remained within the limits only up to 210 °C/18 h. Acidity stayed within the acceptable limit (≤0.8) at 170 °C/24 h in both enriched and non-enriched EVOOs. K232 values were ≤2.5 in HTyr-EVOO fried at 170 °C/18 h. K270 and ΔK did not exceed the limits in HTyr-EVOO at 170 °C/3 h, whereas they surpassed them in non-supplemented oils. Additionally, HTyr and tyrosol levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in HTyr-EVOOs. Phenolic compounds, including verbascoside, pinoresinol, 1-acetoxypinoresinol, and phenolic acids, such as chlorogenic, vanillic, homovanillic, 4-dihydroxybenzoic, and caffeic acids, were detected in HTyr-EVOOs. Oxidized secoiridoid derivatives increased significantly as DF progressed. Moreover, sensory analysis revealed that positive attributes in EVOOs-such as fruity, bitter, and pungent notes-decreased significantly with increasing temperature and frying duration (p < 0.05). Beyond 210 °C/6 h, these attributes were rated at zero. However, HTyr-EVOOs exhibited lower rancidity compared to non-enriched oils under identical conditions, attributed to the protective effect of HTyr. In conclusion, HTyr-EVOOs demonstrated thermal stability up to 210 °C/6 h, retaining desirable sensory qualities, higher phenolic content, and reduced degradation. These findings indicate that natural OFEs have strong potential as food additive in deep fried EVOOs, enhancing sensory properties, health benefits, and overall oil stability. This innovation provides a practical solution for the food industry by improving the biostability and versatility of EVOO. Further research is recommended to investigate various EVOO categories and oils from diverse origins.

Evaluation of the fatty acid profiles, antioxidant activities, and total phenol and vitamin E contents of three types of Saudi date seed oils

Date seed oil is well known for its high content of monounsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid, and antioxidant compounds, such as phenols, tocopherols, phytosterols and vitamin A, which play an important role in reducing the risk of many diseases. Therefore, date seed oil extraction and processing into different pharmaceutical and cosmetic products may be economically beneficial and could be considered an important opportunity for future v industrial utilization. The main goal of this study is to investigate the fatty acid composition, antioxidant activities, and total polyphenol and vitamin E contents of oils extracted from the seeds of three types of Saudi date cultivars: Al-Raziz, Al-Khalas, and Al-Ajwa. Hexane and petroleum ether organic solvents were used for oil extraction due to the unavailability of cold extraction devices. Date seed oils extracted from the specified Saudi date cultivars were further subjected to chemical and statistical analyses using standard Methods. Total lipid extracted from the Al-Raziz, Al-Khalas, and Al-Ajwa date seeds cultivars was 10.38-12.65 g/100 g with hexane and 10.21-12.69 g /100 g with petroleum ether, with no significant differences between them. Oleic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, linoleic, and stearic acids were the most abundant fatty acids in all three types of date seed oils. Particularly, oleic acid accounted for nearly half of the total fatty acid content (48.2-51.12%) in all three types of date seed oils. Total saturated fatty acid contents were 42.2, 40.1, and 43.4% and the total unsaturated fatty acid contents were 57.8, 59.0, and 56.6% in the date seed oils of Al-Khalas, Al-Raziz, and Al-Ajwa, respectively. All date seed oils had high contents of antioxidants (41.1-63.2%), phenols (274.0-302.53%), and vitamin E (16.68-19.2%). Therefore, Al-Raziz, Al-Khalas, and AlAjwa date seed oils can be used for industrial food and caffeine-free coffee production and the development of cosmetic and pharmaceutics products for skin microbial disease and wound treatment. Here, date seed oils were very rich in antioxidants, phenols, and vitamin E, with some fatty acids, such as lauric acid, exhibiting antimicrobial activities. Future studies should investigate the degree of fat oxidation and changes in the total phenol, vitamin E, phytosterol, and phytochemical compound contents during date storage.

Impact of Organic Agriculture on the Quality of Grapes (Syrah and Tempranillo) Harvested in Guanajuato, Mexico: Relationship Between Soil Elemental Profile and Grape Bioactive Properties

Viticulture has migrated to organic management to reduce environmental impact. Grapes harvested in organic vineyards (ORGs) could have a better polyphenol profile than conventional vineyards (CONs). The objective was to evaluate the relationship between agricultural management, elemental soil profile, and grape bioactive compounds (var. Syrah and Tempranillo). Soil components were determined from CON and ORG vineyards; they were correlated with bioactive compounds in grape skin and seed through principal component analysis (PCA). The ORG vineyard presented higher moisture (4.50–5.72%), clay (31.70–40.55%), organic matter (OM) (9.44–11.01%), P (108.72–122.16 mg/kg), N (0.27 mg/kg), and oxides (Fe2O3, SiO2, MnO, TiO2) in soil and phenolic compounds (myricetin, quercetin, resveratrol, ellagic acid, others) and antioxidant capacity in grape skin and seed. Regarding PCA (&gt;74.20% of variance), the first component showed positive correlations (&gt;0.60) between pH, moisture, clay, and soil oxides (MgO, K2O, Al2O3), which favored biosynthesis in grape skin and seed phenols (catechin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, and rutin). The second component showed positive correlations between OM, silt, soil oxides, antioxidant capacity, and phenols in grape skin and seed. Finally, the edaphic conditions of the ORG vineyard allowed for one to obtain optimal grapes for winemaking due to their higher phenol content.

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of Elaeagnus angustifolia L.

Research on natural antioxidants derived from plants has surged due to their potential health benefits. In the current study, the chemical composition, enzyme inhibitory activity, and antimicrobial effects of the Elaeagnus angustifolia L. plant, including leaves, flowers, and flower stalk (FS) extracts, were analyzed. A total of 28 compounds were identified across the different plant parts, with 24 in flowers (F), 9 in FSs, and 14 in leaves (L). The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated using the disk diffusion method against two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as 3.13-12.50mg/mL. The measured zone diameters were also in the range of 5-8mm. The results indicated that the methanol extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial properties. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated strong inhibition of cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase [AChE]: 11.14±0.11-18.11±0.12µg/mL; butyrylcholinesterase [BChE]: 32.54±0.55-44.61±0.17µg/mL) and moderate inhibition against α-glycosidase and tyrosinase enzymes. Moreover, the molecular docking interaction of trans-ferulic, shikimic, and vanillic acids, the most abundant phenolic compounds in the extracts, with AChE, BChE, α-glycosidase, and tyrosinase, was assessed using AutoDock Vina software. E. angustifolia L. possesses a high phenolic content and exhibits significant antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory capabilities, which may contribute to its extensive utilization in food and traditional medicine.

Nano Silicon Modulates Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacities of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) Under Water Deficit Condition.

Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) is an important spice in the food industry, as a well as a medicinal plant with remarkable antioxidant properties. In this study, its essential oil content, chemical composition, flavonoid content, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity were evaluated under three irrigation regimes (50, 70, and 90% field capacity) and different amounts of nano silicon (0, 1.5, and 3 mM) in ten populations of ajowan. Based on the GC-MS analysis, thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene were determined as the main components of the oil. The thymol content ranged from 34.16% in the Ardabil population (irrigation at 50% and nano silicon at 1.5 mM) to 65.71% in the Khorbir population (without nano silicon and irrigation at 50%). The highest phenolic content was in Khormo with irrigation at 90% and without nano silicon (172.3 mg TAE/g DW), while the lowest was found in Hamedan (irrigation at 50% and without nano silicon (7.2 mg TAE/g DW)). Irrigation at 50% and no nano silicon treatment led to an increase in total flavonoids in Ardabil (46.786 mg QUE/g DW). The antioxidant activity of ajowan was evaluated using the DPPH assay. Accordingly, the highest antioxidant capacity was observed in Khormo (irrigation at 90% without nano silicon; 4126 µg/mL). Moreover, the highest thymol content was observed in the Khorbir population with irrigation at 50% and without nano silicon treatment. Furthermore, correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) provide new insights into the production of ajowan from their substrates under nano silicon treatment and water deficit conditions. Finally, the results revealed information on how to improve the desired essential oil profile and antioxidant capacity of extracts for industrial producers.

Salinity Influenced Proximate, Minerals, Anti-Nutrients and Phytochemical Composition of Trachyandra ciliata Kunth (Wild Cabbage): A Promising Edible Halophyte.

Climate change, drought, and soil salinization present huge limitations to global agricultural output, which threatens food security. This necessitates the cultivation and domestication of wild edible halophytes as alternatives to mainstream food crops, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Trachyandra ciliata is one of the under-researched and underutilized edible halophytes native to South Africa. The plant was used as a food source by Khoisan people in the past although its edibility and nutritional capacity are undocumented. Thus, the current study explored the effect of varying salinity concentrations on minerals, proximate, phytochemical, and anti-nutrient composition of T. ciliata to evaluate its edibility and promote its cultivation among South African households. Plants were subjected to varying salinity treatments from 0, 50, 100,150, and 200 mM prepared by adding sodium chloride (NaCl) to the nutrient solution. Salinity significantly influenced the mineral, proximate, antinutrient, and phytochemical composition of T. ciliata. Control and 50 mM treatments recorded significantly higher macro and micronutrient content in the flower buds and leaves, except for heavy metals such as Zn and Cu, which increased with increasing salinity and significantly higher in the roots. Leaves under low salinity treatments recorded higher moisture and protein content, while leaves also recorded higher ash content under high salinity. On the other hand, flower buds under low salinity recorded significantly high fat and NDF composition. Phytochemicals and antinutrients increased with increasing salinity concentrations. The low antinutrient content and high nutritional, mineral and phenolic contents validate the edibility and suitability of T. ciliata for human consumption.

Fabrication of Algogenic Zinc Nanoparticles and Assessment of Their Biomimetics Attributes and Potential Antibacterial Efficacy Against Fish Pathogens

This study investigates the fabrication of algogenic zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs), examining their biomimetic properties and potential antibacterial effectiveness against fish pathogens. The rising incidence of antibiotic resistance in aquaculture demands innovative strategies for disease management, highlighting the importance of developing biocompatible and effective antimicrobial agents. In this context, ZnNPs were synthesized using Pediastrum boryanum microalgal extract as the reducing and capping agent. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed spherical and tetragonal particles with sizes ranging from 32.84 to 26.87 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated distinctive functional groups in the algal extracts and ZnNPs. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) showed pure crystallinity of the fabricated ZnNPs with an average crystalline size of 57.97 nm. The algal extract had high total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents (TPC: 53.83 and TFC: 12.44 mg QE/g, respectively). The obtained ZnNPs retained a considerable amount of TPC and TFC (7.92 and 5.31 mg/g, respectively). The microalgal extract and ZnNPs exhibited considerable antioxidant capacity in the 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. In addition, they elicited antibacterial efficacy against several bacterial pathogens in fish in a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) revealed higher potential cytotoxicity of biosynthesized ZnNPs at 29.28 μg/mL compared to that of the algal extracts at 51.56 μg/mL. These findings highlight the potential of P. boryanum as a green factory for the nanofabrication of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) and as a promising clinical candidate for fish medicine.

Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activities of Nigella sativa Vinegar Extract: An Insight Into Hypoglycemic Potential Using In Vivo and In Silico Studies.

The current study was conducted to characterize the vinegar extract of Nigella sativa and evaluate its biological activities using in vitro and in vivo studies. The N. sativa extract (NSE) was prepared by macerating seeds in a mixture of water and synthetic vinegar(1:10). The antioxidant potential of NSE was assessed, revealing high total phenolic contents (431.66mg/100g), total flavonoid contents (73.45mg/100g), total antioxidant capacity (118.55mg/100g), and strong radical scavenging potential (89.67%). The anticancer activity of NSE showed insignificant cytotoxic effects on HepG2 liver cell lines (96.61±3.00). An in vivo animal trial was performed, and NSE significantly (p<0.05) lowered the blood glucose (-47.71%), total cholesterol (-37.86%), total glycerides (39.42%), low-density lipoproteins (-29.36%), and very low-density lipoproteins (-30.60%), while increasing the high-density lipoproteins (26.92%) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. GC-MS analysis of NSE revealed a diverse range of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, phenolics, and flavonoids. In silico studies using molecular docking simulations showed that pyrrolo[1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl) demonstrated a strong inhibitory action (6.6kcal/mol) against alpha-amylase enzyme. These findings suggest that NSE is a promising natural remedy for managing diabetes and related metabolic disorders, and its potential as a nutraceutical ingredient in functional food applications is significant.

Eco-Friendly Extraction of Phlorotannins from Padina pavonica: Identification Related to Purification Methods Towards Innovative Cosmetic Applications.

This study focuses on developing innovative and eco-friendly purification methods for the isolation of bioactive compounds derived from Padina pavonica, a brown abundant macroalga in Djibouti. Three distinct fractions, obtained via liquid-liquid extraction (LLE_FAE), solid-phase extraction (SPE_WE50), and flash chromatography (FC_EtOH20), were selected based on their high phenolic content and antioxidant activities. All fractions were also evaluated for their anti-ageing potential by assessing their ability to inhibit two vital skin-ageing enzymes, tyrosinase and elastase. Structural analysis by 1H-13C HMBC NMR and LC-MS revealed a selectivity of phlorotannins depending on the purification methods. The LLE_FAE fraction exhibited greater structural complexity, including compounds such as phloroglucinol, diphlorethol/difucol, fucophlorethol and bifuhalol, which likely contribute to its enhanced bioactivity compared to the fractions obtained by FC_EtOH20 and SPE_WE50, which were also active and enriched only in phloroglucinol and fucophlorethol. These findings highlight the impact of purification techniques on the selective enrichment of specific bioactive compounds and demonstrated the interest of FC or SPE in producing active phlorotannin-enriched fractions. These two purification methods hold strong potential for innovative cosmeceutical applications. Results are discussed regarding the use of P. pavonica as a promising marine resource in Djibouti to be used for the development of cosmetic industry.

Development of instant jelly powder from elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as a functional food for diabetes mellitus patients

Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) is one of Indonesia’s most widely grown agricultural commodities. It has a myriad of benefits, especially as a functional food for people with diabetes mellitus. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a flowering herb rich in polyphenols and anthocyanins with antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to create a functional food that is suitable for diabetes mellitus patients. In this study, a functional food product in the form of instant jelly powder was developed from the yam and roselle. Glucomannan extract, obtained from the yam flour by leaching, was tested using a Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer (qualitative) and determined the content. Three formulas with different amounts of glucomannan and iota carrageenan were developed to determine the most optimized formulation. The most optimized formulation was determined based on organoleptic characteristics and the results of the gel strength and hardness, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity tests using the ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay. Glucomannan extraction produced a 92.40% yield, with 46.32% glucomannan content. The spectrophotometric analysis indicated the presence of glucomannan in the extract, and further tests showed it increased with the decrease in gel strength and hardness. It was found that formula I produced the best jelly texture with a total phenolic content of 0.30% GAE (formula II 0.13% GAE; formula III 0.27% GAE) and an ABTS radical scavenging activity of 90.51% (II: 73.49%; III: 88.16%). In conclusion, formula I containing 6.35 g of carrageenan, 2.12 g glucomannan, 1.5 g roselle, 0.03 g citric acid, and 0.003 g sucralose has the best composition to create the most elastic and firm jelly texture with the highest phenolic content and radical scavenging activity.

Bolanthus turcicus: a promising antidiabetic with in-vitro antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and antiadipogenic activities.

It is crucial to investigate new anti-diabetic agents and therapeutic approaches targeting molecules in potential signaling pathways for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The objective of the study was to investigate the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibitory activities of Bolanthus turcicus (B. turcicus), as well as their cytotoxic, anti-adipogenic, anti-diabetic, apoptotic, and anti-migration potential on adipocytes. B. turcicus samples were extracted with methanol (MeOH), ethyl acetate (EA) and aqueous (Aq) solvents. The MeOH extract had the highest phenolic content (81.14mg GAE/g), followed by EA (74.93mg GAE/g) and Aq (51.09mg GAE/g). All extracts exhibited dose-dependent increases in α-glycosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity. B. turcicus extracts showed cytotoxic effect on adipocytes with IC50 values of MeOH (141.0µg/mL) < Aq (155.3µg/mL) < EA (199.5µg/mL). Furthermore, B. turcicus extracts reduced lipid droplet formation and adipocyte diameter size. All extracts altered cell morphology to resemble fibroblasts. B. turcicus extracts exhibited anti-migratory effect delaying wound healing for up to 96h. The B. turcicus extracts showed a pro-apoptotic effects on adipocytes by increasing Caspase-3 enzyme activity and the population of DAPI-positive cell with apoptotic nuclear-morphology. B. turcicus extracts upregulated the expression of the Glut-4 gene at the mRNA, protein and intracellular level in adipocytes. In conclusion, our findings indicate that B. turcicus not only exhibits strong antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibitory activities but also exerts significant anti-adipogenic and pro-apoptotic effects in adipocytes, thereby providing a comprehensive mechanism through which it may contribute to the management of T2DM. These effects highlight the potential of B. turcicus as a therapeutic agent for improving glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity.

Neuroprotective effects of honey against traumatic brain injury-induced anxiety and motor function impairment in Wistar rats

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) poses a significant risk to neurological function, primarily attributable to oxidative stress. Our hypothesis suggests that honey, renowned for its high phenol and flavonoid content, exerts neuroprotective effects by mitigating oxidative stress. This study aims to assess honey's potential as an innovative therapeutic agent in a TBI rat model, primarily focusing on its impact on behaviour, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activity. A total of twenty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group A (control), Group B (honey-treated), Group C (TBI-induced), and Group D (honey-treated TBI). We conducted comprehensive assessments using the Rotarod and Elevated Plus Maze tests to evaluate behaviour. Additionally, biochemical evaluations included quantifying lipid peroxidation levels and conducting a detailed analysis of antioxidant enzyme status, specifically emphasising the activity of glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT). Our findings indicated that the TBI model rats displayed impaired motor coordination, heightened anxiety-like behaviour, and elevated lipid peroxidation levels. Intriguingly, the honey treatment effectively reversed these behavioural deficits while concurrently reducing lipid peroxidation. Notably, honey treatment significantly augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT and GSH); there was a significant increase in CAT activity compared to GSH activity in the treated TBI model. This study supports our hypothesis, demonstrating that honey is a potent neuroprotective agent that counteracts TBI-induced oxidative stress. Our investigation elucidates honey's capacity to alleviate neurobehavioral impairments and mitigate oxidative damage within a TBI model. These results underscore honey's significance as an innovative and promising therapeutic approach in TBI management, emphasizing its potential to enhance neurological outcomes and improve the overall well-being of individuals affected by TBI.

Effects of Globularia cordifolia on colon cancer cells: antioxidant activity, inflammatory cytokine analysis and molecular docking studies.

The present study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of Globularia cordifolia L. The plant material was collected and extracted using the maceration method. Antioxidant activities were assessed through DPPH (i.e. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and iron chelation assays, whereas phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured using spectrophotometric methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed to identify biologically active compounds. The cytotoxic effect on colon cancer cells was evaluated using MTT [i.e. 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] assays, and inflammatory cytokine levels were measured through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular docking studies investigated the interactions of bioactive compounds with the 4UYA protein, and ADME (i.e. absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) modeling predicted their toxicity. The study revealed that the extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with a median 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 39.48 ± 2.15 μg mL-1 in the DPPH assay and an effective iron chelation capacity with an IC50 value of 4.28 ± 0.19 mg mL-1. The total phenolic content was 662.51 ± 20.95 mg gallic acid equivalents g-1, and the flavonoid content was 114.99 ± 0.51 mg quercetin equivalents g-1, demonstrating the extract's richness in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Significant antiproliferative effects were observed in colon cancer cells at a dose of 250 μg mL-1. Inflammatory cytokine analysis indicated a reduction in pro-inflammatory responses. Molecular docking studies showed strong binding affinities between the bioactive compounds and the 4UYA protein, suggesting the mechanisms of action. The findings indicate that G. cordifolia extract exhibits strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties, making it a promising biomolecular agent for colon cancer therapy. The high phenolic and flavonoid contents, combined with the bioactive compounds' interactions with key molecular targets, underscore its potential therapeutic applications. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacities at Different Stages of Berangan Banana Ripening

Bananas are widely consumed for their nutritional value, but the optimal ripening stage for maximizing health benefits remain unclear. This study investigated the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacities of Berangan bananas across seven ripening stages. TPC was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay with gallic acid as the standard, while antioxidant activities were evaluated via 2,2-diphenyl1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays, with ascorbic acid as the standard. Results indicated that stages 1 (8.543±0.268 mg GAE/g), 2 (8.646±0.034 mg GAE/g), and 7 (8.99±0.059 mg GAE/g) had the highest phenolic content, while stage 5 had the lowest (6.756±0.069 mg GAE/g). The strongest DPPH scavenging activity was observed at stages 5 and 6, with IC50 values of 25.92 μg/mL and 25.28 μg/mL, respectively. The highest CUPRAC value was found at stage 2, measuring 34.027±0.027 mg AAE/g at 100 μg/mL. These findings suggest that bananas consumed at different ripening stages offer varying antioxidant benefits, which could influence dietary choices for optimal health. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of bananas as a functional food, providing natural antioxidants that beneficial consumer health and nutrition. Further research may expand on these findings to explore therapeutic applications of banana antioxidants.

Efficient Separation of Poplar Lignin Using a New Carboxylic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents - Choline Chloride/Malonic Acid.

Separation of lignin by pretreatment is an important step in biomass refining. This study investigated how a novel dicarboxylic acid-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) - choline chloride (ChCl)/malonic acid (MA) - affected the process of separating lignin from poplar. At 140 °C for 3.0 h, with a ChCl: MA molar ratio of 1: 3.5, the ideal pretreatment conditions were met, and 91.8 % lignin was obtained. Even after five DES reuses, the consistent and effective separation efficiency of 77.9 % remains unchanged. The hydrolysate contained 92.4 % of the recovered lignin, with a purity of 94.6 %. Moreover, the regenerated lignin obtained through the new DES pretreatment exhibited a high phenolic hydroxyl content of 1.9 mmol g-1 and a low polydispersity index of 1.4. The results showed efficient and selective separation of lignin using the new binary carboxylic acid-based DES pretreatment was achieved. This research offers a novel approach to effectively separate wood fiber biomass and extract valuable lignin.

Antifungal Activity of Ethanolic Extracts from Aeroponically Grown Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) with LED Lights and In Vitro Habituated Roots.

Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum is a major post-harvest disease in citrus fruits. Therefore, the search for sustainable and low-environmental-impact alternatives for the management of these fungi is of utmost importance. Physalis peruviana L. is a native fruit of the Peruvian Andes with rich bioactive components present throughout the plant. Its antifungal activity stands out, attributed to its high content of phenols, coupled with its antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. Plants were cultivated aeroponically under a combination of red, mixed (50% red, 50% blue), and green LED lights. Additionally, in vitro-habituated roots free of plant growth regulators were also cultivated. An ethanol extraction assisted by ultrasound for 30 min followed by maceration for 72 h was performed, and the extract was filtrated and evaporated in an extraction hood. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method, total polyphenols were measured using the Folin-Ciocâlteu method, and an antifungal test in vitro by the poisoned food method was conducted against P. digitatum. In vitro assays revealed that extracts from leaves, roots, and fruits exerted a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of P. digitatum, as evidenced by a reduction in colony radius when cultured employing the poisoned food method, with IC50 values of 62.17, 53.15, and 286.34 µg·mL-1, respectively, compared to 2297 µg·mL-1 for the commercial fungicide Captan 50WP. Although leaves had higher total polyphenol content, no direct correlation with antifungal activity was found. Colored LEDs enhanced phenol accumulation, antioxidant capacity, and antifungal properties in plant parts compared to white LEDs and in vitro roots. These findings suggest P. peruviana as a new alternative biological production system to provide natural compounds for post-harvest disease management.

Anticholinesterase Activity and Bioactive Compound Profiling of Six Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Varieties.

Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are widely recognized for their use in brewing, but they also possess significant pharmacological properties due to their rich bioactive compounds, with many varieties exhibiting diverse characteristics. This study investigates the chemical composition and biological activities of extracts from six hop varieties, focusing on quantifying xanthohumol and lupulone using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) analysis. The hop varieties demonstrated significant variability in bioactive compound concentrations, with Aurora showing the highest xanthohumol (0.665 mg/g) and Zwiegniowski the highest lupulone (9.228 mg/g). TPC analysis revealed Aurora also had the highest phenolic content (22.47 mg GAE/g). Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP assays, with Aurora and Oregon Fuggle displaying the most potent capacities. Aurora, in particular, showed the highest activity across multiple assays, including significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase inhibition, with IC50 values of 24.39 mg/mL, 20.38 mg/mL, and 9.37 mg/mL, respectively. The chelating activity was also assessed, with Apolon demonstrating the strongest metal ion binding capacity (IC50 = 1.04 mg/mL). Additionally, Aurora exhibited the most effective hyaluronidase inhibition (IC50 = 10.27 mg/mL), highlighting its potential for anti-inflammatory applications. The results underscore the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the bioactive compound profiles of hop varieties and their biological activity offering promising avenues for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. However, further studies are needed to fully understand the potential interactions between hop cones components.